INTRODUCTION TO CARBON COMPOUND.pptx

1. INTRODUCTION TO
CARBON COMPOUND

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. State the definition of carbon compound
2. Identify different types of carbon compounds
3. Explains homologous series
4. Construct molecular formula and structural formula, and name the members of the
homologous series
5. Describe physical properties of the compounds in a homologous series

3. INTRODUCTION
Carbon compounds:
compounds that contain carbon as one of their
constituent elements.

4. WHY CARBON IS UNIQUE
Forms four covalent bonds
Bonds covalent to: H, O, N, P, S
and all other nonmetals
(except noble gas)
Carbon atoms join to form:
◦Chain
◦Rings

5. WHY CARBON IS UNIQUE
Carbon can form multiple bonds to itself; oxygen and
nitrogen to give large variety of compounds
The number of compound is so large that a separate
branch of chemistry – organic chemistry is devoted to
the study of these compound
Carbon atoms able to form long chains of carbon atom.
This property is known as catenation

6. Carbon Bond

7. Carbon
Compounds
Organic Compound Inorganic Compounds
• Carbon-containing
compounds that can
be obtained from living
things
• Except oxides of
carbon, carbonates,
cyanides, and metallic
carbides
• Non-carbon-containing
compounds that can
be obtained from non-
living things
• Include oxides of
carbon, carbonates,
cyanides, and metallic
carbides

8. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

10. HYDROCARBON
The simplest organic compounds:
◦Containing only carbon and hydrogen
It can be separated intro three main groups:
1. Saturated
2. Unsaturated
3. Aromatic

11. Saturated Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon that contain only single bonds
between carbon atoms
The simplest class of hydrocarbon
Called saturated because each carbon atom
is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as
possible
In other words, carbon atoms are saturated
with hydrogen
Types of saturated hydrocarbon: alkanes

12. Contain double or triple bonds between carbon
atoms
Types of unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkene,
alkyne and aromatic ring
AROMATIC HYDROCARBON
Contain benzene rings or similar features
The saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons are
often referred as the aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated & Aromatic
Hydrocarbon

13. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

14. Homologous Series
Homologous series has the following characteristics:
1. Same general formula
2. Same chemical formula
3. Same chemical properties
4. Consecutive members differ by one carbon atom and two
hydrogen atoms
5. Physical properties that gradually change from one member to
the next

15. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

16. NAMING OF CARBON COMPOUND
(IUPAC)
Naming of carbon compound: have 2 components

17. Stem/root

18. Suffix/ending

19. ALKANES

20. ALKANES
Methane (CH4) is the simplest alkanes which 4 hydrogen atoms are
linked to the carbon atoms in a tetrahedral
Instead of hydrogen atom, the carbon atom is further linked to
another carbon atom, we got another alkane namely ethane (C2H6)
General formula of alkanes: CnH2n+2, n=1,2,3

21. RULES FOR NAMING ALKANES
1. Find the longest carbon chain in the compound. This gives the parent name of the
compound.
5C
5C
3C
Longest carbon chain is 5: parent name is Pentane

22. 2. Number each carbon atom in the longest chain, starting
from the end nearest to the branch. This means that the
number appearing in the name is smaller number.
1
2
3
4
5
BRANCH

23. 3. Name the group joined to the chain and state the number of
the carbon atom to which it is joined.
2
Methyl group
2-methylpentane

24. 4. If the chain has 2 more identical groups joined to it. Prefixes
like di, tri, tetra are used to indicate the number of groups
present.
2
Methyl groups
2,4-dimethylheptane
1 3 4 5 6 7

25. 5. If a chain has 2 or more different groups joined to it, the
groups are written in alphabetical order i.e. ethyl before
methyl
5
Methyl group
2-ethyl-4-methylhexane
6
4
3
2
1
Ethyl group

26. Two common branches:
Methyl group
-CH3
Ethyl group
-CH3CH2

27. Example: name this alkane

28. Example: name this alkane

29. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
i. Colourless and odourless compound
ii. Dissolve in organic solvent
iii. Less dense than water
iv. Cannot conduct electricity
v. Insoluble in water
vi. Low melting and boiling point: because the molecules are
held together by weak intermolecular forces which can be
overcome by small amount of energy

30. PHYSICAL PORPERTIES OF ALKANES

31. CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ALKANES
All alkanes have similar chemical properties because
they belong to the same homologous series
Alkanes are unreactive; they do not react with most
chemicals
They undergo two main types of reaction:
◦Combustion (complete & incomplete)
◦Substitution reaction

32. 1.a) Combustion Reaction (Complete)
Alkanes burn in a
plentiful supply of air to
release energy (the
reasons why they are
used as fuel)
Gas
supplied
here refers
to alkanes

33. 1.a) Combustion (Complete)
Burning (properly called combustion) also produces:
◦CO2
◦Water vapour (H2O)
◦Heat
Lets observe what happened when you light a
Bunsen burner!

34. 1.a) Combustion (Complete)
1. Methane gas (CH4) exits from
the mouth of the Bunsen
Burner and mixes with the
oxygen gas (O2) in the
atmosphere
2. A flame is placed near the
mouth of the Bunsen Burner.

35. 1.a) Combustion (Complete)
3. Methane gas burns in oxygen
gas
4. The product of the combustion
are CO2 and H2O
5. Complete combustion  blue,
non-luminous flame

36. 1.a) Combustion (Complete)
Writing a balance equation : complete combustion of methane
Word equation: methane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + heat
Note: heat is always evolved from the combustion
Chemical Equation:
Step 1: write chemical equation
CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O
Step 2: balance the equation
CH4 + O2  CO2 + 2 H2O

37. 1.b) Combustion (Incomplete)
Some important pointers on complete combustion
When there is insufficient oxygen gas, incomplete combustion
occurs.
◦Note: incomplete combustion also occurs for larger alkanes (e.g candle
wax C22H52)
Its means that the alkanes is not burnt completely and gives
more sooty flame (orange-yellow in colour)
◦The black soot is carbon and the yellow flame comes from glowing
carbon atoms.

38. 1.b) Combustion (Incomplete)
What happen if there is insufficient Oxygen?
The possible balanced chemical equation for the
incomplete combustion of methane gas is:
CH4 + O2  C + 2H2O [carbon only]
2CH4 + 3O2  2CO+ 4H2O [carbon monoxide only]
4CH4 + 5O2  2CO2 + 2C + 8H2O [mixture of both]

39. 2. Substitution Reaction
Alkanes react with halogens, such as chlorine and bromine, in the presence of ultraviolet light
(UV Light)
For example:
Methane react with chlorine to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride gas.
CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl
This is substitution reactions. The hydrogen atom in methane is replaced by chlorine atom

40. 2. Substitution Reaction
More hydrogen atoms can be replaced with chlorine atoms to produce a mixture of four organic
compound

41. 2. Substitution Reaction
Writing out entire sequence of reaction
More hydrogen atoms can be replaced with chlorine atoms to produce a mixture of four organic
compounds!
CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2  CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH2Cl2 + Cl2  CHCl3 + HCl
CHCl3 + Cl2  CCl4 + HCl
dichloromethane
trichloromethane
tetrachloromethane

42. ALKENES

43. ALKENES
Contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)
General formula, CnH2n (n= 2,3,4,…..)
Classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons (compound with double or
triple carbon-carbon bonds that enable them to add hydrogen atoms
For example:
C2H4 – ethylene
CH2=CH2

44. Naming Alkenes
1. Select the longest
continuous carbon chain
that contains a double
bond
2. Name the parent
compound octene.
Select it as the parent
compound

45. Naming Alkenes
3. Number the carbon chain of
the parent compound
starting with the end nearer
to the double bond. Use the
smaller of the two numbers
on the double-bonded
carbon to indicate the
position of the double bond.
Place this number in front of
the alkene name.
This end is the
closest to the
double bond.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 - octene

46. Naming Alkenes
4. Branched chains and other groups are
treated as in naming alkanes. Name the
substituent group, and designate its
position on the parent chain with a number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4-ethyl-1 - octene
The ethyl group is
attached to
carbon 4

47. Naming Alkenes
A compound with more than one double bond
―Two double bond: diene
―Three double bond: triene
―Four double bond: tetraene
* Numbers are used to specify the locations of the double bonds
IUPAC names: buta-1,3-diene
IUPAC names: hepta-1,3,5-triene
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
IUPAC names: cycloocta-1,3,5,7-tetraene

48. Cycloalkenes
Contains C=C in the ring
Nomenclature of cycloalkenes:
―Similar to that alkenes
―Carbons atoms in the double bond are designated C1 and C2
cyclopropene cyclobutene cyclopentene cyclohexene
1-methylcyclohexene 1,5-dimethylcyclopentene

49. Nomenclature of cis-trans isomers
Cis- two particular atoms (or groups of atoms) are adjacent to each other
Trans- the two atoms (or groups of atoms) are across from each other
Cis-2-pentene Trans-2-pentene

50. Physical Properties of Alkenes
Boiling point and density:
―Most physical properties are similar to alkanes
―Boiling points of alkenes increases smoothly with
molecular weight
―Increased branching leads to greater volatility and
lower boiling points

51. Physical Properties of Alkenes
Polarity:
―Relatively nonpolar
―Insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvent such as hexane,
gasoline, halogenated solvents and ethers
―Slightly more polar than alkanes because:
i. Electrons in the pi bond is more polarized (contributing to
instantaneous dipole moments)
ii. The vinylic bonds tend to be slightly polar (contributing to a
permanent dipole moment)

52. ALKYNES

53. ALKYNES
Contain triple bond
General formula : CnHn-2. (n=2,3,4,….)
Two elements of unsaturated for each triple bond
Some reactions resemble the reactions of alkenes,
like addition and oxidation
Some reactions are specific to alkynes

54. RULES FOR NAMING ALKANES
1. Find the longest carbon chain containing the triple
bond. This gives the parent name of the compound.
2. Change –ane ending to –yne
3. Number the chain, starting at the end closest to the
triple bond
4. Give branches or other substituents a number to
locate their position.

55. Examples
IUPAC name: 2-methylpent-1-en-3-yne
IUPAC name: but-1-yne-3-ol

56. THANK YOU!