The document describes the design of a digital clock with 3 sections - seconds, minutes, and hours. Each section uses counter ICs and 7-segment displays driven by decoder/driver ICs. The seconds section counts from 00-59 using a MOD-60 counter. Its output clocks the minutes section, which also counts from 00-59. The minutes output clocks the hours section, which counts from 00-11 and resets to 00. When assembled, the digital clock displays time accurately with the sections interconnected as designed.
A digital clock is a type of clock that displays the time digitally (i.e. in numerals or other symbols), as opposed to an analog clock, where the time is indicated by the positions of rotating hands.
Digital clock (mod counters)using DSCH (DIGITAL SCHEMATIC) by Gaurav RaikarGauravRaikar3
The DSCH program is a logic editor and simulator. DSCH provides a user-friendly environment for hierarchical logic design, and fast simulation with delay analysis, which allows the design and validation of complex logic structures.
Modulus counters, or simply MOD counters, are defined based on the number of states that the counter will sequence through before returning back to its original value.
A digital clock is a type of clock that displays the time digitally (i.e. in numerals or other symbols), as opposed to an analog clock, where the time is indicated by the positions of rotating hands.
Digital clock (mod counters)using DSCH (DIGITAL SCHEMATIC) by Gaurav RaikarGauravRaikar3
The DSCH program is a logic editor and simulator. DSCH provides a user-friendly environment for hierarchical logic design, and fast simulation with delay analysis, which allows the design and validation of complex logic structures.
Modulus counters, or simply MOD counters, are defined based on the number of states that the counter will sequence through before returning back to its original value.
The BINARY to GRAY CODE CONVERTER is a digital circuit that is used to convert the binary input into the corresponding equivalent gray code at its output
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) Architecture and Its Applicationselprocus
A CPLD (complex programmable logic device) chip includes several circuit blocks on a single chip with inside wiring resources to attach the circuit blocks. Each circuit block is comparable to a PLA or a PAL.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
The BINARY to GRAY CODE CONVERTER is a digital circuit that is used to convert the binary input into the corresponding equivalent gray code at its output
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) Architecture and Its Applicationselprocus
A CPLD (complex programmable logic device) chip includes several circuit blocks on a single chip with inside wiring resources to attach the circuit blocks. Each circuit block is comparable to a PLA or a PAL.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
SIMULATION OF AN ELECTRONIC DICE CIRCUIT USING LEDs IN PROTEUS SOFTWARE VaishaliVaishali14
The following content consists of the brief details about the topic
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF ASTABLE MULTI VIBRATOR
CONCEPT OF DECADE COUNTER IC4017
CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
VIDEO OF CIRCUIT WORKING
WORKING OF CIRCUIT
INFERENCE
REFERENCE
Counters:
Introduction, Asynchronous counter, Terms related to counters, IC-7493 (4-bit binary counter), Synchronous counter, Bushing, Type T-Design, Type JK Design, Presettable counter, IC-7490, IC 7492, Synchronous counter ICs, Analysis of counter circuits
In an extremely mechanized world such as today’s it is necessary to make our life better, convertible and economical. This is the purpose for which the Electronic house is developed. This project proposes the development of security system for farm houses and residential houses. It is used to develop security system for houses and to save electric power.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
3. • Introduction:
We know that 60 seconds equal to 1 minute and
60 minutes equal to 1 hour. Hence the minute section is
derived by second section and hour section by the minute
section. Each of the minute and second section has been
designed to give a count from 00 to 59 after which it resets to
00. and the hour section to give a count from 00 to 11 hours
after which it resets to 00. For each cycle of 00 to 59 in
second section the minute section increases its count by 1.
Similarly for each cycle of 00 to 59 in minute section the hour
section increases it’s count by 1. In this way when the clock
reaches 11hrs. 59mins. 59secs. each of the section resets to
00 giving us a display 00.00.00 popularly known as the 0th
hour.
4. • Module Structure:
The entire project has been divided into four
modules. They are as follows:
Second section:
Using two counter ICs (IC 7490) in such a way that
this portion produces output from 00 to 59
continuously with a frequency of 1 z (1pps).
Using Driver IC (IC 7447) and seven-
segment display the counts. Both the ICs are of
common anode type.
5. Minute section:
Repeating the same circuit as that of the second
section, but here the output should count from 00
to 59 with a frequency of 1Hz.for 1 ppm.
Hour section:
Designing the circuit in such a way so that the
output resets to 00 automatically displaying
11.59.59
Here the counting proceeds with a frequency of
one pulse per hour.
Checking the output.
Assembling the three sections together.
7. • Basic Concept:
It is evident from the block diagram
that for each of Second and
Minute section we require a Counter for the unit’s place
and ten’s place. For the second and minute sections the
situation is identical with the unit’s place counting from 0-9-0
and repeats whereas the ten’s place counts from 0-5-0 and
repeats. For the Hour section we require the counter for the
unit’s place to count 0-2-0 and for the ten’s place it counts 0-
1-0 and repeats. The circuit could have been easily designed
with an IC 7476 i.e. a dual J-K Flip-Flop but to maintain parity
between the components used we stick to the basics by
using IC- 7490 (details mentioned later).
8. • Components used:
Material Quantity
IC 555 ----- 1
IC 7408 ----- 2
IC 7490 (14 pins) ----- 2
IC 7447 (16 pins) ----- 2
7 -segment display ----- 2
Resistances 1kΩ ----- 2
Resistances 2.2MΩ ----- 1
Capacitor 0.1 F+1F ----- 1+1
9. • Component Description:
IC7490 :
The IC 7490 is a 4-bit, ripple-type Decade counter.
The device consists of four master-slave flip-flops internally
connected to provide a divide-by-two section and a divide-by-
five section. Each section has a separate clock input to initiate
state changes of the counter on the High–to-Low clock
transition. State changes of the Q outputs do not occur
simultaneously because of internal ripple delays. Therefore
decoded output signals are subject to decoding spikes and
should not be used for clocks or strobes.
10. A gated AND asynchronous Master Reset (MR1 – MR2) is
provided which overrides both clocks and resets (clears) all
the flip-flops. Also provided is a
gated AND asynchronous Master Set (MS1-MS2), which
overrides the clock and the
MR inputs , setting the output to nine (HLLH).
N.B.: In the fig. Master Reset and Master Set have been
denoted by R1, R2 & S2, S2 respectively.
12. • According to the Pin configuration:
LT=Lamp Test >>After doing every connection
between the chip and the segment if this terminal (LT) is
grounded then all segment will glow. In the working mode
LT should always be High.
BI/RBO=Blanking input/Ripple blanking Output >> when this
terminal is grounded the display will be blank immediately.
RBI=Ripple Blanking input.
When this terminal is grounded and the input code is set
for zero display then the display will be blank immediately
and zero will come out independent of LT.
In the IC a, b, c, d, e, f, g are the pins which are connected to
the seven-segment display and the parts which blink for
these connections are shown above.
13.
14. • MODULE Details:
Seconds Section:
Since the basic concept regarding the counting of the
seconds has been discussed we are now going to design the
circuit. Since the count is from 00-59 we would design a MOD-60
counter by cascading a MOD-10/ Decade Counter and a MOD-6
Counter. The IC-7490 is a Decade Counter with two parts (internal
structure): MOD-2 and MOD-5 Counter. So we would design the
MOD-6 counter basically from a Decade Counter. Using the reset
pins as shown in Fig.2a we can design any MOD-K Counter by the
internal components --Mod-2 and Mod-5 counters of a particular
IC-7490. A Clock of 1 Hz. Frequency is supplied to the unit’s part of
the second’s section at a rate of 1 pulse per second (1pps). On the
other hand the ten’s part is getting anegative-edge trigger which is
the clock for the ten’s part. The clock pulse is applied from Q3 .
15. Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
9= 1 0 0 1
The output of this part is solely responsible for
driving the minute section i.e. acting as a clock for the minute
section. From the truth table (Table 1.) we see for MR1 &
MR2 both equal to 1 the clock is reset and the output is zero.
In the ten’s part the count resets to 0 after 5.
Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
Representing ‘6’ in binary form we have 6
=0 1 1 0
Taking the high inputs Q2 Q1 we apply to the reset pins to
solve our purpose
16.
17. Minute Section:
The Minute section is nothing
but an exact replica of the second’s section as
the theory and implementation is the same
with one major exception i.e. the clock from
the second’s section is applied to the unit’s
place of the minute’s section at a rate of 1
pulse per minute (1ppm).
18. Hour Section:
For the Hour section we have an altogether a
different circuit design where the unit’s place counts from 0-9 one
and 0-1 once in this sequence. Here the counting takes place from
00- 11 and resets back to 00. For the unit’s place we use a Decade
counter as done previously. And for the ten’s place we have
designed a
MOD-3 counter simply using the MOD-5 counter part of IC-7490.
We, now,
Tens Units
for 0 4
or 1 0 the clock is
not reset to ‘0’
But for 1 1 the clock is
reset to ‘0’
19. Thus if the two reset pins of the two counters are connected with
each other (i.e. MR1 & MR2 ) and MR1 is again connected with Q2
of the unit’s place and MR2 is connected with Q1 of the ten’s place
then the clock is reset after 11 to
00. Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
Since binary representation
of, 1= 0 0 0 1
2= 0 0 1 0
Thus Q1 of the ten’s place and Q2 of the unit’s place reset each
other. Since MR1 =Q2 of the unit’s place=1 and MR2 =Q1 of the
ten’s place =1. Since both MR1 & MR2 are high they need to reset
the clock to 0 after 11.59.59 to 00.00.00, which is known as the
0th hour. For the hour section the clock drives it’s unit’s place from
Q2 of the ten’s place of the minute section and the clock pulse is
produced at the rate of 1 pulse per hour,i.e.1pph.
20.
21. Assembling the three sections:
Now that the circuit designing part is more
or less complete the hard work is over and
we assemble the three sections (seconds,
minute and hour) to get the “Digital Clock”.
With the supply connected we operate the
clock to check the output. The clock was
found to operate smoothly.
22. Conclusion:
The Circuit
was purely designed
with the basic knowledge on sequential
circuit designing and with the
components provided by the authority. The
Clock is expected to operate normally with
desired accuracy.