The document discusses pharmacogenomics, the study of how genetic differences affect individual responses to drugs, with the goal of creating personalized and effective medication. It highlights the potential benefits, such as reduced adverse effects and cost savings in healthcare, while also addressing current barriers and challenges in the field. The text emphasizes the integration of genetic research with pharmaceutical practices to improve drug efficacy and safety.

1. Mobeen Arshad
Roll no: 15
Msc 4th Semester
GC Women University, Sialkot

2.  Pharmacogenomics
 Why drugs work differently in different
people?
 Pharmacogenomics today
 Pharmacogenomics in future
 Benefits of pharmacogenomics
 Barriers to pharmacogenomics progress
 Challenges to pharmacogenomics
 Conclusion
 Reference

3.  Study how an individual’s genetic inheritance
affects the body response to drug.
 Intersection of pharmaceuticals and genetics.
 To develop effective, safe medications and
doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic
makeup.
 Combine pharmaceutical sciences such as
biochemistry with annotated knowledge of
genes, proteins and single nucleotide
polymorphisms.

4.  Common variations in the human genome
called SNPs
 “One size fit to all” most drugs, but don’t
work same way for everyone.
 Difficult to predict who get benefit, who will
experience negative side effect
 Field still in infancy, use quite limited

5.  Drug activation
 Each person inherits variations in enzymes
 Drug deactivation
 Some people may have slower enzyme
 Age and gender
 The cancer stage
 Lifestyle habits, such as smoking and drinking
alcohol
 Other diseases
 Medications taken for other conditions

6.  Cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes
( breakdown 30 different classes of drugs)
 DNA variations in genes that codes for these
enzyme can influence their ability to metabolize
certain drugs
 Better way of using to manage heart disease,
cancer, asthma, depression and many other
common disease.
 Enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT)
role in chemotherapy of childhood leukemia by
break down thiopurines

7.  Interaction of the drugs with its receptor
binding site
 Absorption and distribution of the drug
 Elimination of the drug from the body

8.  More powerful medicine
 Better, safer drugs the first time
 More accurate methods of determining
 appropriate drug dosages
 Advance screening for disease
 Better vaccines
 Improvement in the drug discovery and
approval process
 Decrease in the overall cost of health care

9.  Complexity of finding gene variations that
affect drug response
 Limited drug alternatives
 Disincentives for drug companies to make
multiple pharmacogenomics products

10.  It is expensive, particularly if insurance does
not cover the costs.
 Access to certain tests may be limited in some
places.
 Privacy issues remain, despite federal
antidiscrimination laws. These laws prohibit
discrimination based on genetic information.

11.  Pharmacogenomics in pharmaceutical industry is
a potential tool, awaiting use for the maximum
benefit. It represents a radical advance in medical
history. The main aims of it are; personalized
therapy, improvement in efficacy and reduction in
adverse drug reactions, correlation of genotype
with clinical genotype, identification of novel
targets for new drugs, and pharmacogenetic
profiling of patients to predict disease
susceptibility and drug response.

12.  https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearc
h/pharmacogenomics
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM
C3299179/
 https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/pha
rmacogenomics-and-personalized-medicine-
643
 https://www.genome.gov/27530645/faq-about-
pharmacogenomics/
 https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-
pharmacogenomics