This document discusses personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics. It begins by noting that current drug treatment is only effective for 60% of patients, with 40% experiencing poor effects or no effect at all. It then introduces pharmacogenomics as the application of genomics to understand how genes influence individual responses to drugs. The document outlines several ways that pharmacogenomic research could improve drug development and clinical practice, such as identifying genetic variants that influence drug metabolism and toxicity. It envisions that in the future, pharmacogenomic testing may allow for "made-to-order" drugs tailored to a patient's genetic profile. However, it also notes some bioethical challenges will need to be addressed for personalized medicine to be realized.

1. Personalized Medicine
A Dream or Reality??

2. Flow of Presentation
 Why need personalized medicine?
 What’s Pharmacogenomics?
 Genetics and Therapeutics
 On Going Research
 Future Insights
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3. One Size Doesn’t Fit All..
 Every year in the USA 2 million people die due
to adverse drug effects
 Drug efficacy is only in 60 % of the
population
 Other 40 % have poor drug effects or no
effect at all
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4. 4
What to Do??

5. The answer is..
Pharmacogenomics
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6. Pharmecogenomics and
Pharmecogenetics
 Pharmacogenetics
— A discrete inherited trait related to drug absorption and
disposition, as well as response
 Pharmacogenomics
— The application of genome-wide SNP scans and gene
expression analyses
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7. Pharmacogenomics shows how genes determine
individual variability to drug response and for
Pharmacists it would be easy to predict how a
patient may respond to drug, with the help of a
genetic test before prescribing a drug
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Importance !!
Made-to-Order
Drugs

8. Drug Response..
 Same dose does not produce the same concentrations
among patients due to inter-patient differences in
absorption and metabolism
 Toxicity: Ability of a drug to make a person sick
 Genetic variations have influence on efficacy and
toxicity of drugs
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9. Drugs Effects
on Variants
9… and harmful to some

10. Human Genome Diversity
 0.1% difference in genome influences the response to
drugs
 SNPs
 SNPs are powerful Tools
 SNPs screening will help in prescription
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“Right drug at the right dose in the right patient”

11. What Makes it Possible?
 Human genome sequencing
 New technologies facilitate
handling of data
 A lot of investment in public and
private sector
 The future of medicine – so called
Personalized Medicine
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12. Ongoing Research on CYP
 Cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes
 Important drug metabolozing enzymes
 Bioactivation and metabolism of approximately 75% of
drugs gives CYPs prominence in pharmacogenetics
research
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13. Here’s My Sequence ...
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14. More Business in Future..
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$
 Develop new therapies
 Incorporation of genetic information into the
diagnosis of disease and prescription of
drugs

15. IdeaIdea
11-15 Years11-15 Years
Marketed DrugMarketed Drug
The route to a new medicine … is a long one
… and an expensive one !!
It costs >$800 million to get a drug to market
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Pre-screening should allow clinical trials to be smaller, faster,
and less expensive; therefore, the consumer could benefit in
reduced drug costs.

16. In today's world, only 30-60% of drugs work effectively.
However, in future the success rate of drugs will increase to
100%, curing all patients.
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17. S M A R T C A R D
(Confidential)
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In your wallet May be by 2050..

18. Bioethics
 Unequal distribution of
resources
 Invasion of medical privacy
 Discrimination due to the
involvement of genetic tests
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19. Bottom Line !!
 The field of Pharmacogenomics is rapidly
evolving and it shows how drugs work in
different patients
 Pharmacogenomic approaches have the
potential to provide clinical benefits
 It will help in pharmaceutical industry in
future
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