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The document describes the sympathetic nervous system and its neurotransmitters. It discusses how acetylcholine acts as the preganglionic neurotransmitter while norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine act as postganglionic neurotransmitters. It also describes the effects of these neurotransmitters on adrenergic receptors, including their effects on cardiovascular function. Key drugs that act on the sympathetic nervous system are also mentioned.
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sympathomimeticdrugsppt-210519082222 (1).pptx
Sympathomimetic drugs mimic the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine by binding to adrenergic receptors. Norepinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system and is involved in the "fight or flight" response. It causes various effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure by constricting blood vessels through activation of alpha-1 receptors and relaxing vessels through beta-2 receptors. Norepinephrine is synthesized from tyrosine in neurons and stored in vesicles for release into synapses.
sympathomimeticdrugsppt-210519082222.pdf
Sympathomimetic drugs mimic the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine by binding to adrenergic receptors. They can be classified as direct-acting agonists like epinephrine, indirect-acting agonists like amphetamines, or mixed-action agonists like ephedrine. Common uses include nasal decongestants, bronchodilators, cardiovascular drugs, and anorectics. Key mechanisms of action involve effects on heart rate, blood pressure, smooth muscles, metabolism and more through alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-1/beta-2 receptor subtypes.
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Sympathomimetic drugs mimic the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine by binding to adrenergic receptors. Norepinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system and is involved in the "fight or flight" response. It causes various effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure by constricting blood vessels through activation of alpha-1 receptors and relaxing vessels through beta-2 receptors. Norepinephrine is synthesized from tyrosine in neurons and stored in vesicles for release into synapses.
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The document discusses the cholinergic system and neuromuscular blocking drugs. It begins by outlining the objectives and intended learning outcomes, which are to understand the locations of acetylcholine receptors, the synthesis and fate of acetylcholine, and the classifications and effects of various cholinergic drugs. It then describes the autonomic nervous system, including its parts, locations of ganglia, innervations of organs, and neurotransmitters. Next, it explains the synthesis, storage, release, binding, termination and recycling of acetylcholine. It also classifies cholinergic receptors and their locations and mechanisms. Finally, it discusses the classifications, actions, uses and effects of cholinergic drugs that directly activate receptors
Neurotransmitters
Otto Loewi discovered the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in 1921 through an experiment using two frog hearts. He found that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve of one heart caused it to slow down, and the same effect was seen in the second heart, showing that a chemical was being transmitted. Neurotransmitters meet four criteria: they are synthesized and stored in neurons, released at synapses, mimic the action of natural transmitters as drugs, and are removed from synapses. There are two main classes of neurotransmitters - small molecules like acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin; and peptides. Small molecules are synthesized in axon terminals while peptides are made in cell bodies.
03. ADRENERGIC DRUGS classification MAO uses
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the sympathetic nervous system. It summarizes that the sympathetic nervous system arises from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord and uses acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters. It also classifies adrenoceptors and discusses the effects of activating different receptor subtypes on various organ systems.
03. ADRENERGIC DRUGS.ppt03. ADRENERGIC DRUGS.ppt
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the sympathetic nervous system. It summarizes that preganglionic fibers arise from the thoracolumbar spinal cord and terminate in sympathetic ganglia, while postganglionic fibers arise from the ganglia and innervate organs. It also classifies adrenoceptors and discusses the effects of activating different receptor subtypes. Finally, it summarizes several commonly used sympathomimetic drugs and their mechanisms and effects.
Neurotramsitters and Neuromodulators SlideShare
This document summarizes neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. It discusses how nerve endings called transducers convert electrical to chemical energy by synthesizing and storing neurotransmitters in vesicles. Upon stimulation, vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to act on receptors and be removed. Neuromodulators modify neurotransmitter effects. Transmitters are divided into small molecules like acetylcholine, serotonin, catecholamines, and amino acids, as well as large neuropeptides. Specific locations of different transmitters are highlighted. Biosynthesis, release, and effects of various transmitters are described, including excitatory glutamate and inhibitory GABA and glycine. Finally, comparisons are made between classical transmitters and neurope
01Introduction to ANS.pptx
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. It describes the roles and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, including that the sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" while the parasympathetic system maintains essential functions at rest. Key neurotransmitters of each system are acetylcholine and norepinephrine. The document also examines cholinergic and adrenergic transmission in detail, including the receptors, synthesis and actions of acetylcholine and catecholamines.
Cholinergic receptors and its modulators(agonists, antagonists etc)
This document summarizes the autonomic nervous system and its parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. It describes the cholinergic and muscarinic receptors involved in parasympathetic signaling and their roles. Anticholinergic drugs like atropine that block muscarinic receptors are discussed. Their clinical uses to treat conditions like asthma, Parkinson's disease, and GI disorders are highlighted. The document also notes side effects of anticholinergics and drug interactions to watch out for. Ganglion blocking drugs are briefly mentioned at the end.
Non adrenergic, non-cholinergic (nanc) transmitters
Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitters play important roles in synaptic transmission beyond acetylcholine and noradrenaline. NANC neurotransmitters include purines like ATP and adenosine, peptides, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins. These neurotransmitters are released from neurons and can regulate the release and effects of the primary neurotransmitters as well as have direct effects on their own. Common NANC transmitters in the autonomic nervous system include VIP, NPY, endothelins, CGRP, and ATP which have various effects on smooth muscle, blood vessels, and other tissues.
Y1S2 Synapse NMJ Neurotransmitters
- The document discusses the physiology of synapses, neurotransmitters, and the neuromuscular junction. It describes the basic structure and function of chemical synapses between neurons.
- The key types of neurotransmitters are described, including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA, glycine, glutamate, serotonin, and histamine. Their receptors and effects on excitation or inhibition are summarized.
- The neuromuscular junction is discussed as a specialized chemical synapse, with acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter that binds to nicotinic receptors and causes muscle fiber depolarization.
ADRENERGIC AGENTS (WORD)
This document discusses the biosynthesis, storage, release, and effects of catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline in the sympathetic nervous system. It describes the different types of adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta), their molecular effects, locations, and functions. The roles of the receptors in various clinical effects like changes in heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation, and metabolism are summarized.
Neurochemical transmission in the brain dr lateef 2021
This document discusses neurochemical transmission in the brain. It begins by explaining the importance of understanding how drugs act in the central nervous system and the methods that have been developed to study neuropharmacology. These methods include microelectrodes, brain slice techniques, patch clamping, histochemistry, and molecular cloning. The document then describes the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain and how neurotransmission occurs. Specific topics covered include glutamate, GABA, receptors, and how drugs can target neurotransmission pathways.
Banin munir
This document discusses neurohumoral transmission and the criteria for identifying neurotransmitters. It describes several major neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and others. It explains the principles of chemical transmission including Dale's principle and denervation supersensitivity. The document provides details about the synthesis, storage, release and termination of various neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, adrenaline, serotonin, ATP and others. It also discusses cotransmission and neuromodulation in neurotransmission.
5.adrenergic drugs
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system and adrenergic system. It describes how adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter in both the central and sympathetic nervous systems. The adrenergic neurons and receptors are the sites of action for adrenergic drugs, which can act as agonists that initiate a response or antagonists that prevent a response. Specific adrenergic agonists discussed include epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and dopamine. Their effects, receptors, and clinical uses are described.
5.adrenergic drugs
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system and adrenergic system. It describes how adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter in both the central and sympathetic nervous systems. The adrenergic neurons and receptors are the sites of action for adrenergic drugs, which can act as agonists that initiate a response or antagonists that prevent a response. Specific adrenergic agonists discussed include epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and dopamine. Their effects, receptors, and clinical uses are summarized.
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Cholinergic receptors and its modulators(agonists, antagonists etc)
Cholinergic receptors and its modulators(agonists, antagonists etc)
Non adrenergic, non-cholinergic (nanc) transmitters
Non adrenergic, non-cholinergic (nanc) transmitters
Neurochemical transmission in the brain dr lateef 2021
Neurochemical transmission in the brain dr lateef 2021
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- 9. Figure 6-1. Schematic diagram comparing some anatomic and neurotransmitter features of autonomic and somatic motor nerves. Only the primary transmitter substances are shown. Parasympathetic ganglia are not shown because most are in or near the wall of the organ innervated. Note that some sympathetic postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine or dopamine rather than norepinephrine. The adrenal medulla, a modified sympathetic ganglion, receives sympathetic preganglionic fibers and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood. (ACh, acetylcholine; D, dopamine; Epi, epinephrine; NE, norepinephrine; N, nicotinic receptors; M, muscarinic receptors.)
- 10. Figure 10–2. Effects of Intravenous Infusion of Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, or Isoproterenol in Human Beings. (Modified from Allwood Et Al., 1963 , with Permission.)
- 11. Figure 6-3. Schematic illustration of a generalized cholinergic junction (not to scale). Choline is transported into the presynaptic nerve terminal by a sodium-dependent carrier (A). This transport can be inhibited by hemicholinium drugs. ACh is transported into the storage vesicle by a second carrier (B) that can be inhibited by vesamicol. Peptides (P), ATP, and proteoglycan are also stored in the vesicle. Release of transmitter occurs when voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the terminal membrane are opened, allowing an influx of calcium. The resulting increase in intracellular calcium causes fusion of vesicles with the surface membrane and exocytotic expulsion of ACh and cotransmitters into the junctional cleft. This step is blocked by botulinum toxin. Acetylcholine's action is terminated by metabolism by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Receptors on the presynaptic nerve ending regulate trans-mitter release. (SNAPs, synaptosome-associated proteins; VAMPs, vesicle-associated membrane proteins.)
- 12. The enzymes involved are shown in blue; essential cofactors, in italics. The final step occurs only in the adrenal medulla and in a few epinephrine-containing neuronal pathways in the brainstem.
- 13. Figure 6-6. Metabolism of catecholamines by catechol- O- methyltransferase ( COMT ) and monoamine oxidase (MAO). (Modified and reproduced, with permission, from Greenspan FS, Gardner DG (editors): Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2003.)