Alkenes
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An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon bonded to another carbon in a double bond. Ethene, propene, and benzene are examples of alkenes, with ethene and propene being similar to ethane and propane but containing a double bond instead of single bonds. Benzene is a cyclic alkene that can cause health effects like headaches and vomiting with short term exposure or illnesses like anemia and cancer with long term exposure.
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Alkene
Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond, giving them an unsaturated structure. The molecular geometry around the double bond is trigonal planar. Common alkenes like ethene and propene were discussed, with ethene containing two carbons in its double bond and propene containing three carbons, one with a double bond. Alkenes cannot freely rotate around their carbon-carbon double bonds due to their unsaturated structure.
Alkane 11
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. They have the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkanes can be represented by structural formulas that show the specific arrangement of atoms in the molecule. Structural isomers are possible for alkanes with five or more carbons. Alkanes are prepared through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, decarboxylation of fatty acids, and reduction of alkyl halides. They undergo halogenation reactions to form alkyl halides. Physical properties like boiling point increase with increasing molecular size and branching decreases boiling point.
Alkane and cycloalkanes
The document discusses alkanes and cycloalkanes. It describes how alkanes are found naturally in petroleum and natural gas. Petroleum is separated through distillation into fractions like gasoline and kerosene. Alkanes can be refined and processed through technologies like cracking, isomerization, and reforming to produce smaller alkanes, branched alkanes, and aromatics for use in fuels and petrochemicals. The physical properties of alkanes are also covered, including combustion, heats of combustion, and octane ratings. Naming conventions for alkanes like alkyl groups and IUPAC nomenclature are outlined.
Organic chemistry (Amines), Sharda Public School, Almora U.K.
This document discusses amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia where an alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on how many hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the nitrogen. Primary amines have one hydrocarbon group and two hydrogens, secondary have two hydrocarbon groups and one hydrogen, and tertiary have three hydrocarbon groups. The document discusses the properties, reactions, preparation methods, and nomenclature of amines.
Chapter 3 ketone
Here are the answers:
a)
i) K (2-methyl-1-propanol):
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH2-CH2-OH
|
CH3
L (2-methyl-2-propanol):
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH(OH)-CH3
ii) K can be prepared by reacting propanone with methylmagnesium bromide, a Grignard reagent:
CH3COCH3 + CH3MgBr → CH3C(OCH3)(CH3) → CH3C(OH)(CH3)CH3 + MgBr
iii) M
ketones
The document summarizes reactions of ketones and their applications. It discusses how ketones are formed by oxidation of secondary alcohols or by dry distillation of calcium salts of carboxylic acids. It then outlines several reactions of ketones including their addition reactions with hydroxylamine to form oximes, hydrazine to form hydrazones, Grignard reagents to form alcohols, and HCN to form cyanohydrins. Applications of products from these reactions include use in oil-based paints, measuring low molecular weight aldehydes and ketones, and in cosmetics and sun damage treatment.
B sc i chemistry i u iii(a) alkane,alkene and alkynes a
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living things. Key elements are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur.
- Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds and are divided into aliphatic and aromatic types.
- Aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), and alkynes (triple bonds).
- IUPAC nomenclature rules are used to systematically name organic compounds based on functional groups, chain length, and substituents.
- Derivatives of hydrocarbons like alkenes and alkynes introduce double and triple bonds that impact properties. Geometric isomers
Alkanes
The document discusses several methods for preparing alkanes, including:
1) Hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes via hydrogenation reactions.
2) Reducing alkyl halides using lithium aluminum hydride or zinc and acid.
3) Formation and destruction of Grignard reagents from alkyl halides.
4) Coupling reactions like the Wurtz reaction and Corey-House coupling.
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Alkene
Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond, giving them an unsaturated structure. The molecular geometry around the double bond is trigonal planar. Common alkenes like ethene and propene were discussed, with ethene containing two carbons in its double bond and propene containing three carbons, one with a double bond. Alkenes cannot freely rotate around their carbon-carbon double bonds due to their unsaturated structure.
Alkane 11
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. They have the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkanes can be represented by structural formulas that show the specific arrangement of atoms in the molecule. Structural isomers are possible for alkanes with five or more carbons. Alkanes are prepared through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, decarboxylation of fatty acids, and reduction of alkyl halides. They undergo halogenation reactions to form alkyl halides. Physical properties like boiling point increase with increasing molecular size and branching decreases boiling point.
Alkane and cycloalkanes
The document discusses alkanes and cycloalkanes. It describes how alkanes are found naturally in petroleum and natural gas. Petroleum is separated through distillation into fractions like gasoline and kerosene. Alkanes can be refined and processed through technologies like cracking, isomerization, and reforming to produce smaller alkanes, branched alkanes, and aromatics for use in fuels and petrochemicals. The physical properties of alkanes are also covered, including combustion, heats of combustion, and octane ratings. Naming conventions for alkanes like alkyl groups and IUPAC nomenclature are outlined.
Organic chemistry (Amines), Sharda Public School, Almora U.K.
This document discusses amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia where an alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on how many hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the nitrogen. Primary amines have one hydrocarbon group and two hydrogens, secondary have two hydrocarbon groups and one hydrogen, and tertiary have three hydrocarbon groups. The document discusses the properties, reactions, preparation methods, and nomenclature of amines.
Chapter 3 ketone
Here are the answers:
a)
i) K (2-methyl-1-propanol):
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH2-CH2-OH
|
CH3
L (2-methyl-2-propanol):
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH(OH)-CH3
ii) K can be prepared by reacting propanone with methylmagnesium bromide, a Grignard reagent:
CH3COCH3 + CH3MgBr → CH3C(OCH3)(CH3) → CH3C(OH)(CH3)CH3 + MgBr
iii) M
ketones
The document summarizes reactions of ketones and their applications. It discusses how ketones are formed by oxidation of secondary alcohols or by dry distillation of calcium salts of carboxylic acids. It then outlines several reactions of ketones including their addition reactions with hydroxylamine to form oximes, hydrazine to form hydrazones, Grignard reagents to form alcohols, and HCN to form cyanohydrins. Applications of products from these reactions include use in oil-based paints, measuring low molecular weight aldehydes and ketones, and in cosmetics and sun damage treatment.
B sc i chemistry i u iii(a) alkane,alkene and alkynes a
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living things. Key elements are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur.
- Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds and are divided into aliphatic and aromatic types.
- Aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), and alkynes (triple bonds).
- IUPAC nomenclature rules are used to systematically name organic compounds based on functional groups, chain length, and substituents.
- Derivatives of hydrocarbons like alkenes and alkynes introduce double and triple bonds that impact properties. Geometric isomers
Alkanes
The document discusses several methods for preparing alkanes, including:
1) Hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes via hydrogenation reactions.
2) Reducing alkyl halides using lithium aluminum hydride or zinc and acid.
3) Formation and destruction of Grignard reagents from alkyl halides.
4) Coupling reactions like the Wurtz reaction and Corey-House coupling.
amines
The document discusses the classification, nomenclature, properties, preparation, and reactions of amines. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. They are further divided into aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic amines. Amines are named according to IUPAC nomenclature rules. They are weak bases due to resonance stabilization of the conjugate acid. Common methods for preparing amines include reduction of nitriles, amides, imines, and nitro compounds. Amines react with acids to form water-soluble salts and with nitrous acid to undergo proton-transfer and electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
Chapter 8 amide
1. Amides are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the -OH group of the carboxylic acid with an -NH2 group. Primary amides are named by changing the acid name to the acid name amide. Secondary and tertiary amides use uppercase N to designate the alkyl group on nitrogen.
2. Amides can be prepared from carboxylic acids or acid chlorides. From acids, an ammonium salt is formed which dehydrates to the amide upon heating. From acid chlorides, the acid chloride reacts with ammonia.
3. Amides undergo hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids and ammonia/ammonium salts. They also react with nitro
Alkynes
Alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two carbon atoms. Common alkynes include acetylene (C2H2), propyne, butyne, pentyne, etc. Their molecular formulas follow the pattern of CnH2n-2. Alkynes are named based on the number of carbons and whether the chain is straight or branched. They are generally reactive due to the triple bond. Alkynes undergo addition, polymerization, substitution, and combustion reactions. They can also form isomers based on chain structure or carbon position.
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Alkene
This chapter discusses the structure, properties, and synthesis of alkenes. Key points include:
- Alkenes contain a pi bond between two carbons as the functional group. This pi bond is more reactive than a sigma bond.
- Common methods for alkene synthesis are E2 elimination of hydrogen halides, E1 elimination of hydrogen halides, removal of vicinal dibromides, and dehydration of alcohols.
- Alkene stability is affected by substitution - more substituted alkenes are more stable. Cis isomers are generally more stable than trans.
- IUPAC nomenclature is used to systematically name alkenes based on
Chapter 2 aldehyde
The document provides an overview of aldehydes, including:
- Nomenclature of aldehydes using IUPAC and common names.
- Physical properties such as boiling points and solubility due to the polar carbonyl group.
- Preparation methods including oxidation of primary alcohols and reduction of acid chlorides.
- Reactions including oxidation to carboxylic acids, reduction to alcohols, nucleophilic addition with HCN or Grignard reagents, and condensation reactions with ammonia derivatives.
- Specific reactions are discussed in more detail such as cyanohydrin formation, aldol condensation, and Cannizzaro disproportionation.
Amines
This document discusses the structure and properties of amines. It begins by defining amines as carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen compounds that are commonly found in living organisms. It then discusses the bonding characteristics of nitrogen atoms in organic compounds and how this relates to the structures of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. The document also covers the physical properties, basicity, and reactions of amines, including the formation of amine salts. It concludes by discussing heterocyclic and isomeric amines.
Chapter 9 amine
1. Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups. This document discusses the nomenclature, preparation, and reactions of amines.
2. Amines are named based on whether they contain one, two, or three alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom (primary, secondary, tertiary). Aromatic amines are named after the parent aromatic compound with the suffix -amine.
3. Amines can be prepared through reduction of nitro compounds, halides, amides, nitriles, or amides via Hoffman degradation. Common reducing agents include lithium aluminum hydride and catalytic hydrogenation.
ALCOHOL and PHENOL
Alcohols contain an -OH group bonded to a carbon atom. They are classified based on the carbon the OH group is attached to as primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols. Alcohols have higher boiling points than similar hydrocarbons due to hydrogen bonding. Common alcohols include methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol. Alcohols are used in drinks, fuels, solvents, and to synthesize other organic compounds. Phenol contains an OH group bonded directly to a benzene ring. It is used as an antiseptic and in making resins, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. Phenol undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions more readily than benz
Phenols
Phenol and its derivatives have both IUPAC and common names. Phenol is a white crystalline solid that is hazardous to skin. It has higher melting and boiling points than toluene due to hydrogen bonding between phenol molecules. Phenol is moderately soluble in water and weakly acidic. Major uses of phenol involve its conversion to plastics, resins, nylon precursors, and drugs like aspirin. It is also used as a throat pain reliever and in nucleic acid extractions.
Aldehydes
Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group with at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon. They are intermediate in properties between alcohols and alkanes, with higher boiling points than alkanes due to dipole-dipole interactions. Aldehydes are readily oxidized to carboxylic acids and reduced to primary alcohols. They react with alcohols to form hemiacetals and acetals through addition reactions. Hemiacetals contain both a hydroxyl and alkoxy group bonded to the same carbon.
Alkane
This document describes the properties of alkenes. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double bonds. They undergo addition reactions at the double bond, such as hydrogenation to form alkanes. Common reactions include addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and oxidation. Alkenes polymerize to form polymers by joining many monomer units. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond.
Phenolic compounds
The document discusses plant phenolic compounds. It notes that thousands of phenolic structures are known, accounting for 40% of organic carbon in the biosphere. Phenolic compounds are primarily derived from the phenylpropanoid and acetate pathways and play important roles in plant cell walls, defense, wood/bark features, and flower color/flavor. Phenolic compounds can be classified into flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Key flavonoids discussed include quercetin, naringenin, and isoflavonoids like genistein and daidzein. Non-flavonoids include hydroxycinnamates, stilbenes like resveratrol, and tannins.
ALKANES
Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbons whose members contain only single carbon-hydrogen bonds. The document discusses the structure, properties, conformations, and reactions of several alkanes including methane, ethane, propane, butane, and higher alkanes. It also covers topics such as torsional strain, Grignard reagents, halogenation reactions, and IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming alkanes.
Phenol
Phenols are chemical compounds that contain a hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. Phenols are hydroxyl derivatives of hydrocarbons where a hydrogen on the benzene ring is replaced by a hydroxyl group. Phenols react in various ways including forming salts with bases, undergoing oxidation, and reacting with bromine water, nitric acid, iron chloride, and other compounds. Phenols have medical uses as keratolytics, antipruritics, and disinfectants due to their caustic effects on tissues.
18 - Ketones and Aldehydes - Wade 7th
1) The document summarizes key concepts about ketones and aldehydes from an organic chemistry textbook chapter, including their structures, nomenclature, physical properties, reactions, and industrial uses.
2) Methods of synthesizing ketones and aldehydes are discussed, including oxidation of alcohols, Friedel-Crafts acylation, and reactions of nitriles, acid chlorides, and carboxylic acids.
3) Common reactions of ketones and aldehydes described include nucleophilic addition, hydration, imine and acetal formation, reductions, and oxidations.
16 - Aromatic Compounds - Wade 7th
This document summarizes key concepts about aromatic compounds from Chapter 16 of Organic Chemistry. It discusses the discovery of benzene and its resonance structures, explaining that benzene is a resonance hybrid with delocalized pi electrons. Hückel's rule is introduced, stating that compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons are aromatic and those with 4n pi electrons are antiaromatic. Molecular orbital theory is used to explain the stability and properties of benzene and other aromatic compounds such as heterocycles and polycyclic aromatics.
Aldehyde
Aldehydes are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group with the formula -CHO. They consist of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen and an R group. Common aldehydes include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Aldehydes have medical uses as disinfectants and for treating cardiovascular disease. Industrially, they are used as food flavorings, solvents, and in perfumes. Breathing or contacting aldehydes can irritate lungs, skin, and eyes. Repeated exposure may cause damage to organs and cancer. Aldehydes are also formed endogenously during lipid peroxidation and metabolism.
Alkanes
This document discusses alkanes, which are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons. The key points are:
1. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and are characterized by single carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, making them saturated.
2. Physical properties of alkanes, such as melting/boiling points, viscosity, and density, increase with increasing number of carbon atoms due to stronger intermolecular forces.
3. Alkanes are generally unreactive due to strong bonds, but can undergo combustion reactions releasing energy, and substitution reactions replacing hydrogen with other atoms.
Chapter 3 Alkenes
This document summarizes key information about alkenes (olefins):
1) Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Common examples include ethylene and propene.
2) Alkenes undergo characteristic reactions such as addition of halogens, hydrogenation to form alkanes, hydration and polymerization. Many of these reactions follow Markovnikov's rule.
3) Alkenes are industrially important as monomers for polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polystyrene. Ethylene and propylene are the largest volume organic chemicals produced.
Organic chemistry Jake Pace
Alkenes are a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. They have a trigonal planar geometry due to this double bond. Common examples include ethene, propene, and butenes. Alkenes do not rotate freely like alkanes due to the pi bond in the double bond.
Phenanthrene by Mr. pradeep swarnkar
Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings. It appears as a white powder with blue fluorescence. Phenanthrene shows aromatic properties and is the backbone molecule for morphine. It undergoes reactions like oxidation, reduction, bromination, and electrophilic addition or substitution. Derivatives of phenanthrene like papaverine are used as vasodilators to increase blood flow. Phenanthrene and its derivatives have several medicinal uses including manufacturing dyes, acting as antifungals, and being components of steroids, sex hormones, bile acids, and cardiac glycosides.
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amines
The document discusses the classification, nomenclature, properties, preparation, and reactions of amines. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. They are further divided into aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic amines. Amines are named according to IUPAC nomenclature rules. They are weak bases due to resonance stabilization of the conjugate acid. Common methods for preparing amines include reduction of nitriles, amides, imines, and nitro compounds. Amines react with acids to form water-soluble salts and with nitrous acid to undergo proton-transfer and electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
Chapter 8 amide
1. Amides are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the -OH group of the carboxylic acid with an -NH2 group. Primary amides are named by changing the acid name to the acid name amide. Secondary and tertiary amides use uppercase N to designate the alkyl group on nitrogen.
2. Amides can be prepared from carboxylic acids or acid chlorides. From acids, an ammonium salt is formed which dehydrates to the amide upon heating. From acid chlorides, the acid chloride reacts with ammonia.
3. Amides undergo hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids and ammonia/ammonium salts. They also react with nitro
Alkynes
Alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two carbon atoms. Common alkynes include acetylene (C2H2), propyne, butyne, pentyne, etc. Their molecular formulas follow the pattern of CnH2n-2. Alkynes are named based on the number of carbons and whether the chain is straight or branched. They are generally reactive due to the triple bond. Alkynes undergo addition, polymerization, substitution, and combustion reactions. They can also form isomers based on chain structure or carbon position.
Nucleophilic Substitution
This document discusses nucleophilic substitution reactions, specifically SN1 and SN2 reactions. It describes the two-step SN1 reaction, where the first step is rate determining and involves formation of a carbocation intermediate. It also describes the one-step SN2 reaction, where the rate determining step involves formation of a pentacoordinate transition state. Finally, it provides an experiment to observe the effects of structure on SN1 and SN2 reactions.
Alkene
This chapter discusses the structure, properties, and synthesis of alkenes. Key points include:
- Alkenes contain a pi bond between two carbons as the functional group. This pi bond is more reactive than a sigma bond.
- Common methods for alkene synthesis are E2 elimination of hydrogen halides, E1 elimination of hydrogen halides, removal of vicinal dibromides, and dehydration of alcohols.
- Alkene stability is affected by substitution - more substituted alkenes are more stable. Cis isomers are generally more stable than trans.
- IUPAC nomenclature is used to systematically name alkenes based on
Chapter 2 aldehyde
The document provides an overview of aldehydes, including:
- Nomenclature of aldehydes using IUPAC and common names.
- Physical properties such as boiling points and solubility due to the polar carbonyl group.
- Preparation methods including oxidation of primary alcohols and reduction of acid chlorides.
- Reactions including oxidation to carboxylic acids, reduction to alcohols, nucleophilic addition with HCN or Grignard reagents, and condensation reactions with ammonia derivatives.
- Specific reactions are discussed in more detail such as cyanohydrin formation, aldol condensation, and Cannizzaro disproportionation.
Amines
This document discusses the structure and properties of amines. It begins by defining amines as carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen compounds that are commonly found in living organisms. It then discusses the bonding characteristics of nitrogen atoms in organic compounds and how this relates to the structures of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. The document also covers the physical properties, basicity, and reactions of amines, including the formation of amine salts. It concludes by discussing heterocyclic and isomeric amines.
Chapter 9 amine
1. Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups. This document discusses the nomenclature, preparation, and reactions of amines.
2. Amines are named based on whether they contain one, two, or three alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom (primary, secondary, tertiary). Aromatic amines are named after the parent aromatic compound with the suffix -amine.
3. Amines can be prepared through reduction of nitro compounds, halides, amides, nitriles, or amides via Hoffman degradation. Common reducing agents include lithium aluminum hydride and catalytic hydrogenation.
ALCOHOL and PHENOL
Alcohols contain an -OH group bonded to a carbon atom. They are classified based on the carbon the OH group is attached to as primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols. Alcohols have higher boiling points than similar hydrocarbons due to hydrogen bonding. Common alcohols include methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol. Alcohols are used in drinks, fuels, solvents, and to synthesize other organic compounds. Phenol contains an OH group bonded directly to a benzene ring. It is used as an antiseptic and in making resins, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. Phenol undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions more readily than benz
Phenols
Phenol and its derivatives have both IUPAC and common names. Phenol is a white crystalline solid that is hazardous to skin. It has higher melting and boiling points than toluene due to hydrogen bonding between phenol molecules. Phenol is moderately soluble in water and weakly acidic. Major uses of phenol involve its conversion to plastics, resins, nylon precursors, and drugs like aspirin. It is also used as a throat pain reliever and in nucleic acid extractions.
Aldehydes
Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group with at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon. They are intermediate in properties between alcohols and alkanes, with higher boiling points than alkanes due to dipole-dipole interactions. Aldehydes are readily oxidized to carboxylic acids and reduced to primary alcohols. They react with alcohols to form hemiacetals and acetals through addition reactions. Hemiacetals contain both a hydroxyl and alkoxy group bonded to the same carbon.
Alkane
This document describes the properties of alkenes. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double bonds. They undergo addition reactions at the double bond, such as hydrogenation to form alkanes. Common reactions include addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and oxidation. Alkenes polymerize to form polymers by joining many monomer units. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond.
Phenolic compounds
The document discusses plant phenolic compounds. It notes that thousands of phenolic structures are known, accounting for 40% of organic carbon in the biosphere. Phenolic compounds are primarily derived from the phenylpropanoid and acetate pathways and play important roles in plant cell walls, defense, wood/bark features, and flower color/flavor. Phenolic compounds can be classified into flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Key flavonoids discussed include quercetin, naringenin, and isoflavonoids like genistein and daidzein. Non-flavonoids include hydroxycinnamates, stilbenes like resveratrol, and tannins.
ALKANES
Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbons whose members contain only single carbon-hydrogen bonds. The document discusses the structure, properties, conformations, and reactions of several alkanes including methane, ethane, propane, butane, and higher alkanes. It also covers topics such as torsional strain, Grignard reagents, halogenation reactions, and IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming alkanes.
Phenol
Phenols are chemical compounds that contain a hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. Phenols are hydroxyl derivatives of hydrocarbons where a hydrogen on the benzene ring is replaced by a hydroxyl group. Phenols react in various ways including forming salts with bases, undergoing oxidation, and reacting with bromine water, nitric acid, iron chloride, and other compounds. Phenols have medical uses as keratolytics, antipruritics, and disinfectants due to their caustic effects on tissues.
18 - Ketones and Aldehydes - Wade 7th
1) The document summarizes key concepts about ketones and aldehydes from an organic chemistry textbook chapter, including their structures, nomenclature, physical properties, reactions, and industrial uses.
2) Methods of synthesizing ketones and aldehydes are discussed, including oxidation of alcohols, Friedel-Crafts acylation, and reactions of nitriles, acid chlorides, and carboxylic acids.
3) Common reactions of ketones and aldehydes described include nucleophilic addition, hydration, imine and acetal formation, reductions, and oxidations.
16 - Aromatic Compounds - Wade 7th
This document summarizes key concepts about aromatic compounds from Chapter 16 of Organic Chemistry. It discusses the discovery of benzene and its resonance structures, explaining that benzene is a resonance hybrid with delocalized pi electrons. Hückel's rule is introduced, stating that compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons are aromatic and those with 4n pi electrons are antiaromatic. Molecular orbital theory is used to explain the stability and properties of benzene and other aromatic compounds such as heterocycles and polycyclic aromatics.
Aldehyde
Aldehydes are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group with the formula -CHO. They consist of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen and an R group. Common aldehydes include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Aldehydes have medical uses as disinfectants and for treating cardiovascular disease. Industrially, they are used as food flavorings, solvents, and in perfumes. Breathing or contacting aldehydes can irritate lungs, skin, and eyes. Repeated exposure may cause damage to organs and cancer. Aldehydes are also formed endogenously during lipid peroxidation and metabolism.
Alkanes
This document discusses alkanes, which are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons. The key points are:
1. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and are characterized by single carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, making them saturated.
2. Physical properties of alkanes, such as melting/boiling points, viscosity, and density, increase with increasing number of carbon atoms due to stronger intermolecular forces.
3. Alkanes are generally unreactive due to strong bonds, but can undergo combustion reactions releasing energy, and substitution reactions replacing hydrogen with other atoms.
Chapter 3 Alkenes
This document summarizes key information about alkenes (olefins):
1) Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Common examples include ethylene and propene.
2) Alkenes undergo characteristic reactions such as addition of halogens, hydrogenation to form alkanes, hydration and polymerization. Many of these reactions follow Markovnikov's rule.
3) Alkenes are industrially important as monomers for polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polystyrene. Ethylene and propylene are the largest volume organic chemicals produced.
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Alkenes are a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. They have a trigonal planar geometry due to this double bond. Common examples include ethene, propene, and butenes. Alkenes do not rotate freely like alkanes due to the pi bond in the double bond.
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Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings. It appears as a white powder with blue fluorescence. Phenanthrene shows aromatic properties and is the backbone molecule for morphine. It undergoes reactions like oxidation, reduction, bromination, and electrophilic addition or substitution. Derivatives of phenanthrene like papaverine are used as vasodilators to increase blood flow. Phenanthrene and its derivatives have several medicinal uses including manufacturing dyes, acting as antifungals, and being components of steroids, sex hormones, bile acids, and cardiac glycosides.
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The document provides information about aliphatic hydrocarbons, specifically alkanes. It begins with learning outcomes which state that students will understand organic compound families, explain alkane structure and properties, name organic compounds using IUPAC rules, describe alkane isomers and synthesis reactions. The document then covers classes of organic compounds including hydrocarbons, alkane properties such as physical states and solubility, IUPAC nomenclature rules, cyclic alkane naming, and alkane reaction and synthesis methods like hydrogenation of alkenes.
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Benzene
Benzene is an organic chemical compound composed of six carbon atoms joined in a ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom. It is a natural component of crude oil and one of the simplest petrochemicals. Benzene is a colorless, highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell. It is mainly used as a precursor to make chemicals such as ethylbenzene and cumene, and is an important component of gasoline comprising a few percent of its mass. Exposure to benzene can occur through inhalation of vapors during activities like fueling vehicles or using household products containing benzene. Long-term exposure is linked to increased cancer risk and damage to reproductive organs.
Presentation on phenol.pptx
Phenols are aromatic compounds containing one or more OH groups directly attached to carbon atoms in a benzene ring. Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is the simplest phenol. Phenols are more acidic than alcohols due to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion. They can be prepared through processes like the hydrolysis of chlorobenzene, from diazonium salts, or through the oxidation of cumene. Phenols react to form salts, esters, and show color changes with iron chloride. They have uses as disinfectants, in plastics production, and as wood preservatives.
Benzene and its derivatives.ppt
according to PCI Syllabus
Subject:-Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry-II
Class/year:-S.Y.B.Pharmacy
Sem:-III
PHENOL .pptx
Phenol is an aromatic compound with a hydroxyl group directly attached to the benzene ring. Phenol is more acidic than alcohols due to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion conjugate base. Electron withdrawing groups increase phenol acidity by further stabilizing the phenoxide ion, while electron donating groups decrease acidity. The meta-substituted isomer of nitrophenol is less acidic than the para isomer due to additional resonance structures for the para conjugate base. Cresols are methylphenol isomers used as disinfectants due to protein degradation.
BENZENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES.pptx
Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, with a six carbon ring structure and alternating double bonds. It is naturally produced from volcanoes and forest fires but is also a major industrial chemical made from coal and oil. Benzene is highly toxic and carcinogenic. It has various industrial uses such as in the production of pesticides, resins, detergents, synthetic fibers, plastics, and drugs. Domestically, benzene is used in glues, adhesives, cleaning products, and tobacco smoke.
BENZENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES.pptx
Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, with a six carbon ring structure and alternating double bonds. It is naturally produced from volcanoes and forest fires but is also a major industrial chemical made from coal and oil. Benzene is highly toxic and carcinogenic. It has many industrial uses such as in the production of pesticides, resins, detergents, synthetic fibers, plastics, and drugs. Domestically, benzene is used in glues, cleaners, and tobacco smoke, among other applications.
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Alkenes
- 2. Definition of an Alkene An Alkene is a unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon bonded to carbon in a double bonds. A double bond means that the carbons have one sigma and one pi bonds
- 3. Ethene Ethene is a molecule similar to ethane: however, ethane is C2H6,and ethene is C2H4. Ethane Ethene
- 4. Propene Propene, like ethene, is similar to its counterpart propane. The difference is that propane is C3H8. Propene is C3H6. Propene
- 5. Benzene Benzene is a cyclic alkene that has negative effects on the body. Short term exposure to benzene can cause headaches, vomiting, disorientation, shakiness, high heart rate, and loss of consciousness. Long term exposure can cause a large range of illnesses from anemia to cancer. These complications can result in the death of the patient.
- 6. Summary An alkenes is a unsaturated hydrocarbon which has one or more double bonds. All alkenes names end with –ene