The document discusses LiDAR technology and its applications in forestry. It begins by explaining what LiDAR is and the different platforms it can be used on, including satellites, aircraft, and ground-based systems. It then discusses several forestry applications of LiDAR such as measuring tree height, crown width, biomass, and basal area. Two case studies are presented, one on estimating carbon stock in an urban forest using LiDAR data, and another on estimating forest canopy fuels. The document concludes that LiDAR provides highly accurate, high-resolution data that allows forest characteristics to be acquired quickly and is useful for applications like biomass estimation and modeling fire behavior.
LIDAR is an acronym for LIght Detection And Ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light pulse to form an image.
LIDAR is an acronym for LIght Detection And Ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light pulse to form an image.
Lidar is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser.
LiDAR acronym as Light Detection and Ranging is remote sensing technology having several technical and socialite advantages. This technology is basically used to make high resolution digital map to provide the real time data. This data can be processed and used to extract the useful information. A typical LIDAR system consists of three main components, a GPS system to provide position information, an INS unit for attitude determination, and a LASER system to provide range (distance) information between the LASER firing point and the ground point. In addition to range data, modern LIDAR systems can capture intensity images over the mapped area. Therefore, LIDAR is being more extensively used in mapping and GIS applications.
Unmanned Aerial Systems for Precision MappingUAS Colorado
Presentation by Renee Walmsley, Remote Sensing Program Manager at Tetra Tech, for the August 16, 2017 Rocky Mountain UAS Professionals Meetup at the Esri Broomfield office.
Lidar is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser.
LiDAR acronym as Light Detection and Ranging is remote sensing technology having several technical and socialite advantages. This technology is basically used to make high resolution digital map to provide the real time data. This data can be processed and used to extract the useful information. A typical LIDAR system consists of three main components, a GPS system to provide position information, an INS unit for attitude determination, and a LASER system to provide range (distance) information between the LASER firing point and the ground point. In addition to range data, modern LIDAR systems can capture intensity images over the mapped area. Therefore, LIDAR is being more extensively used in mapping and GIS applications.
Unmanned Aerial Systems for Precision MappingUAS Colorado
Presentation by Renee Walmsley, Remote Sensing Program Manager at Tetra Tech, for the August 16, 2017 Rocky Mountain UAS Professionals Meetup at the Esri Broomfield office.
Remote sensing application in agriculture & forestry_Dr Menon A R R (The Kera...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr A R R Menon, Emeritus scientist, CED on Remote Sensing applications in agriculture and forestry was made at at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Environment and Development
El nou reglament català de prevenció de la contaminació lumínicaICGCat
Presentació realitzada per Sergi Paricio (Servei per a la Prevenció de la Contaminació Acústica i Lumínica, Departament de Territori i Sostenibilitat) a la Jornada "Contaminació lumínica: de la dada a la mesura d'impactes i afectacions" (10/03/2016)
Assessing the performance of random forest regression for estimating canopy h...IJECEIAES
Accurate estimation of forest canopy height is essential for monitoring forest ecosystems and assessing their carbon storage potential. This study evaluates the effectiveness of different remote sensing techniques for estimating forest canopy height in tropical dry forests. Using field data and remote sensing data from airborne lidar and polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR), a random forest (RF) model was developed to estimate canopy height based on different indices. Results show that the normalize difference build-up index (NDBI) has the highest correlation with canopy height, outperforming other indices such as relative vigor index (RVI) and polarimetric vertical and horizontal variables. The RF model with NDBI as input showed a good fit and predictive ability, with low concentration of errors around 0. These findings suggest that NDBI can be a useful tool for accurately estimating forest canopy height in tropical dry forests using remote sensing techniques, providing valuable information for forest management and conservation efforts.
To meet the various information requirements in forest management, different data sources like field survey, aerial photography, and satellite imagery is used, depending on the level of detail required and the extension of the area under study.
study and analysis of hy si data in 400 to 500IJAEMSJORNAL
The ability to extract information about world and present it in way that our visual perception can comprehend is ultimate goal of imaging science in remote sensing .Hyperspectral imaging system is most powerful tool in the field of remote sensing also called as imaging spectroscopy, It is new technique used by researcher to detect terrestrial, vegetation and mineral. This paper reports analysis of hyperspectral images. Firstly the hyperspectral image analyzed by using supervised classification of Amravati region from Maharashtra province of India. The report reveals spectral analysis of Amravati region. We acquired satellite imagery to perform the classification using maximum like hood classifier. Analysis is performing in ERDAS to determine the spectral reflectance against the no of band. The analytical outcome of paper is representing the soil, water, vegetation index of the region.
Automatic traffic light controller for emergency vehicle using peripheral int...IJECEIAES
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Laser ScanningLaser scanning is an emerging data acquisition techn.pdfanjaniar7gallery
Laser Scanning
Laser scanning is an emerging data acquisition technology that has remarkably broadened its
application field and has been a serious competitor to other surveying techniques. Due to rapid
technological development, the increased accuracy of global positioning systems and improving
demands to even more accurate digital surface models, airborne laser scanning showed
significant development in the 1990s.
Somewhat later terrestrial laser scanning became a reasonable alternative method in many kinds
of applications that previously by ground based surveying or close-range photogrammetry.
1 Airborne laser scanning
Airborne laser scanning is an active remote sensing technology that is able to rapidly collect data
from huge areas. The resulted dataset can be the base of digital surface and elevation models.
Airborne laser scanning is often coupled with airborne imagery, therefore the point clouds and
images can be fused resulting enhanced quality 3D product.
The basic principle is as follows: the sensor emits a laser pulse through the terrain in a
predefined direction and receives the reflected laser beam. Knowing the speed of light, the
distance of the object can be calculated, see Figure 1.
Figure 1.: Time of flight laser range measurement [2]
Airborne LiDAR systems are composed by the following subsystems:
The components are shown in Figure 2
Figure 2.: Principle of airborne LiDAR [2]
2. Sensors, equipment
Sensors can be distinguished based on the scanning method, i.e. how the laser beam is directed
through the surface. The four most widely used sensor types are shown in Figure 4.2.3.
Figure .3: Scanning mechanisms [1]
As it is clearly seen in Figure 3, different kinds of mechanisms are applied by the different types
of sensors; each has its advantages and shortcomings, e.g. number of moving parts, type of
rotation etc. that lead to different kinds of error sources.
The capabilities (repetition rate, scan frequency, scan angle, point density) of the above scanners
are very similar; the main difference lies in the scanning pattern, as seen in Figure 4. The most
widely used oscillating mirror scanners produce the zigzag pattern. Spacing along the line
depends on the pulse rate and scanning frequency, while spacing along the flight direction
depends on the flying speed. To avoid too wide spacing of points along flight direction, LiDAR
flights are usually slower (e.g. at 60-80 m/sec) compared to that of photogrammetric flights
(even 120-160 m/sec). Careful planning of the measurement results in rather homogenous
density, however, due to technical and microelectronic reasons (regarding the operating
mechanism of the mirror, especially in case of oscillating mirrors), higher point density can be
observed at the edges of the scan swath. Previously, critics were addressed to the fixed optic
scanners, i.e. the parallel scan lines along the flight direction can miss sizeable objects, but
vendors successfully responded and modified the mechanis.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. What is LiDAR ? (Light Detection And Ranging)
Lidar is a remote sensing technology that measures distance by
illuminating a target with a laser and analysing the reflected light.
Why LiDAR ?
It is used generating precise and directly geo-referenced spatial
information.
Airborne LiDAR systems use 1064nm
Lasers produce a coherent light source.
It is Active sensor , do not require sunlight, they can be used either
during the day or at night.
3
Figure 1
4. Lidar is popularly used as a technology used to make high
resolution maps, with applications in
Archaeology
Geography
Geology & Geomorphology
Seismology
Forestry
Atmospheric physics
Flood Mapping , and
Contour mapping
Military
Mining
Transport
4
Figure 2
5. PLATFORMS of LiDAR
1.Earth-orbiting satellites
2.Fixed-wing aircraft, manned
and unmanned
3.Rotary-wing aircraft
(helicopters)
4.Static ground-based systems
(tripods)
5.Dynamic ground-based
systems (vehicles)
6.Bathymetric mapping system
1
.
2.
3. 4.
5
.
6.
5Figure 3
6. Parameters of a LiDAR sensor
Repetition rate: LiDAR will pulse at
200,000 times per second.
Scan frequency: how fast the
scanner is oscillating
Nominal point spacing (NPS)
Scan angle
Flying attitude
Flight line spacing
Across track resolution
Along track resolution
Swath
Overlap
6
Figure 4
8. GPS
LiDAR systems use robust dual-frequency receivers
and differential post-processing, utilizing a fixed
ground reference station.
Lock on the GPS satellites must be maintained and
the LiDAR system must stay within 50 miles of the
reference base station.
Typically with not more than 3 to 4 cm of error.
A laser scanner has three sub-components: the opto-
mechanical scanner, the ranging unit, and the control
processing unit.
Laser scanners are distinguished by high timing (range)
accuracy, high sampling density, a high degree of automation.
Laser Scanner
8Figure 5
9. Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU):
Lidar systems contain three inertial gyroscopes. The
angular rotations of the sensor from vertical can be
measured.
Inertial measurement systems also contain
accelerometers to measure the velocity
Computer Processing Resources:
Reliable computer systems are required to ensure
that each individual component is performing
correctly.
These computer systems must ultimately integrate
the component data streams into usable, accurate
elevations on the ground.
Data format: LAS format
.
9
Figure 6
Figure 7
10. Forestry applications require a precise inventory of individual trees
and groups, or "stands" of trees in order to address
Forest management and planning,
Study forest ecology and habitats,
Quantify forest fire fuel, and
Estimate carbon absorption.
Application on Forestry
10
11. Direct measurements include:
•Stand Density
•Tree Height
•Crown Width
•Crown Length
Measuring Forests with LiDAR
Estimates include:
•Volume
•Biomass
•Basal Area
•DBH (diameter at breast
height)
11
Figure 8
Figure 9
12. Characteristics of LiDAR Data
Discrete Return LiDAR
Visualization of multiple LiDAR returns in a forest
canopy, showing first returns from the top of
canopy, second returns from forest understory, and
third returns near or on the ground
Full Waveform LiDAR
The load increases at about 30 to 60 times.
The opportunities presented by full waveform
technology are mostly in the analysis of
vegetation density, mapping live versus dead
vegetation, forest fuels analysis, and wildlife
habitat mapping.
12
Figure 10
Figure 12
Figure 11
13. Literature Review
Kevin et al.,(2005) studied the horizontal and vertical information of forest from
the LiDAR data.
It is concluded that direct retrieval of canopy height provides opportunities to
model above-ground biomass and canopy volume.
The information also offers new opportunities for enhanced forest monitoring,
management and planning.
Monika et al., (2006) conducted a research with aerial and terrestrial LiDAR to
provide detailed forest inventory characteristics such as canopy heights and
volumes as well as diameter at breast height.
The estimation of Leaf Area Index (LAI) and forest fuel metrics are also
addressed.
13
14. Michael et al.,(2008) studied that the number of forest inventory attributes that may be
directly measured with LiDAR is limited.
They present the status of LiDAR remote sensing of forests, including issues related
to instrumentation, data collection, data processing, costs, and attribute estimation.
Nicholas et al.,(2008) assess the forest structure with airborne LiDAR and the effects of
platform altitude .
Including three different platform altitudes (1000, 2000, and 3000 m), two scan
angles at 1000 m (10° and 15° half max. angle off nadir), and three footprint sizes
(0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m).
The comparison was undertaken in eucalypt forests at three sites, varying in
vegetation structure and topography.
Birgit Peterson et al.,(2010) demonstrates how LIDAR data were used to predict
canopy bulk density (CBD) and canopy base height (CBH) . The LIDAR data were
used to generate maps of canopy fuels for input into a fire behaviour model.
14
15. CASE STUDY-1: Carbon Accounting of Urban Forest in
ChennaiCity using LiDAR Data
Study Areas:
1. Guindy Reserve Forest (GRF),
2. Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM),
3. Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI)
4. Anna University (AU)
Total area of the study site is 6.67km2
Objectives:
Estimation of carbon stock in the center of the city of chennai.
To provide more accurate forest biomass estimation
15
16. Methodology
Lidar data Ortho images
Regression
modelling
nDSM=DSM-DTM Object based supervised
classification
Plot level
Biomass Canopy Height
Canopy cover Extraction
Tree inventory
data
Percentage MAX &
MIN heights
Regression
Equations
TGB Estimation
Carbon Stock
Estimation
16
17. Field Survey:
A Total of 11 square sample plots with the size of 20m
were selected on the basis of stratified random sampling.
Each tree coordinates were recorded by using handheld
(GPS) unit.
Tree height was measured by using a vertex Hypsometer.
For each tree, stem diameter was measured at 1.3 m
above ground with a diameter tape and the species name
was recorded.
For Borassus flabellifer height only measured. In each
sampling plot of trees, for multi-stemmed trees, bole
circumference was measured separately, and summed.
The digital ortho image which was preloaded in the GPS
instrument was used for verify the location of the trees.
17Figure 13
18. Biomass Estimation in Trees
The diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of trees were measured, then
both ends of main trunks and length were measured and volume is calculated.
AGB ( above ground biomass) for trees Y = 1.9724x – 1.0717
For the unavailability of the existing equation for Borassus flabellifer trees.
Y = 4.5 + 7.7H
Where Y = biomass, kg
H= stem height and
x =DBH
18
Canopy Cover Extraction
Before the LIDAR analysis the canopy cover area should be extracted from the
urban features.
(1) Generating DTM, DEM, and nDSM from ALTM data,
(2) Generating Height thresholding image for masking,
(3) Segmentation of ortho image,
(4) Supervised Classification for extraction of canopy cover
19. LiDAR Predicted Biomass
canopy densities, mean and percentile heights, and second-order height
statistics . For this study height percentile parameters are developed for
biomass estimation.
Regression analysis is the common way to develop the AGB estimation
models
The biomass value converted to carbon stock using a conversion factor
with the equation Biomass values were multiplied by 0.45 to get carbon
storage values of trees .
C= TGB.CF
19
20. s.no Biomass (Mg) Trees count Location
1 102.6494 41 IIT
2 130.2500 56 IIT
3 126.0892 33 GRF
4 109.2947 34 GRF
5 17.5677 16 CLRI
6 47.9295 35 IIT
7 63.9100 45 IIT
8 95.8963 28 AU
9 63.8459 43 AU
10 1018.9200 22 CLRI
11 85.6047 27 AU
Shows the estimated biomass on the field with site location
20
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Table 1:
21. The relationship between field-measured height and LIDAR-measured
maximum height (total 438trees)
The field-measured tree height and LIDAR measured height of 438
trees had an R of 0.957 and RMSE of 0.59 m
2
21
Figure 14
22. S.NO NAME AGB (Mg ha-1) BGB(Mg ha-1) TGB(Mg ha-1) CARBON STOCK(Mg ha-1)
1 Guindy RF 42150.2 10959.05 53109.25 23899.16
2 Anna
University
8220.029 2137.2 10357.23 4660.75
3 CLRI 4872.509 1226.85 6099.359 2744.70
4 IITM 31847.4 8280.22 40127.62 18057.42
TOTAL 87090.13 22603.32 109693.45 49362.03
Carbon Stock Estimation of Chennai Urban Forest at the all 4 segments
A very good relationship within the LIDAR 75th percentiles and the field
measured AGB.
Simple LIDAR metrics such as height percentiles which was derived from
canopy heights within plots, gives an impressive capacity to estimate
biomass over an urban environment..
22
Table 2:
23. STUDY AREA: Ahtanum State Forest in Washington State
Fusion of LiDAR and imagery for
estimating forest canopy fuels
CASE STUDY-2:
23
Estimation of canopy fuels by using LiDAR data.
Canopy fuels are defined as all burnable materials, which include live and dead
foliage, and redundant stem and branch wood located in the upper forest canopy.
Canopy fuels are important inputs for fire behaviour models that predict crown
fire behaviour and spread . Parameters considered as follows
1. Canopy Height (CH),
2. Canopy bulk density (CBD),
3. Canopy base height (CBH),
4. Available Canopy Fuel(ACF)
Objective:
24. METHOLODY
Field Data Raw LiDAR Raw Imagery
Data Processing
(Fuel Calculation)
Data Processing
(FUSION)
Data Processing
(ENVI,ArcGIS)
Independent Variables
LiDAR
metrics
Imagery
metrics
Regression
Analysis
LiDAR
Models
LiDAR/Imagery
fusion models
Imagery
models
CH
CBH
CBD
ACF
Dependent
Variables
24
25. 25
Results
The regression models organized by canopy fuel metrics by considering the four parameter
of Canopy height ,Canopy base height ,Canopy bulk density ,Available canopy fuel, and
calaculated the RMSE for every regression model of Lidar data,Imagery data, and Lidar +
Imgaery data and compare the values for these data and observed better results in
combination of Lidar and imagery data.
Figure 15
27. 27
SUMMARY
It gives directly geo-referenced spatial information.
Highly accurate, high-resolution LiDAR data have particular
utility in forest mapping.
By using the LiDAR technology ,the characteristics of forest
can be acquired in a short period .
The first case study shows how to estimate the biomass by using
LiDAR technology.
The second case study shows the accuracy of estimation of
canopy fuels by using LiDAR data.
28. References
Birgit Peterson, Ralph Dubayah, Peter Hyde, Michelle Hofton, J. Bryan Blair, and JoAnn Fites-
Kaufman,(2010) “Use of LIDAR for Forest Inventory and Forest Management Application” Canadian
Journal of Remote Sensing, 29, 650– 657.
Kevin Lima, Paul Treitza, Michael Wulderb, Benoît St-Ongec and Martin Flood,(2005) “LiDAR remote
sensing of forest structure” Progress in Physical Geography 27,1 (2003) pp. 88–106
Michael A. Wulder Christopher W. Bater, Nicholas C. Coops, Thomas Hilker and Joanne C. White
(2008) “The role of LiDAR in sustainable forest management” Remote Sensing of Environment 90:
415–423.
Monika Moskal, Todd Erdody, Akira Kato, Jeffery Richardson, Guang Zheng and David Briggs, (2006)
“Lidar Applications in Precision Forestry”, Journal of Remote Sensing.
28
29. Muneeswaran Mariappan ,Subbaraj Lingava, Ramalingam Murugaiyan,Vani Krishnan, Srinivasa
Raju Kolanuvada ,Rama Subbu Lakshmi Thirumeni,(2012) “Carbon Accounting of Urban Forest in
Chennai City using Lidar Data”, European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.81
No.3 (2012), pp.314-328
Nicholas R. Goodwin , Nicholas C. Coops , Darius S. Culvenor, (2008) “Assessment of forest
structure with airborne LiDAR and the effects of platform altitude”, .
Todd L. Erdody, L. Monika Moskal (2010) “Fusion of LiDAR and imagery for estimating forest
canopy fuels”, Remote Sensing of Environment 114 (2010) 725–737
29