LIDAR is an acronym for LIght Detection And Ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light pulse to form an image.
Lidar is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser.
Lidar (also written LIDAR, LiDAR or LADAR) is a remote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a target with a laser and analyzing the reflected light. Although thought by some to be an acronym of Light Detection And Ranging,[1] the term lidar was actually created as a portmanteau of "light" and "radar".[2][3] Lidar is popularly used as a technology to make high-resolution maps, with applications in geodesy, geomatics, archaeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, forestry, remote sensing, atmospheric physics,[4] airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), laser altimetry, and contour mapping.
LIDAR is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology used to examine the surface of the earth, often using pulses from a laser.
Lidar is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser.
Lidar (also written LIDAR, LiDAR or LADAR) is a remote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a target with a laser and analyzing the reflected light. Although thought by some to be an acronym of Light Detection And Ranging,[1] the term lidar was actually created as a portmanteau of "light" and "radar".[2][3] Lidar is popularly used as a technology to make high-resolution maps, with applications in geodesy, geomatics, archaeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, forestry, remote sensing, atmospheric physics,[4] airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), laser altimetry, and contour mapping.
LIDAR is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology used to examine the surface of the earth, often using pulses from a laser.
LiDAR acronym as Light Detection and Ranging is remote sensing technology having several technical and socialite advantages. This technology is basically used to make high resolution digital map to provide the real time data. This data can be processed and used to extract the useful information. A typical LIDAR system consists of three main components, a GPS system to provide position information, an INS unit for attitude determination, and a LASER system to provide range (distance) information between the LASER firing point and the ground point. In addition to range data, modern LIDAR systems can capture intensity images over the mapped area. Therefore, LIDAR is being more extensively used in mapping and GIS applications.
The presentation explains the basics of LiDAR Technology with its applications and case studies. This is presented by the Second Year Instrumentation and Control Engineering students of Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune.
SAR is a type of radar which works with antenna and receiver using radio waves which can create two dimension or three dimension of the objects . A synthetic-aperture radar is an imaging radar mounted on a moving platform. SAR gives high resolution data and works 24*7.
This content presents for basic of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) including its geometry, how the image is created, essential parameters, interpretation, SAR sensor specification, and advantages and disadvantages.
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the
15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a method of providing differential corrections to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in order to improve the accuracy of the navigation solution. DGPS corrections originate from a reference station at a known location. The receivers in these reference stations can estimate errors in the GPS because, unlike the general population of GPS receivers, they have an accurate knowledge of their position.
DGPS uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the GPS (satellite) systems and the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges, and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount. The digital correction signal is typically broadcast locally over ground-based transmitters of shorter range.
LiDAR acronym as Light Detection and Ranging is remote sensing technology having several technical and socialite advantages. This technology is basically used to make high resolution digital map to provide the real time data. This data can be processed and used to extract the useful information. A typical LIDAR system consists of three main components, a GPS system to provide position information, an INS unit for attitude determination, and a LASER system to provide range (distance) information between the LASER firing point and the ground point. In addition to range data, modern LIDAR systems can capture intensity images over the mapped area. Therefore, LIDAR is being more extensively used in mapping and GIS applications.
The presentation explains the basics of LiDAR Technology with its applications and case studies. This is presented by the Second Year Instrumentation and Control Engineering students of Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune.
SAR is a type of radar which works with antenna and receiver using radio waves which can create two dimension or three dimension of the objects . A synthetic-aperture radar is an imaging radar mounted on a moving platform. SAR gives high resolution data and works 24*7.
This content presents for basic of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) including its geometry, how the image is created, essential parameters, interpretation, SAR sensor specification, and advantages and disadvantages.
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the
15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a method of providing differential corrections to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in order to improve the accuracy of the navigation solution. DGPS corrections originate from a reference station at a known location. The receivers in these reference stations can estimate errors in the GPS because, unlike the general population of GPS receivers, they have an accurate knowledge of their position.
DGPS uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the GPS (satellite) systems and the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges, and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount. The digital correction signal is typically broadcast locally over ground-based transmitters of shorter range.
This is a presentation that focuses on autonomous vehicles technology. The presentation describes key sensor technologies integrated under the bonnet of a driverless car. After a brief introduction, the presentation dwells deeper into each sensor technology demonstrating examples of self driving cars such as Google's self driving car, DARPA URBAN challenge etc., along the way. It also introduces the concept of electronic control units which is responsible for collecting data from different sensors and respond to other units accordingly. The slides also build a platform for vehicle to vehicle communication technology, types and its application areas.
What is LiDAR_ A Guide to its Technical Aspects.pdfAnil
LiDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distances and generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape and characteristics of objects in its field of view. LiDAR systems are widely used in various applications, including topographic mapping, forestry, autonomous vehicles, archaeology, and urban planning. Here's a guide to the technical aspects of LiDAR
Differentiation between primary and secondary LIDAR system of Remote SensingNzar Braim
In this report I will explain the importance of remote sensing in general and explaining
one of the most important system or application which is LIDAR (light detection and
ranging) and I will explain all its types and uses and applications and the components
and advantage of this system and how it works then I will mention the imaging system
with explaining the primary and secondary return imaging in LiDAR
LiDAR, short for light detection and ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (distances) to a target. A LiDAR sensor fires off beams of laser light and then measures how long it takes for the light to return to the sensor.
The costs of building and using LIDAR systems are coming down because it’s becoming easier and cheaper to collect more and more data, and LIDAR is being used in more applications.
At Techwave, we strive to be a world-class lighting technology provider. With that role comes the responsibility to be intimately familiar with newer applications and help our partners understand the real value in them.
Laser ScanningLaser scanning is an emerging data acquisition techn.pdfanjaniar7gallery
Laser Scanning
Laser scanning is an emerging data acquisition technology that has remarkably broadened its
application field and has been a serious competitor to other surveying techniques. Due to rapid
technological development, the increased accuracy of global positioning systems and improving
demands to even more accurate digital surface models, airborne laser scanning showed
significant development in the 1990s.
Somewhat later terrestrial laser scanning became a reasonable alternative method in many kinds
of applications that previously by ground based surveying or close-range photogrammetry.
1 Airborne laser scanning
Airborne laser scanning is an active remote sensing technology that is able to rapidly collect data
from huge areas. The resulted dataset can be the base of digital surface and elevation models.
Airborne laser scanning is often coupled with airborne imagery, therefore the point clouds and
images can be fused resulting enhanced quality 3D product.
The basic principle is as follows: the sensor emits a laser pulse through the terrain in a
predefined direction and receives the reflected laser beam. Knowing the speed of light, the
distance of the object can be calculated, see Figure 1.
Figure 1.: Time of flight laser range measurement [2]
Airborne LiDAR systems are composed by the following subsystems:
The components are shown in Figure 2
Figure 2.: Principle of airborne LiDAR [2]
2. Sensors, equipment
Sensors can be distinguished based on the scanning method, i.e. how the laser beam is directed
through the surface. The four most widely used sensor types are shown in Figure 4.2.3.
Figure .3: Scanning mechanisms [1]
As it is clearly seen in Figure 3, different kinds of mechanisms are applied by the different types
of sensors; each has its advantages and shortcomings, e.g. number of moving parts, type of
rotation etc. that lead to different kinds of error sources.
The capabilities (repetition rate, scan frequency, scan angle, point density) of the above scanners
are very similar; the main difference lies in the scanning pattern, as seen in Figure 4. The most
widely used oscillating mirror scanners produce the zigzag pattern. Spacing along the line
depends on the pulse rate and scanning frequency, while spacing along the flight direction
depends on the flying speed. To avoid too wide spacing of points along flight direction, LiDAR
flights are usually slower (e.g. at 60-80 m/sec) compared to that of photogrammetric flights
(even 120-160 m/sec). Careful planning of the measurement results in rather homogenous
density, however, due to technical and microelectronic reasons (regarding the operating
mechanism of the mirror, especially in case of oscillating mirrors), higher point density can be
observed at the edges of the scan swath. Previously, critics were addressed to the fixed optic
scanners, i.e. the parallel scan lines along the flight direction can miss sizeable objects, but
vendors successfully responded and modified the mechanis.
Airborne LiDAR is a new technology that is revolutionizing the way we collect LiDAR data. With Airborne LiDAR, you can collect data faster, with higher resolution, and in a much more cost-effective manner.
This paper will discuss three different aspects of surveying technology, namely the types of surveying technologies available for use in a quarry environment, the types of applications the surveying technologies are used for and comparative performance of different surveying technologies in measuring stockpile volumes.
LiDAR Survey Taking Drone Services in Australia to the Next LevelLiDAR Solution
Drone services in Australia are booming, transforming various sectors with their efficiency and innovative applications. But a powerful new technology is pushing the boundaries even further
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
3. Contents
Introduction
General description
Brief history
LIDAR platforms
Types of LIDAR
Basic Principle and techniques
How LIDAR works
LIDAR components
Some example of LIDAR uses
Applications
Advantage
Disadvantage
Future Scope
Conclusion
4. INTRODUCTION
LIDAR is an acronym for LIght Detection And Ranging.
It is an optical remote sensing technology that can
measure the distance to or other properties of a target by
illuminating the target with light pulse to form an
image.
5.
6. General Description
This is an active remote sensing technique similar to
RADAR but uses laser light pulses instead of radio
waves.
Most LIDAR systems operate in near infrared range of
electromagnetic spectrum (i.e. 1064 nm).
LIDAR instruments can rapidly measure the earth’s
surface at sampling rates greater than 150 kHz. The
resulting product is a densely spaced network of highly
accurate geo-referenced elevation points/point cloud.
It can be used to generate 3-D representation of earth
surface.
7. BRIEF HISTORY
Searchlights were used to measure the altitude of
clouds. Measurement was done by pointing a beam of
light in sky and then reading the angle at which the
beam light stuck the cloud. On a device that was a
known distance away from the search light one was
then able to obtain height by triangulation.
First laser based searchlight was constructed by
G.Fiocco at MIT using a ruby laser. From there the
development of LIDAR sky rocketed.
8. LIDAR PLATFORMS
Airborne topographic LIDAR systems are most common
LIDAR systems. The combination of an airborne platform
and a scanning LIDAR sensor is an effective and efficient
technique for collection of elevation data across tens to
thousands of square miles.
LIDAR was first developed as a fixed position ground based
instrument for studies of atmospheric composition,
structure, clouds and aerosols. Modern navigation and
positioning system enable use of water-based and land-
based mobile platforms to collect LIDAR data. Airborne
LIDAR data are obtained by mounting a system inside an
aircraft and flying over targeted areas.
9. TYPES OF LIDAR
There are two basic types of LIDAR-
Airborne LIDAR
Terrestrial LIDAR
10. Airborne LIDAR
With airborne LIDAR, the system is installed in either a
fixed-wing aircraft or helicopter. The infrared laser light
is emitted toward the ground and returned to the
moving airborne LIDAR sensor.
There are two types of airborne sensors:
Topographic LIDAR
Bathymetric LIDAR
11. Topographic LIDAR
Topographic LIDAR can be used to derive surface
models for use in many applications, such as forestry,
hydrology, geomorphology, urban planning, landscape
ecology, coastal engineering, survey assessments, and
volumetric calculations.
12. Bathymetric LIDAR
Bathymetric LIDAR is a type of airborne
acquisition that is water penetrating. Most
bathymetric LIDAR systems collect elevation
and water depth simultaneously, which
provides an airborne LIDAR survey of the land-
water interface. With a bathymetric LIDAR
survey, the infrared light (traditional laser
system) is reflected back to the aircraft from
the land and water surface, while the additional
green laser travels through the water column.
Analyses of the two distinct pulses are used to
establish water depths
and shoreline elevations. Bathymetric
information is very important near
coastlines, in harbors, and near
shores and banks. Bathymetric
information is also used to locate objects on the
ocean floor.
13. Terrestrial LIDAR
Terrestrial LIDAR collects very dense and highly accurate
points, which allows precise identification of objects.
These dense point clouds can be used to manage
facilities, conduct highway and rail surveys, and even
create 3D city models for exterior and interior spaces, to
name a few examples.
There are two main types of terrestrial LIDAR:
Mobile LIDAR
Static LIDAR
14. Mobile LIDAR
Mobile LIDAR is the collection of LIDAR point clouds from
a moving platform. Mobile LIDAR systems can include any
number of LIDAR sensors mounted on a moving vehicle.
These systems can be mounted on vehicles, trains, and
even boats. Mobile systems typically consist of a LIDAR
sensor, cameras, GPS (Global Positioning System), and an
INS (inertial navigation system), just as with airborne
LIDAR systems.
Mobile LIDAR data can be used to analyze road
infrastructure and locate encroaching overhead wires, light
poles, and road signs near roadways or rail lines.
15. Static LIDAR
Static LIDAR is the collection of LIDAR point clouds
from a static location. Typically, the LIDAR sensor is
mounted on a tripod mount and is a fully portable
laser-based ranging and imaging system.
These systems can collect LIDAR point clouds inside
buildings as well as exteriors. Common applications
for this type of LIDAR are engineering, mining,
surveying, and archaeology.
16. Basic Principles and Techniques
The basic idea is fairly straightforward-
Laser generates an optical pulse.
Pulse is reflected off an object and returns to the
system receiver.
High-speed counter measures the time of flight from
the start pulse to the return pulse.
Time measurement is converted to a distance (i.e. the
distance to the target and the position of airplane is
then used to determine the deviation and location).
18. How LIDAR works
Laser produces optical pulse.
Pulse is transmitted, reflected & returned to the
receiver.
Receivers accurately measure the travel time.
X,Y,Z ground coordinate can be calculated using :
1. Laser range
2. Laser scan angle
3. Laser position from GPS
4. Laser orientation form INS.
19. COMPONENTS
LIDAR has four components:
Laser.
Scanner and optics.
LIDAR sensor and photo detectors.
Position and navigation systems.
20. Laser
Airborne LIDAR systems use
1064nm diode pumped YAG
lasers while bathymetric
systems use 53 nm double
diode pumped YAG lasers.
21. LIDAR Scanner and Optics
The speed at which images can be developed is affected
by the speed at which it can be scanned into the system.
Moreover, optic choice affects the angular resolution
and range that can be detected.
22. LIDAR sensors and Photodetectors
The HDL-64E LIDAR sensor is designed for obstacle
detection and navigation of autonomous ground
vehicles and marine vessels. It’s durability, 360 field
views and very high data rate makes this sensor ideal
for 3D mobile data collection and mapping
applications.
Two main photo detector technologies are used in
LIDARS:
1. Solid state photo detectors(e.g.:- silicon avalanche
photodiodes).
2. Photomultipliers.
23. Position and Navigation System
When a LIDAR sensor is mounted on a mobile
platform such as airplanes or automobiles, it is
necessary to determine the absolute position and
orientation of the sensor to retain usable data.
For this, we have two techniques:
GPS(Global Positioning System)
IMU(Inertial Measurement Unit)
32. Applications
A LIDAR has the following main applications:
Agriculture
Biology and Conservation
Wind farm optimization
Law enforcement
33. Agriculture
LIDAR can be used to help farmers determine which
areas of their fields to apply costly fertilizer to achieve
highest crop yield.
It can create a topographical map of the fields and
reveals the slopes and sun exposure of the farm land.
34. Biology and Conservation
LIDAR has also found many applications in forestry.
Canopy heights, biomass measurements & leaf area
can all be studied using LIDAR systems.
It is also used by many industries, including Energy,
Railroad & the Department of Transportation as a
faster way of surveying. Topographic maps can also be
generated readily from LIDAR.
35. Wind farm optimization
LIDAR can be used to increase the energy output from
wind farms by accurately measuring wind speeds and
wind turbulence.
An experimental LIDAR is mounted on a wind
turbulence rotor to measure oncoming horizontal
winds, and proactively adjust blades to protect
components and increase power.
36. Law enforcement
LIDAR speed guns are used by the police to measure
the speed of vehicles for speed limit enforcement
purposes.
37. Advantages
The other methods of topographic data collection are
land surveying, GPS, interferometry & photogrammetry.
LIDAR technology has some advantages in comparison
to these methods listed below:
Higher Accuracy
Fast Acquisition and Processing
Minimum human dependence- As most of the
processes are automatic unlike photogrammetry, GPS
or land surveying.
38. Weather/Light Independence- Data collection
independent of sun inclination and at night and
slightly bad weather.
Canopy Penetration- LIDAR pulses can reach
beneath the canopy thus generating measurements of
points there unlike photogrammetry.
Higher data density- Up to 167,000 pulses per
second. More than 24 points per meter sq. can be
measured in multiple returns to collect data in 3D.
Cost- It has been found by comparative studies that
LIDAR data is cheaper in many applications. This is
particularly considering the speed, accuracy & density
of data.
39. Disadvantages
High operation costs (Rs. 10 Lacs /hour).
Ineffective during heavy rain and/or low cloud/mist.
Degraded at high sun angles and reflections.
Latency data not processed locally.
Unreliable for water depth(<2m) & breaking/turbulent
waves.
Lack of foliage/vegetation penetration.
Precise alignment must be maintained.
40. Future Scope
The LIDAR technology is now planned for a wide range of
applications that can enable NASA's achievements of its
scientific and space exploration goals.
These applications fall into four general categories:
Earth Science: Long-duration orbiting instruments
providing global monitoring of the atmosphere and land.
Planetary Science: Orbiting or land-based scientific
instruments providing geological and atmospheric data of
solar system bodies.
Landing Aid: Sensors providing hazard avoidance,
guidance and navigation data.
Rendezvous and Docking Aid: Sensors providing
spacecraft bearing, distance and approach velocity.
41. CONCLUSION
LIDAR has become an established method for collecting
very dense & elevation data landscapes, LIDAR can
provide high degree of accuracy & more detailed
information about the landscape than RADAR
technologies.