a project on automatic traffic control using IC 555
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The document describes a student project to build an IC 555 and IC 4017 based traffic light circuit. It provides background on the history and purpose of traffic lights. It then details the components used in the circuit including IC 555 and IC 4017, and how they work together to simulate traffic light functionality by sequentially activating LED outputs to represent the changing lights. The document also covers potential issues with traffic and how temporary traffic control can help address them.
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1.Introduction
The 555 IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to SigNetics Corporation.
555 timer is a highly stable circuit used to generate time delays, or Oscillations.
A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to hours.
It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.
2.Pin Configuration
3.Working of Pin
4.555 Integral circuit
5.Operating modes of IC
6. Bistable Mode
In bistable (also called Schmitt trigger) mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop.
The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply floating.
Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state).
Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No timing capacitors
Pin 5 (control voltage) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 μF). Pin 7 (discharge) is left floating
7.Monostable Mode
Pulse generator circuit which the period is calculated from RC network and connected to external of 555 timer
Stable when the output logic LOW (logic = 0)
When a pulse is trigger at pin 2 (normally negative trigger pulse), timer output will change to HIGH (+Vs) for a while and change to LOW (stable condition). The condition will continue LOW until pulse is trigger again.
The timing period is triggered (started) when trigger input (555 pin 2) is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored.
The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches 2/3 Vs the time period over and the output becomes LOW,
At the same time discharge (555 pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger.
8.Astable Mode
Astable multivibrators are also known as Free-running Multivibrator.
Astable do not need trigger pulse for external to change the output.
The period for LOW and HIGH can be calculated based on resistor and capacitor value that connected at outside of timer.
9.Applications
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10. Conclusion
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Ic 555
1.Introduction
The 555 IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to SigNetics Corporation.
555 timer is a highly stable circuit used to generate time delays, or Oscillations.
A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to hours.
It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.
2.Pin Configuration
3.Working of Pin
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5.Operating modes of IC
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In bistable (also called Schmitt trigger) mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop.
The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply floating.
Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state).
Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No timing capacitors
Pin 5 (control voltage) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 μF). Pin 7 (discharge) is left floating
7.Monostable Mode
Pulse generator circuit which the period is calculated from RC network and connected to external of 555 timer
Stable when the output logic LOW (logic = 0)
When a pulse is trigger at pin 2 (normally negative trigger pulse), timer output will change to HIGH (+Vs) for a while and change to LOW (stable condition). The condition will continue LOW until pulse is trigger again.
The timing period is triggered (started) when trigger input (555 pin 2) is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored.
The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches 2/3 Vs the time period over and the output becomes LOW,
At the same time discharge (555 pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger.
8.Astable Mode
Astable multivibrators are also known as Free-running Multivibrator.
Astable do not need trigger pulse for external to change the output.
The period for LOW and HIGH can be calculated based on resistor and capacitor value that connected at outside of timer.
9.Applications
Schmitt trigger
PPM
PWM
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Precision Timing
Pulse Generation
Time Delay Generation
Sequential Timing
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10. Conclusion
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My new upload !!! --> http://www.slideshare.net/choleraparth91/smart-vehicle-ensuring-safe-ride-using-accerolometer-laser-sensor-co-sensor-and-also-with-use-of-gsm-modem-and-solar-panel
Contact & follow me to get PDF & PPT file - https://www.linkedin.com/in/parthcholera/
Email me directly if you want these file !!
choleraparth91@yahoo.com
or
contact me on fb - https://www.facebook.com/choleraparth91
or
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message me on - 08097508067
I suggest to go for these project !!! :D :D
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A 12Volts DC battery is attached to the circuit. As the microcontroller and sensors requires only 5v, set of resistors and capacitors are used to supply 5v DC to them. Power Management System is not maintained in the circuit as the battery can be removed after the usage of robot. So it does not cause any loss in the power of battery.
This type of robots has multiple applications in various fields. They can be used to know the strength of the opposite army in defense system. They can be used as floor and wall cleaners. They are used in automated GPS vehicles to calculate the moment of the vehicle overhead. These robots are easy to construct and cheaper in cost with long durability.
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This document describes a circuit that automatically selects any available phase from a 3 phase power supply system if one phase fails. It uses transformers connected to each phase, rectifiers, regulators, optoisolators, AND gates, inverters, a relay driver, and relays. When one phase fails, the circuit uses logic gates to switch the load to the next available phase through the relay contacts, ensuring continuous power to single phase loads.
report on mini project Bicycle lock
The document describes the design of an electronic bicycle lock that uses a circuit to trigger an alarm. The circuit includes a PIR sensor to detect movement, a UM3561 IC to generate a police siren sound through a speaker, and a transistor used as both an amplifier and switch. When the lock is broken, the circuit is disrupted which causes the transistor to activate the IC and sound the alarm. The lock was tested on a breadboard and PCB and successfully sounded the alarm when movement was detected or the lock was broken. Potential future applications of the design include vehicle security systems and burglar alarms.
design of FPGA based traffic light controller system
The document describes the design of an FPGA-based traffic light controller system that uses sensors to detect vehicle presence and a finite state machine to control the timing of traffic lights at an intersection between a highway and side road. It discusses the requirements for the system, including coordinating light timing, responding to sensor inputs, and generating timing signals. The proposed design implements these functions on an FPGA to intelligently manage traffic flow based on vehicle demand.
8051 timer counter
8051 timer counter
Introduction
TMOD Register
TCON Register
Modes of Operation
Counters
The microcontroller 8051 has two 16 bit Timer/ Counter registers namely Timer 0 (T0) and Timer 1 (T1) .
When used as a “Timer” the microcontroller is programmed to count the internal clock pulse.
When used as a “Counter” the microcontroller is programmed to count external pulses.
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Automatic street light using ldr
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design of FPGA based traffic light controller system
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Group 18 designed three traffic signal systems for intersections along Speedway Blvd near the University of Arizona. Their recommended design uses cameras to detect queue sizes up to three cars and adjusts green light times accordingly. They tested the designs in a Simulink traffic model, calculating average delays and queues at each intersection. Design 2 performed best by minimizing delays while keeping queues low. The group met weekly from November to December to develop the traffic models, analyze results, and write their final report.
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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a project on automatic traffic control using IC 555
- 1. GUIDED BY : A.M.VORA PRESENTED BY : BABARIYA JASMIN H. (146030309002) BORAD PARTH V. (146030309014) ANAND RAJ N. (146030309125) GAMI JAYESH G. (146030309514)
- 2. The function of traffic lights is to provide sophisticated control and co- ordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible.
- 3. The world's very first traffic lights were invented by J P Knight installed near London's Hothe intersection of George and Bridge Street use of Commons, which was on, in 1868. In 1914 The American Traffic Signal Company installed red and green traffic lights on every corner of the intersection of 105th Street and Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio. First traffic lights were all controlled by either timing, or manually switched
- 4. The free left turn condition is provided throughout the entire signal period. The control can also be exercised manual when desired.
- 5. IC 555 & IC 4017 TRAFFIC LIGHT 9 V DC SUPPLY
- 7. IC 555 provide time delay in circuit and also work as oscillator. It takes clock signal from the clock input and turn on the 10 output in sequence , each time when it receives clock input pulses.
- 8. 330E : A movable metal is rotated in clockwise or anticlockwise direction that changes the resistance of preset It is used to temporarily store electrical energy in an electric field.
- 9. This is a simple, very common rectifier diode, and used for reverse voltage protection. It is a two-led semiconductor light source.
- 10. Pin 1 (Ground): Function of Pin 1 is to ground. Pin 2 (Trigger): Pin 2 detects rail voltage and gives output very high, when Pin 6 is low. Pin 3 (Output): Pin 3 goes High and Low and deliver up to 200Ma Pin 4 (Reset): Pin 4 works to reset the chip. Pin 5 (Control): Pin 5 is use to control circuit IC4017.
- 11. Pin 6 (Threshold): Pin 6 detects rail voltage and gives output very low , when Pin 2 is High. Pin 7 (Discharge): Pin 7 goes low when Pin 6 detects rail voltage and Pin 7 remains low only. While Pin 7 not goes high. Pin 8 (Supply): Connects to the positive power supply (Vs). This can be any voltage between 5V DC.
- 12. Pin-1: It is the output 5. It goes high when the counter reads 5 counts. Pin-2: It is the output 1. It goes high when the counter reads 0 counts. Pin-3: It is the output 0. It goes high when the counter reads 0 counts. Pin-4: It is the output 2. It goes high when the counter reads 2 counts. Pin-5: It is the output 6. It goes high when the counter reads 6 counts. Pin-6: It is the output 7. It goes high when the counter reads 7 counts. Pin-7: It is the output 3. It goes high when the counter reads 3 counts. Pin-8: It is the Ground pin which should be connected to a LOW voltage (0V) Pin-9: It is the output 8. It goes high when the counter reads 8 counts. Pin-10: It is the output 4. It goes high when the counter reads 4 counts.
- 13. . Pin-11: It is the output 9. It goes high when the counter reads 9 counts. Pin-13: Pin 13 is connected to ground and it has logic LOW voltage. Pin-14: This pin is the clock input. This is the pin from where we need to give the input clock pulses to the IC in order to advance the count. The count advances on the rising edge of the clock. Pin-15: This is the reset pin which should be kept LOW for normal operation. If you need to reset the IC, then you can connect this pin to HIGH voltage. Pin-16: This is the power supply pin. This should be given a HIGH voltage of 5V for the IC to function.
- 14. Working IC 555 and counter IC 4017 are used in this circuit. When the supply is given to the circuit, the gate pulse is generated. The gate pulse is then given to counter IC 4017 in Pin CP0. In this circuit IC 555 is work as monostable multivibrator. It can be produced by adding register and a capacitor to the connected to the basic timer IC. Output (Vout is taken from pin 3.) Pin 2 are shorted and connected to the ground. Pin 6 and 7 is connected to +VCC through a variable register and between pin 6 and 7 register RB is connected.
- 15. Supply is connected to MR in counter to start. When the clock pulse is not given to the circuit, it will not conduct. Gate pulse is given through output of the IC 555 and given to the pin CP0. Then the counter will conduct. Then the output is taken from Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3…………Q9. CP1 is grounded. When the logic level is 1 at Q0 then Q1, Q2, Q3 are at logic level 0 then also the output of Q1, Q2, Q3 are conduit because all the Q0 to Q3 is connected parallel with diode. At that time other output Q4 to Q9 all are at logic level 0.
- 16. Provide for orderly movement of traffic Increase capacity at intersection Reduce frequency and severity of certain kind of clashes Provide continuous movement of traffic at a desired speed Interrupt heavy traffic to allow pedestrians to pass Effectively perform traffic management
- 17. Increase in Accidents Delay Diverted Congestion Civil Disobedience
- 18. Bridge Construction 2-Lane Road Construction Power Outage Downed Signal Replacement Utility Work Bridge Painting Culvert installation Event Traffic Control Natural Disaster Traffic Control Tree trimming Heavy equipment traffic organization Emergency Response
- 19. SNAP SHOT OF OUR PROJECT
- 20. SNAP SHOT OF OUR PROJECT