Personalized medicine involves the prescription of specific therapeutics best suited for an individual based on their genetic or proteomic profile. This talk discusses current approaches in drug discovery/development, the role of genetics in drug metabolism, and lawful/ethical issues surrounding the deployment of new health technology. I highlight some bioinformatic roles in the drug discovery process, and discuss the use of semantic web technologies for data integration and knowledge discovery..
Future Aspects of Personalized Medicine / Future Medicine Naman Ruhela
Introduction.
Definition.
Eg. of Personalized medicine.
Advantages of Personalized Medicine.
Scientific challenges for PM,
The success of personalized therapy depends.
Future aspects of PM.
The FDA's Role in Advancing Precision Medicine.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) tests.
Future of Personalized Medicine.
Personalised Medicine is a young but rapidly advancing field.
The term 'Personalised Medicine' is described as providing "the right patient with the right drug at the right dose at the right time".
Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacokinetics Zohaib HUSSAIN
Introduction
With the information available about human genome and human proteome, it is now well understood that there are a lot of variations between individuals. These minor variations account for many differences like adverse drug reactions, which are responsible for many hospitalizations and casualties. The observed variable effect of drug is due to difference in sensitivity as some people need higher dose and some need lower dose to get similar therapeutic effect, but in some people drug has no therapeutic effects and in some it shows strong adverse reactions.
Bayesian theory was developed to improve forecast accuracy by combining subjective prediction with improvement from newly collected data.
Bayesian probability is used to improve forecasting in medicine.
Bayesian theory provides a method to weigh the prior information (e.g. physical diagnosis) and new information (e.g. results from laboratory tests) to estimate a new probability for predicting the disease.
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN DRUG METABOLISM.pptxAmeena Kadar
Genetic Polymorphism is one of the factors that affects the Drug metabolism. Cytochrome P - 450, one of the prominent group of metabolizing enzymes. In this ppt, genetic polymorphism of cytochrome p 450 is discussed.
Pharmacogenomics is a new trending branch which has created enormous hopes in improving diagnostic methods, treatment outcomes and preventing adverse events and therapeutic failures. In this ppt basics of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics has been discussed in simplest possible way along with two case studies. Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics has also been discussed in brief.
Pharmacogenomics is the branch of biochemistry in which study how an individual’s genetic inheritance affects the body response to drug. Pharmacogenomics is the intersection of genetics and pharmaceutical industry.
In this presentation a brief note is given about what is pharmacogenomics. Why different drugs work differently in different people. today pharmacogenomics, future of pharmacogenomics. also describe the future of pharmacogenomics. challenges which have to pharmacogenomics.
Classification of respiratory disease ,with their respective symptoms , diagnostic tools and its treatment with the medicine used. About the disease and their manifestation.
Personalized medicine involves the prescription of specific therapeutics best suited for an individual based on their genetic or proteomic profile. This talk discusses current approaches in drug discovery/development, the role of genetics in drug metabolism, and lawful/ethical issues surrounding the deployment of new health technology.
Future Aspects of Personalized Medicine / Future Medicine Naman Ruhela
Introduction.
Definition.
Eg. of Personalized medicine.
Advantages of Personalized Medicine.
Scientific challenges for PM,
The success of personalized therapy depends.
Future aspects of PM.
The FDA's Role in Advancing Precision Medicine.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) tests.
Future of Personalized Medicine.
Personalised Medicine is a young but rapidly advancing field.
The term 'Personalised Medicine' is described as providing "the right patient with the right drug at the right dose at the right time".
Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacokinetics Zohaib HUSSAIN
Introduction
With the information available about human genome and human proteome, it is now well understood that there are a lot of variations between individuals. These minor variations account for many differences like adverse drug reactions, which are responsible for many hospitalizations and casualties. The observed variable effect of drug is due to difference in sensitivity as some people need higher dose and some need lower dose to get similar therapeutic effect, but in some people drug has no therapeutic effects and in some it shows strong adverse reactions.
Bayesian theory was developed to improve forecast accuracy by combining subjective prediction with improvement from newly collected data.
Bayesian probability is used to improve forecasting in medicine.
Bayesian theory provides a method to weigh the prior information (e.g. physical diagnosis) and new information (e.g. results from laboratory tests) to estimate a new probability for predicting the disease.
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN DRUG METABOLISM.pptxAmeena Kadar
Genetic Polymorphism is one of the factors that affects the Drug metabolism. Cytochrome P - 450, one of the prominent group of metabolizing enzymes. In this ppt, genetic polymorphism of cytochrome p 450 is discussed.
Pharmacogenomics is a new trending branch which has created enormous hopes in improving diagnostic methods, treatment outcomes and preventing adverse events and therapeutic failures. In this ppt basics of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics has been discussed in simplest possible way along with two case studies. Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics has also been discussed in brief.
Pharmacogenomics is the branch of biochemistry in which study how an individual’s genetic inheritance affects the body response to drug. Pharmacogenomics is the intersection of genetics and pharmaceutical industry.
In this presentation a brief note is given about what is pharmacogenomics. Why different drugs work differently in different people. today pharmacogenomics, future of pharmacogenomics. also describe the future of pharmacogenomics. challenges which have to pharmacogenomics.
Classification of respiratory disease ,with their respective symptoms , diagnostic tools and its treatment with the medicine used. About the disease and their manifestation.
Personalized medicine involves the prescription of specific therapeutics best suited for an individual based on their genetic or proteomic profile. This talk discusses current approaches in drug discovery/development, the role of genetics in drug metabolism, and lawful/ethical issues surrounding the deployment of new health technology.
NGS in Clinical Research: Meet the NGS Experts Series Part 1QIAGEN
Next generation sequencing has revolutionized clinical testing but has also created novel challenges. This presentation will give an overview of state of the art clinical NGS and discuss validation, clinical implementation as well as the migration from gene panels to exome sequencing for inherited disorders with clinical and genetic heterogeneity. In addition, important shortcomings such as difficulties with regions of high sequence homology will be discussed.
La presente Monografía sobre Medicina Personalizada recoge las ponencias y debate de la jornada desarrollada en 2011 y organizada conjuntamente con Nature Publishing Group Iberoamérica. Participaron Juan Carlos López, Editor de Nature Medicine; Dan Roden, Catedrático de Medicina y Farmacología, Director del Instituto Oates para Terapia Experimental, Asistente del Vicerrector para Medicina Personalizada de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Vanderbilt, Nashville; Stephen Koslow, Oficina de Neuroinformática, Institutos Nacionales de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental, Bethesda; Carlos Caldas, Director de Genómica Funcional para Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigación de Cambridge-Investigación Oncológica del Reino Unido y Philip Ma, Director de McKinsey&Company en Silicon Valley, California.
Drug metabolism /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Este documento presenta la tendencias en Finanzas que se discutieron en el viaje organizado en 2015 por InPeople Consulting y el Centro de Risk Management del IAE Business School, sponsoreados por Google Argentina.
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics is an upcoming branch in therapeutics. Various pharmacogenomic tests are currently available to aid in actual clinical practice. It has shown to have promising results in personalized medicine It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles, and online journals. Please feel free to comment.
20180202 3 j. lombard genomind milan relazione part 2 to pub.pptxRoberto Scarafia
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/simposio-toma-implementazione-della-farmacogenetica-nel-scarafia/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/malattie-psichiatriche-e-neurologiche-arriva-toma-il-test-scarafia/
2 febbraio 2018, Sala Congressi Laboratorio TOMA
Relatori: Dr. J. Lombard, Dr.ssa F.R. Grati, Dr.ssa S. De Toffol
BREVE PREMESSA
La farmacogenetica studia l’influenza dei fattori genetici sull’attività di un farmaco, la sua assimilazione e il suo metabolismo allo scopo di massimizzarne l’efficacia terapeutica e minimizzare gli effetti avversi. I fattori genetici possono giustificare fino al 95% della variabilità interpersonale nella risposta e nelle reazioni avverse a determinati trattamenti farmacologici. Finora la diagnosi ed il trattamento farmacologico in psichiatria si sono basati principalmente sul un protocollo ‘trial and error’ tramite colloquio, osservazione clinica e analisi di laboratorio costituivano esclusivamente un complemento per valutare possibili effetti collaterali o i livelli plasmatici di alcuni farmaci. L’introduzione di test di farmacogenetica consente di fornire al clinico informazioni costitutive dell’individuo relativamente al metabolismo di molti farmaci e la potenziale risposta in determinati contesti clinici al fine di ridurre i tempi ottenimento del trattamento efficace personalizzato e arricchire con le più recenti informazioni genetiche la gestione terapeutica dei pazienti.
OBIETTIVI FORMATIVI
Introdurre i principi scientifici alla base del test genetico che si presenterà durante il corso, il significato, la funzione e la rilevanza clinica per la salute mentale di ciascun gene indagato dal test;
L’utilità clinica del test Genecept: presentare come vengono riportati i risultati del test e come meglio interpretarli;
Presentare alcuni casi clinici reali per discutere circa l’utilità di un trattamento farmacologico guidato dai risultati del test genetico rispetto all’approccio tradizionale ‘trial and error’
2015 04-13 Pharma Nutrition 2015 Philadelphia Alain van GoolAlain van Gool
Keynote lecture at the Pharma-Nutrition 2015 conference, outline global paradigm shifts and activities in pharma, personalized healthcare and pharmanutrition combination therapies.
Personalised medicines -pharmacogentics and pharmacogenomicsAlakesh Bharali
This seminar basically introduces and explains the learner about what is personalised medicines, what is the need for it, how personalised medicines work. For this, the concept of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are considered. After going through the presentation, the learner will be able to understand about the concept of pharmacogentics and pharmacogenomics. Certain examples of personalised medicines are included in this seminar.Although personalised medicines are specific and helpful, ins spite of having lots of advantages , it also have some disadvantages which are also specified in this seminar.Although , we speak about personalised medicines, we never saw personalised medicines in our local market. So here is an approach given that , when will we see personalised medicines at the local pharmacy. Again, certain marketed products are also listed in the seminar.Also, the future of personalised medicines is depeicted in the seminar. How medicines will be in a an around 2050 is shown in the seminar. After going through the seminar, the learner would be able to understand about personalised medicines and all its aspects in detail.
Priciples of therapeutics, Dosage Indiviualization, Herbal SupplimentsFarazaJaved
This presentation briefly covers the general aspect of therapeutics and drug development then its dose adjustment according to the pt. need and checking either patient comply to that therapy or not. last portion based on herbal supplements and its use.
The Importance of Biomarkers in Hematology/Oncology Drug Development - Presentation by Steven Fruchtman, Former Chief Medical Officer, Syndax Pharmaceuticals, at the marcus evans Evolution Summit 2014 held in Palm Beach, FL May 7-9
pharmacogenomics is a new drug discovry approach. It is the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs, combining pharmacology and genomics
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
knowledge graphs are an emerging paradigm to represent information. yet their discovery and reuse is hampered by insufficient or inadequate metadata. here, the COST ACTION Distributed Knowledge Graphs had a first workshop to develop a KG metadata schema. In this presentation, the progress and plans are discussed with the W3C Community Group on Knowledge Graph Construction.
Data-Driven Discovery Science with FAIR Knowledge GraphsMichel Dumontier
Data-Driven Discovery Science with FAIR Knowledge Graphs
Despite the existence of vast amounts of biomedical data, these remain difficult to find and to productively reuse in machine learning and other Artificial Intelligence technologies. In this talk, I will discuss the role of the FAIR Guiding Principles to make AI-ready biomedical data, and their representation as knowledge graphs not only enables powerful ontology-backed semantic queries, but also can be used to predict missing information, as well as to check the quality of knowledge collected.
The main idea of the talk is to introduce the FAIR principles (what they are and what they are not), and how their application with semantic web technologies (ontologies/linked data) creates improved possibilities for large scale data integration, answering sophisticated questions using automated reasoners, and predicting new relations/validating data using graph embeddings. The audience will gain insight into the state of the art in a carefully presented manner that introduces principles, approaches, and outcomes relevant to Health AI.
The FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) Guiding Principles light a path towards improving the discovery and reuse of digital objects (data, documents, software, web services, etc) by machines. Machine reusability is a crucial strategic component in building robust digital infrastructure that strengthens scholarship and opens new pathways for innovation on a truly global scale. However, as the FAIR principles do not specify any particular implementation, communities have the homework to devise, standardize and implement technical specifications to improve the ‘FAIRness’ of digital assets. In this seminar, I will focus on the history and state of the art in the FAIRness assessment, including manual, semi-automated and fully automated approaches, and how these can be used by developers and consumers alike. This seminar will serve as a springboard for community discussion and adoption of these services to incrementally and realistically improve the FAIRness of their resources.
The Role of the FAIR Guiding Principles for an effective Learning Health SystemMichel Dumontier
he learning health system (LHS) is an integrated social and technological system that embeds continuous improvement and innovation for the effective delivery of healthcare. A crucial part of the LHS lies in how the underlying information system will secure and take advantage of relevant knowledge assets towards supporting complex and unusual clinical decision making, facilitating public health surveillance, and aiding comparative effectiveness research. However, key knowledge assets remain difficult to obtain and reuse, particularly in a decentralized context. In this talk, I will discuss the role of the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) Guiding Principles towards the realization of the LHS, along with emerging technologies to publish and refine clinical research and knowledge derived therein.
Keynote given for 2021 Knowledge Representation for Health Care http://banzai-deim.urv.net/events/KR4HC-2021/
CIKM2020 Keynote: Accelerating discovery science with an Internet of FAIR dat...Michel Dumontier
Biomedicine has always been a fertile and challenging domain for computational discovery science. Indeed, the existence of millions of scientific articles, thousands of databases, and hundreds of ontologies, offer exciting opportunities to reuse our collective knowledge, were we not stymied by incompatible formats, overlapping and incomplete vocabularies, unclear licensing, and heterogeneous access points. In this talk, I will discuss our work to create computational standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective representations based on semantic web technologies that are maximally FAIR - Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reuseable - and to further use these for biomedical knowledge discovery. But only with additional crucial developments will this emerging Internet of FAIR data and services enable automated scientific discovery on a global scale.
bio:
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research focuses on the development of computational methods for scalable and responsible discovery science. Dr. Dumontier obtained his BSc (Biochemistry) in 1998 from the University of Manitoba, and his PhD (Bioinformatics) in 2005 from the University of Toronto. Previously a faculty member at Carleton University in Ottawa and Stanford University in Palo Alto, Dr. Dumontier founded and directs the interfaculty Institute of Data Science at Maastricht University to develop sociotechnological systems for responsible data science by design. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon 2020, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This presentation was given on October 21, 2020 at CIKM2020.
The role of the FAIR Guiding Principles in a Learning Health SystemMichel Dumontier
The learning health system (LHS) is a concept for a socio-technological system that continuously improves the delivery of health care by coupling biomedical research with practice- and evidence- based medicine. Key aspects of the LHS are collecting, integrating, and analyzing data from different sources. While the increased digitalisation of healthcare is creating new data sources, these remain hard to find and use, let alone make use of as part of intelligent systems for the benefit of patients, healthcare providers, and researchers. This talk will examine recent developments towards making key parts of the LHS, such as clinical practice guidelines, Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR).
Acclerating biomedical discovery with an internet of FAIR data and services -...Michel Dumontier
With its focus on improving the health and well being of people, biomedicine has always been a fertile, if not challenging domain for computational discovery science. Indeed, the existence of millions of scientific articles, thousands of databases, and hundreds of ontologies, offer exciting opportunities to reuse our collective knowledge, were we not stymied by incompatible formats, overlapping and incomplete vocabularies, unclear licensing, and heterogeneous access points. In this talk, I will discuss our work to create computational standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective representations based on semantic web technologies that are maximally FAIR - Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reuseable - and to further use these for biomedical knowledge discovery. But only with additional crucial developments will this emerging Internet of FAIR data and services, which is built on Semantic Web technologies, be well positioned to support automated scientific discovery on a global scale.
Accelerating Biomedical Research with the Emerging Internet of FAIR Data and ...Michel Dumontier
ith its focus on improving the health and well being of people, biomedicine has always been a fertile, if not challenging domain for computational discovery science. Indeed, the existence of millions of scientific articles, thousands of databases, and hundreds of ontologies, offer exciting opportunities to reuse our collective knowledge, were we not stymied by incompatible formats, overlapping and incomplete vocabularies, unclear licensing, and heterogeneous access points. In this talk, I will discuss our work to create computational standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective representations based on semantic web technologies that are maximally FAIR - Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reuseable - and to further use these for biomedical knowledge discovery. But only with additional crucial developments will this emerging Internet of FAIR data and services enable automated scientific discovery on a global scale.
Are we FAIR yet? And will it be worth it?
The FAIR Principles propose essential characteristics that all digital resources (e.g. datasets, repositories, web services) should possess to be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable by both humans and machines. The Principles act as a guide that researchers and data stewards should expect from contemporary digital resources, and in turn, the requirements on them when publishing their own scholarly products. As interest in, and support for the Principles has spread, the diversity of interpretations has also broadened, with some resources claiming to already “be FAIR”.
This talk will elaborate on what FAIR is, what it entails, and how we should evaluate FAIRness. I will describe new social and technological infrastructure to support the creation and evaluation of FAIR resources, and how FAIR fits into institutional, national and international efforts. Finally, I will discuss the merits of the FAIR principles (and what we ask of people) in the context of strengthening data-driven scientific inquiry.Are we FAIR yet? And will it be worth it?
The FAIR Principles propose essential characteristics that all digital resources (e.g. datasets, repositories, web services) should possess to be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable by both humans and machines. The Principles act as a guide that researchers and data stewards should expect from contemporary digital resources, and in turn, the requirements on them when publishing their own scholarly products. As interest in, and support for the Principles has spread, the diversity of interpretations has also broadened, with some resources claiming to already “be FAIR”.
This talk will elaborate on what FAIR is, what it entails, and how we should evaluate FAIRness. I will describe new social and technological infrastructure to support the creation and evaluation of FAIR resources, and how FAIR fits into institutional, national and international efforts. Finally, I will discuss the merits of the FAIR principles (and what we ask of people) in the context of strengthening data-driven scientific inquiry.
Keynote given at NETTAB2018 - http://www.igst.it/nettab/2018/
The future of science and business - a UM Star LectureMichel Dumontier
I discuss how data science is affecting our way of life and how we at Maastricht University are preparing the next generation of leaders to address opportunities and challenges in responsible manner.
The FAIR Principles propose key characteristics that all digital resources (e.g. datasets, repositories, web services) should possess to be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable by people and machines. The Principles act as a guide that researchers should expect from contemporary digital resources, and in turn, the requirements on them when publishing their own scholarly products. As interest in, and support for the Principles has spread, the diversity of interpretations has also broadened, with some resources claiming to already “be FAIR”. This talk will elaborate on what FAIR is, why we need it, what it entails, and how we should evaluate FAIRness. I will describe new social and technological infrastructure to support the creation and evaluation of FAIR resources, and how FAIR fits into institutional, national and international efforts. Finally, I will discuss the merits of the FAIR principles (and what we ask of people) in the context of strengthening data-driven scientific inquiry.
A talk prepared for Workshop Working on data stewardship? Meet your peers!
Datum: 03 OKT 2017
https://www.surf.nl/agenda/2017/10/workshop-working-on-data-stewardship-meet-your-peers/index.html
Towards metrics to assess and encourage FAIRnessMichel Dumontier
With an increased interest in the FAIR metrics, there is need to develop tools and appraoches that can assess the FAIRness of a digital resource. This talk begins to explore some ideas in this space, and invites people to participate in a working group focused on the development, application, and evaluation of FAIR metric efforts.
A presentation to the New Year's Event for Maastricht University's Knowledge Engineering @ Work Program. https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/news/kework-first-10-students-academic-workstudy-track-graduate
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
1. Towards Personalized Medicine Michel Dumontier, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Bioinformatics Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, School of Computer Science Carleton University Ottawa Institute for Systems Biology Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biomedical Engineering Nov 9, 2009
17. Factors Influencing Activity and Level of CYP Enzymes S. Rendic Drug Metab Rev 34: 83-448, 2002 Red indicates enzymes important in drug metabolism
18. Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Pharmacogenomics: Translating Functional Genomics into Rational Therapeutics. Evans and Relling Science 1999 Most DME have clinically relevant polymorphisms Those with changes in drug effects are separated from pie. Phase I: modification of functional groups Phase II: conjugation with endogenous substitutents
20. Weinshilboum, R. N Engl J Med 2003;348:529-537 Use of probe drugs to determine metabolic activity due to CYP2D6 variants Antihypertensive debrisoquin decreases blood pressure
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29. Many factors contribute to drug recalls FDA: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research 2003 - Report to the Nation
30. VIOXX: Unknown Side Effects Treatment for Acute Pain increased risk of heart attack and stroke (after 18 months)
31. Diagnostics AmpliChip CYP450: Range of drug metabolism phenotypes is observed for individuals based upon the cytochrome P-450 genes
42. Drug Development Life Cycle Years 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Discovery Preclinical Testing (Lab and Animal Testing) Phase I (20-30 Healthy Volunteers used to check for safety and dosage) Phase II (100-300 Patient Volunteers used to check for efficacy and side effects) Phase III (1000-5000 Patient Volunteers used to monitor reactions to long-term drug use) FDA Review & Approval Post-Marketing Testing
Excess amounts can lead to bone marrow toxicity, reducing the normal amounts of white and red blood cells
6-MP ribonucleotide inhibits purine nucleotide synthesis and metabolism. This alters the synthesis and function of RNA and DNA.
congestive heart failure—the progressive weakening of the heart muscle to the point where it can no longer pump blood efficiently
Most drug-metabolizing enzymes exhibit clinically relevant genetic polymorphisms . Essentially all of the major human enzymes responsible for modification of functional groups [classified as phase I reactions ( left )] or conjugation with endogenous substituents [classified as phase II reactions ( right )] exhibit common polymorphisms at the genomic level; Those enzyme polymorphisms that have already been associated with changes in drug effects are separated from the corresponding pie charts. The percentage of phase I and phase II metabolism of drugs that each enzyme contributes is estimated by the relative size of each section of the corresponding chart. ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; CYP, cytochrome P450; DPD, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase; NQO1, NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase or DT diaphorase; COMT, catechol O -methyltransferase; GST, glutathione S -transferase; HMT, histamine methyltransferase; NAT, N -acetyltransferase; STs, sulfotransferases; TPMT, thiopurine methyltransferase; UGTs, uridine 5'-triphosphate glucuronosyltransferases.
Figure 4. Pharmacogenetics of Nortriptyline. Mean plasma concentrations of nortriptyline after a single 25-mg oral dose are shown in subjects with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 13 functional CYP2D6 genes. In addition, some subjects with ultrarapid metabolism have been shown to have multiple copies of the CYP2D6 gene. 18 Such subjects can have an inadequate therapeutic response to standard doses of the drugs metabolized by CYP2D6. Although the occurrence of multiple copies of the CYP2D6 gene is relatively infrequent among northern Europeans, in East African populations, the allele frequency can be as high as 29 percent. 22 The effect of the number of copies of the CYP2D6 gene — ranging from 0 to 13 — on the pharmacokinetics of the antidepressant drug nortriptyline is shown in Figure 4. 23 There could hardly be a more striking illustration of how genetics influences the metabolism of a drug.
Approximately 5 to 10 percent of white subjects were found to have a relative deficiency in their ability to oxidize the antihypertensive drug debrisoquin. They also had an impaired ability to metabolize the antiarrhythmic and oxytocic drug sparteine. Subjects with poor metabolism of these two drugs had lower urinary concentrations of metabolites and higher plasma concentrations of the parent drug than did subjects with extensive metabolism A plot of the ratio of urinary debrisoquin to 4-hydroxydebrisoquin — a so-called metabolic ratio — is shown in Figure 3. The higher the metabolic ratio, the less metabolite was excreted. Therefore, subjects with poor metabolism are shown, counterintuitively, at the far right of the graph, with a few subjects at the far left of the frequency distribution who are now classified as having ultrarapid metabolism. As described subsequently, suchsubjects may have multiple copies of the gene for CYP2D6. Therefore, debrisoquin and sparteine represented “probe drugs” — compounds that could be used to classify subjects as having either poor metabolism or extensive metabolism. That strategy, the administration of a probe compound metabolized by a genetically polymorphic enzyme, became a standard technique used in many pharmacogenetic studies.
Drug ミ drug interactions. The molecular basis of a drug - drug interaction. The orphan nuclear receptor PXR is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of the CYP3A gene (yellow) in the liver and intestine. It functions as a heterodimer with the nuclear receptor RXR. Drug A binds to PXR and induces expression of the CYP3A enzyme (pink), accelerating the metabolism of drug B, which is a substrate for CYP3A. CYP, cytochrome P450; OH, hydroxyl group; PXR, pregnane X receptor; RXR, retinoid X receptor.
Figure 1. The Incidence-Rate Ratio for Sudden Death from Cardiac Causes According to the Current Use of the Study Antibiotic Medications and CYP3A Inhibitors. The bars indicate 95 percent confidence intervals. The reference group for the incidence-rate ratio associated with the concurrent use of erythromycin and CYP3A inhibitors and with the use of CYP3A inhibitors alone is the patients who used none of these medications; that for the incidence-rate ratio associated with the use of erythromycin and use of amoxicillin, regardless of the use of CYP3A inhibitors, is the patients who used neither of these antibiotic medications.
Life-threatening opioid intoxication developed in a patient after he was given small doses of codeine for the treatment of a cough associated with bilateral pneumonia. Codeine is bioactivated by CYP2D6 into morphine, which then undergoes further glucuronidation. CYP2D6 genotyping showed that the patient had three or more functional alleles, a finding consistent with ultrarapid metabolism of codeine. We attribute the toxicity to this genotype, in combination with inhibition of CYP3A4 activity by other medications and a transient reduction in renal function. Figure 1. Metabolic Pathways of Codeine Biotransformation. The conversion of codeine into norcodeine by CYP3A4 and into codeine-6-glucuronide by glucuronidation usually represents 80 percent of codeine clearance, and conversion of codeine into morphine by CYP2D6 represents only 10 percent of codeine clearance (blue arrows). Morphine is further metabolized into morphine-6-glucuronide and into morphine-3-glucuronide. Morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide have opioid activity (green arrows). Glucuronides are eliminated by the kidney and are thus susceptible to accumulation in cases of acute renal failure. The patient (red arrows) had ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolism, inhibition of CYP3A4 as a result of treatment with clarithromycin and voriconazole, and glucuronide accumulation due to acute renal failure. Red arrows with dotted lines indicate low levels of drug conversion or elimination, green arrows with dotted lines indicate low levels of brain penetration, and thick arrows indicate high levels.
Research – that’s what brought you here Skils – marketable in whatever you choose to do thereafter Knowledeable – where the field has been and where it is going Improve oral and written scientific communication skills Research – tell people what you’ve been doing Track progress – develop a sense of progress
Can’t answer questions that require background knowledge
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What inspires you?
Reality: No formal training, peer networks? EDC training Human dynamic
Reality: No formal training, peer networks? EDC training Human dynamic