Cell Signaling
1. Synthesis, release, transport of signaling molecules
- neurotransmitters, hormones, etc
- ligand binds to a specific receptor
2. Reception of information by target cells
3. Signal transduction
- receptor converts extracellular signal into
intracellular signal
- causes change in the cell
4. Response by the cell
Fig. 6-3, p. 137
Cell
Signaling
Receptors
Figure 12.2b
Functional Overview of the Nervous System
Figure 13–14
5 Steps in a Neural Reflex
Nerve Structure
Neuron Structure
Electrochemical Gradients
Figure 12.12
Figure 12.11
An Introduction to the Resting Potential
Electric eel
600 volts
Figure 12.13
*Canalopatías
“channelopathies”
The first demonstration that channelopathies could affect nerves as well as
muscles came in 1995, when researchers discovered that episodic ataxia type 1,
a rare autosomal dominant disease, results from mutations in one of the
potassium channel genes.
Paramyotonia congenita is due to mutations in the gene coding for the α1 subunit
of the sodium channel,
Thomsen’s disease (autosomal dominant myotonia congenita) and Becker’s
disease (autosomal recessive myotonia congenita) are allelic disorders
associated with mutations in a gene coding for skeletal muscle chloride channel.
Familial hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis is due to mutations in the same sodium
channel gene as that affected in paramyotonia congenita, while
Familial hypokalaemic periodic paralysis results from mutations in the gene
coding for the α1 subunit of a skeletal muscle calcium channel.
Synaptic Transmission
Electrical synapses
Chemical synapses
Fig. 6-5, p. 139
Receptores:
Ionotróficos
Metabotróficos
Neuropeptidos (encefalinas y endorfinas), endocannabinoides
(Glutamato)
(Tyrosina)
(Histidina) (Triptófano)
Fig. 40-10b, p. 858
Axon of
presynaptic
neuron
Synaptic
terminal
Voltage-gated
Ca2+ channel 1
Ca2+
Synaptic
vesicle2
Neuro-
transmitter
molecule
3
4
Ligand-gated
channels
Postsynaptic
membrane
5
Postsynaptic
neuron
Receptor for
neurotransmitter
How a neural impulse
is transmitted across
a synapse.
Ion Channel–Linked Receptor
Voltage-Activated Ion Channels
Tetradotoxina (pez globo), Saxitoxina (dinoflagelado marea roja)
y cocaína –bloquean canales sodio voltaje
Ciguatoxina– facilitan canales sodio voltaje
Zombis– Tetradotoxina (bloquean canales sodio) + Datura (campana) –
anticolinérgico.
*Canalopatías
“channelopathies”
Figure 12.2b
Anatomy of a Multipolar Neuron
Figure 12.15
Depolarization and
Hyperpolarization
EPSP – IPSP Interactions
Figure 12.23
Voltage-Activated Ion Channels
During an Action Potential
Transmission
of an Action
Potential
No-myelinadas
TypeC 2mph
Myelinadas
TypeB 40mph
TypeC 268mph
Fig. 40-10b, p. 858
Axon of
presynaptic
neuron
Synaptic
terminal
Voltage-gated
Ca2+ channel 1
Ca2+
Synaptic
vesicle2
Neuro-
transmitter
molecule
3
4
Ligand-gated
channels
Postsynaptic
membrane
5
Postsynaptic
neuron
Receptor for
neurotransmitter
(b) How a neural
impulse is transmitted
across a synapse.
GABA y Serotonina
Receptor nicotínico Acetilcolina
Bungarotoxina (de la serpiente krait) antagonista receptor nicotínico Acetilcolina
Parálisis y fallo respiratorio
Myasthenia gravis
Botulinum toxin Clostridium botulinum
Tetanus toxin & Strychnine
Fig. 6-3, p. 137
Fig. 6-5, p. 139
Receptores:
Ionotróficos
Metabotróficos
Fig. 6-5, p. 139
G Protein–Linked Receptors
Fig. 43-13a, p. 933
1
2
5
3
4
Parasympathetic
neuron
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
receptor K + channel K +
Plasma
membrane
G-protein
K +
Cardiac
muscle
Receptor muscarínico
para acetilcolina
Fig. 43-13b, p. 933
Sympathetic neuron
1
Norepinephrine
-adrenergic
receptor
Gate
open
G protein
Plasma
membrane
2 6 Ca2+
Adenylyl
cyclase
4
ATP Ca2+
3
cAMP
5
Cardiac
muscle
Protein
Kinase
Second Messenger
Signal
Amplification
and Signal
Integration
Receptor Affinity
-dissociation constant
Receptor Down Regulation
-receptor mediated endocytosis
-desenzitation
Drugs as agonist and antagonists
Isoprotenerol (asthma) / propanolol hypertension)
(B-adrenergic receptor)
Famotidine (Pepcid AC) / Cimetidine (Tagamet)
(histamine receptor)
cAMP
Aumenta fuerza contracción corazón
Relajación músculos lisos
Secresión de NaCl en epitelio intestinal
Inhibidores de fosfodiesterasa:
cafeína y teofilina
Proteína Gs y Gi
Toxina del cólera (Gs)
Inhiben hidrólisis de GTP
Toxina pertussis (Gi) (Tos ferina)
Inhiben sustituir GTP por GDP
G Protein and cAMP
Fig. 43-13b, p. 933
Sympathetic neuron
1
Norepinephrine
-adrenergic
receptor
Gate
open
G protein
Plasma
membrane
2 6 Ca2+
Adenylyl
cyclase
4
ATP Ca2+
3
cAMP
5
Cardiac
muscle
Protein
Kinase
Fig. 43-13a, p. 933
1
2
5
3
4
Parasympathetic
neuron
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
receptor K + channel K +
Plasma
membrane
G-protein
K +
Cardiac
muscle
Receptor muscarínico
para acetilcolina
Esteres de forbol
Mimetizan DAG
Second
Messengers
Calcium Regulation
Sildenafil inhibe
Fosfodiesterasa de cGMP
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Enzyme-Linked Receptors
EGF- cancer de seno, glioblastoma y fibrosarcoma
TGFβ- 30% cancer de ovario y cancer colorectal
Smad4- 50% cancer de páncreas
Smad4- 50% cancer de páncreas
The tumor suppressor gene Smad4 (DPC4) at chromosome 18q21.1 belongs to the Smad family,
which mediates the TGFb signaling pathway suppressing epithelial cell growth.
Cell signaling transduction mechanisms
Cell signaling transduction mechanisms
Cell signaling transduction mechanisms
Cell signaling transduction mechanisms
Cell signaling transduction mechanisms

Cell signaling transduction mechanisms