The document discusses momentum analysis of fluid flow. It contains the following key points: 1) The momentum equation is based on the law of conservation of momentum, which states that the net force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the fluid. 2) The momentum principle can be written as an impulse-momentum equation: the impulse of a force acting on a fluid mass over a short time interval is equal to the change in momentum of the fluid. 3) The momentum equation is used to determine the resultant force exerted by a flowing fluid on a pipe bend based on the fluid's velocity, pressure, area, and external forces at two sections of the pipe.

1. Chapter 8
Momentum Analysis of Flow
Prepared By:
Binu Karki

2. Momentum equation
•It is based on law of conservation of
momentum or on momentum principle which
states
“The net force acting on the fluid mass is equal
to the change in momentum of flow per unit time
in that direction”.
The force acting on a fluid mass ‘m’ is given by
the Newton's second law of motion.
F=ma
Where, a-acceleration acting in the same
direction as force F.

3. Momentum equation
But a=
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡
F=m
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡
or F=
𝑑(𝑚𝑣)
𝑑𝑡
is known as the momentum principle
(m is constant and can be taken inside the differential)
or F*dt=d(mv)
Which is known as impulse momentum equation
Impulse of force ‘F’ acting on a fluid of mass ‘m’ in a
short interval of time ‘dt’ is equal to the change of
momentum ‘d(mv)’ in the direction of force.

4. Force exerted by a flowing fluid on a pipe
bend
• This is used to determine the resultant force exerted by
a flowing fluid on a pipe bend.

5. Force exerted by a flowing fluid on a pipe
bend
Consider two sections 1 and 2 as shown in figure.
• v1-velocity of flow at section 1
• p1-pressure intensity at section 1
• A1-Area of cross-section of pipe at section 1 and
• v2,p2,A2-corresponding values of velocity, pressure and
area at section 2.
• Fx and Fy-forces exerted by the flowing fluid on the
bend in x and y directions but in opposite directions.
• p1A1 and p2A2-other external forces acting at sections 1
and 2 respectively

6. Force exerted by a flowing fluid on a pipe
bend
Then, momentum equation in x-direction is given by:

7. Force exerted by a flowing fluid on a pipe
bend

8. Impact of Jets
• The liquid comes out in the form of jet from the outlet of the nozzle,
which is fitted to a pipe through which the liquid is flowing under
pressure.
• If some plate(fixed or moving) is placed in the path of the jet, force is
exerted by the jet on the plate.
• This force is obtained from Newtons second law of motion OR from
impulse momentum equation.

9. Force exerted by jet on the stationary
plate
Cases:
• Plate is vertical to the jet
• Plate is inclined to the jet
• Plate is curved

10. Case A:Force exerted by jet on a STATIONARY
VERTICAL plate

11. Case A:Force exerted by jet on a STATIONARY
VERTICAL plate
• Consider a jet of water coming out from the nozzle,
strikes a flat vertical plate then
Let,
v-velocity of the jet,
d-diameter of the jet,
a- cross-sectional area of the jet
The jet after striking the plate will get deflected through
90ₒ .The component of velocity of jet, in the direction of
jet, after striking will be zero.

12. Case A:Force exerted by jet on a STATIONARY
VERTICAL plate
The force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction of the jet,

13. Case A:Force exerted by jet on a STATIONARY
VERTICAL plate
NOTE
• If force exerted ON the jet is to be calculated then final
velocity-initial velocity is taken.
• If force exerted BY the jet is to be calculated then initial
velocity - final velocity is taken.

14. Case A:Force exerted by jet on a STATIONARY
INCLINED FLAT plate

15. Case A:Force exerted by jet on a STATIONARY
INCLINED FLAT plate
Let the jet of water coming out from the nozzle strikes the inclined plate.
V-velocity of jet in the x-direction
a- cross-section area of the jet
Θ-Angle between the jet and plate
Mass of water striking the plate per sec=ρaV
Force exerted by the jet in the direction normal to the plate.

16. Case A:Force exerted by jet on a STATIONARY
CURVED plate

17. Case A:Force exerted by jet on a STATIONARY
CURVED plate

18. Case B:Force exerted by jet on a STATIONARY
CURVED plate

19. Force exerted by jet on a MOVING VERTICAL
plate

20. Force exerted by jet on a MOVING VERTICAL
plate

21. Force exerted by jet on a MOVING INCLINED
plate

22. Force exerted by jet on a MOVING INCLINED
plate

23. Force exerted by jet on a MOVING CURVED
plate

24. Force exerted by jet on a MOVING CURVED
plate

25. Concept of Angular momentum/Moment of
Momentum Equation