This document describes a project on automatic wireless power grid control. It is submitted by three students and guided by an assistant professor. The project uses a microcontroller to wirelessly control different units of a power grid based on time using an RF transmitter and receiver. It explains the hardware components used, including a power supply, diode bridge, microcontroller, RF modules, relay driver, encoder, decoder and LCD display. Block diagrams and working are provided, along with advantages of automation and potential applications in hardware control systems.

1. AMBEDKARNAGAR, U.P.
MAJOR PROJECT ON
AUTOMATIC WIRELESS POWER GRID CONTROL
(DISTRIBUTION UNIT)
GUIDED BY :
Mr. NITISH KUMAR YADAV
(ASST. PROFESSOR)
SUBMITTED BY :
- AJAY KUMAR (1573720902)
- BRIJESH KUMAR (1473720012)
- NAVNEET SINGH SAURABH
(1573720903)

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Hardware components
 Power supply
 Diode bridge
 Microcontroller
 RF transmitter & receiver unit
 Relay Driver
 Encoder
 Decoder
 LCD Display
 Block diagrams
 Working
 Advantage
 Application
 References

3. INTRDUCTION
 Automation of systems has become the demand of the day.
 Newer technology has made everything automatic and self
repairable.
 In fact most of the developed systems are impossible to be
controlled by human beings.
 In this project we are controlling a power grid and
different units are controlled on the basis of time. The
control unit and the execution unit are wirelessly
connected over RF protocol.

4. HARDWARE COMPONENTS
 Power supply
 Diode bridge
 Capacitor
 AT89S8253 Microcontroller
 RF transmitter & receiver unit
 Relay Driver (ULN2803)
 Encoder
 Decoder
 LCD Display

5. POWER SUPPLY
 The power supply consists of a step down transformer
230/12V, which steps down the voltage to 12V AC.
 This is converted to DC using a Bridge rectifier.
 The ripples are removed using a capacitive filter and it is
then regulated to +5V using a voltage regulator 7805
which is required for the operation of the microcontroller
and other components.

6. DIODE BRIDGE
 A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or
more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration that
provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of
input.
 When used in its most common application, for
conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into
a direct current (DC) output, it is known as
a bridge rectifier.

7. CAPACITORS
 To store electricity, or electrical energy.
 Also functions as filter, passing AC, and blocking DC.
 Apply DC voltage- electric charge is stored on each
electrode.
 Three types of capacitor i.e. ceramic capacitor &
electrolytic capacitor and variable.
 Polarized capacitors – Electrolytic.
 Un-Polarized capacitors – ceramic.
 Variable capacitors.

8. MICROCONTROLLER
 This unit is the brain of the system. This is responsible for
the full control of the system.
 The microcontroller used here is a common 8 bit Atmel
microcontroller AT89s8253.
 It is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with12K bytes of In-System
Programmable (ISP) Flash program memory and 2K bytes
of EEPROM data memory.
 It has 32 programmable input output lines.

9. RF transmitter & receiver unit
 This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and
an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair
operates at a frequency of 434 MHz .
 An RF transmitter receives serial data and transmits it
wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected at
pin4.
 The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.
 The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver
operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.

10. RELAY DRIVER
 ULN2803 is a current driver IC which drives the relay.
 The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family
of arrays are ideally suited for interfacing between low logic
level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS)
and the higher current/voltage requirements of lamps, relays,
printer hammers or other similar loads for a broad range of
computer, industrial, and consumer applications.
 All devices feature open–collector outputs and freewheeling
clamp diodes for transient Suppression.
 The ULN2803 is designed to be compatible with standard TTL
families while the ULN2804 is optimized for 6 to 15 volt high
level CMOS or PMOS.

11. ENCODER
 HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series
of encoders.
 They are paired with 212 series of decoders for use in
remote control system applications.
 It is mainly used in interfacing RF and infrared
circuits.

12. DECODER
 HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to
212 series of decoders.
 This series of decoders are mainly used for remote
control system applications, like burglar alarm, car
door controller, security system etc.
 It is mainly provided to interface RF and infrared
circuits.

13. LCD Display
 Is an electronic display module.
 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits.
 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there
are 2 such lines.
 Has two registers namely, Command and Data.
 The command register stores the command instructions.
 The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.
 The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on
the LCD.

14. BLOCK DIAGRAMS

16. WORKING
 The input is 230V AC which is step down using the
transformer (12-0-12) .
 The 12V ac input is fed to the bridge diode to gives 12V
DC.
 This DC voltage is filtered through the capacitor to
remove the ripples.
 The filtered DC is fed to 7805 regulator to fetch +5v
regulated output.
 This regulated voltage is given to all the components to
function properly.

17.  In this project we have used a RTC IC PCF8583. This is a
real time clock IC.
 In this IC time goes on when power supply is given to this
IC. The output of the RTC goes to the micro controller.
 At the output, there is RF encoder and transmitter by which
the data is transmitted wirelessly in 4 bit mode.
 At the receiver end, this 4 bit data is decoded by receiver
and decoder.
 The decoder is interfaced with a relay driver by which relay
and hence the devices are controlled.

18. ADVANTAGES
 It is user-friendly.
 Safer to use.
 Reduces the time of switching due to automation.
 Requires least maintenance.

19. APPLICATIONS
 Hardware Automation.
 Control system design.
 Used at electricity distribution.
 Time based allocation for industrial machinery to work.

20. Reference
http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com
http://www.gadgetronicx.com
https://electrosome.com
http://www.gadgetronicx.com
www.electrical4u.com

21. THANK YOU