Computers are classified based on their processor as either PC/XT-class or AT-class systems. PC/XT-class systems have 8-bit processors while AT-class systems have 16/32/64-bit processors. Key differences between the two classes are the processor, bus width, expansion slots, memory size, and other hardware capabilities. Common Intel processors for AT-class systems include the 286, 386, 486, Pentium, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, and Core i9.
Challenges faced during embedded system design:
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting requirements for decades: Small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable performance without maintenance.
Challenges faced during embedded system design:
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting requirements for decades: Small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable performance without maintenance.
A multiprocessor is a computer system with two or more central processing units (CPUs), with each one sharing the common main memory as well as the peripherals. This helps in simultaneous processing of programs.
The key objective of using a multiprocessor is to boost the system’s execution speed, with other objectives being fault tolerance and application matching.
A good illustration of a multiprocessor is a single central tower attached to two computer systems. A multiprocessor is regarded as a means to improve computing speeds, performance and cost-effectiveness, as well as to provide enhanced availability and reliability.
Parallel computing and its applicationsBurhan Ahmed
Parallel computing is a type of computing architecture in which several processors execute or process an application or computation simultaneously. Parallel computing helps in performing large computations by dividing the workload between more than one processor, all of which work through the computation at the same time. Most supercomputers employ parallel computing principles to operate. Parallel computing is also known as parallel processing.
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Fundamentals of Computer 20CS11T Chapter 4.pdfTHANMAY JS
Chapter 04: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & OPERATING SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction
• Overview of functional units of a computer
• Stored Program Concept
• Flynn's Classification of Computers
4.2 Memory Hierarchy
• Main memory
• Auxiliary memory
• Cache memory
4.3 Introduction to BIOS and UEFI
4.4 OS Concepts
• Overview
• Types (Batch Operating System, Multitasking/Time Sharing OS, Multiprocessing OS, Real Time OS, Distributed OS, Network OS, Mobile OS)
• Services
A multiprocessor is a computer system with two or more central processing units (CPUs), with each one sharing the common main memory as well as the peripherals. This helps in simultaneous processing of programs.
The key objective of using a multiprocessor is to boost the system’s execution speed, with other objectives being fault tolerance and application matching.
A good illustration of a multiprocessor is a single central tower attached to two computer systems. A multiprocessor is regarded as a means to improve computing speeds, performance and cost-effectiveness, as well as to provide enhanced availability and reliability.
Parallel computing and its applicationsBurhan Ahmed
Parallel computing is a type of computing architecture in which several processors execute or process an application or computation simultaneously. Parallel computing helps in performing large computations by dividing the workload between more than one processor, all of which work through the computation at the same time. Most supercomputers employ parallel computing principles to operate. Parallel computing is also known as parallel processing.
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Watch my videos on snack here: --> --> http://sck.io/x-B1f0Iy
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
Fundamentals of Computer 20CS11T Chapter 4.pdfTHANMAY JS
Chapter 04: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & OPERATING SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction
• Overview of functional units of a computer
• Stored Program Concept
• Flynn's Classification of Computers
4.2 Memory Hierarchy
• Main memory
• Auxiliary memory
• Cache memory
4.3 Introduction to BIOS and UEFI
4.4 OS Concepts
• Overview
• Types (Batch Operating System, Multitasking/Time Sharing OS, Multiprocessing OS, Real Time OS, Distributed OS, Network OS, Mobile OS)
• Services
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra.
Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik
Date: 17/01/2011
Session-3: Internal Components of PC
IT Engineer are high-level IT personnel who design, install, and maintain a company's computer systems. They are responsible for testing, configuring, and troubleshooting hardware, software, and networking systems to meet the needs of the employer.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1.1.8 Types of computer & 1.1.8.3 Classification of Computers on the basis of Processor.ppt
1. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
ON THE BASIS OF PROCESSOR
XT, AT
By
Mr. V. VEERANAN
M.Sc. Computer Science., Dip. in Yoga.,
Government Arts College, Melur – 625 106.
2. 1.1.8 Types of computer
1.1.8.3 Classification of Computers on the basis
of Processor XT, AT
The older 8-bit systems are very different, however. This gives us
two basic system types, or classes, of hardware:
● 8-bit (PC/XT-class) systems
● 16/32/64-bit (AT-class) systems
Mr. V.Veeranan, M.Sc. Computer Science, Dip. in Yoga
3. Mr. V.Veeranan, M.Sc. Computer Science, Dip. in Yoga
In this verbiage, PC stands for personal computer; XT stands for
an extended PC; and AT stands for an advanced-technology PC. The
terms PC, XT, and AT, as they are used here, are taken from the original
IBM systems of those names. The XT was a PC system that included a
hard disk for storage in addition to the floppy drives found in the basic
PC system.
These systems had an 8-bit 8088 processor and an 8-bit
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus for system expansion. The bus
is the name given to expansion slots in which additional plug-in circuit
boards can be installed. The 8-bit designation comes from the fact that
the ISA bus found in the PC/XT class systems can send and receive only
8 bits of data in a single cycle.
The data in an 8-bit bus is sent along eight wires
simultaneously, in parallel.
4. 16-bit and greater systems are said to be AT-class, which
indicates that they follow certain standards and that they follow the
basic design first set forth in the original IBM AT system. AT is the
designation IBM applied to systems that first included more advanced
16-bit (and later, 32- and 64-bit) processors and expansion slots.
AT-class systems must have a processor that is compatible with
Intel 286 or higher processors (including the 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium
Pro, Pentium II, and Pentium III processors), and they must have a 16-bit
or greater system bus. The system bus architecture is central to the AT
system design, along with the basic memory architecture, interrupt
request (IRQ), direct memory access (DMA), and I/O port address design.
All AT-class systems are similar in the way these resources are
allocated and how they function.
Mr. V.Veeranan, M.Sc. Computer Science, Dip. in Yoga
5. The first AT-class systems had a 16-bit version of the ISA bus, which is
an extension of
the original 8-bit ISA bus found in the PC/XT-class systems. Eventually, several
expansion
slot or bus designs were developed for AT-class systems, including the following:
● 16-bit ISA bus
● 16/32-bit Extended ISA bus
● 16/32-bit PS/2 Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus
● 16-bit PC-Card (PCMCIA) bus
● 32-bit Cardbus (PCMCIA) bus
● 32-bit VESA Local (VL) bus
● 32/64-bit Peripheral Component Interconnect bus
● 32-bit Accelerated Graphics Port
Mr. V.Veeranan, M.Sc. Computer Science, Dip. in Yoga
6. A system with any of these types of expansion slots is by
definition an AT-class system, regardless of the actual Intel or Intel-
compatible processor that is used. AT-type systems with 386 or higher
processors have special capabilities not found in the first generation of
286-based ATs. These distinct capabilities are in the areas of memory
addressing, memory management, and possible 32- or 64-bit wide
access to data. Most systems with 386DX or higher chips also have 32-
bit bus architectures to take full advantage of the 32-bit data transfer
capabilities of the processor.
Mr. V.Veeranan, M.Sc. Computer Science, Dip. in Yoga
7. Mr. V.Veeranan, M.Sc. Computer Science, Dip. in Yoga
Differences between PC/XT and
AT Systems
System Attributes (8-Bit) PC/XT Type (16/32/64-Bit) AT
Type
Supported
processors
All x86 or x88 286 or higher
Processor modes Real
Real/Protected/Vi
rtual Real
Software supported 16-bit only 16- or 32-bit
Bus slot width 8-bit 16/32/64-bit
Slot type ISA only
ISA, EISA, MCA,
PC-Card,
Cardbus, VL-Bus,
PCI, and AGP
Hardware
interrupts
8 (6 usable) 16 (11 usable)
8. Mr. V.Veeranan, M.Sc. Computer Science, Dip. in Yoga
Differences between PC/XT and
AT Systems
System Attributes (8-Bit) PC/XT Type (16/32/64-Bit) AT
Type
DMA channels 4 (3 usable) 8 (7 usable)
Maximum RAM 1MB 16MB/4GB or more
Floppy controller
speed
250Kbps
250/300/500/1,000
Kbps
Standard boot drive 360KB or 720KB
1.2MB/1.44MB/2.88
MB
Keyboard interface Unidirectional Bidirectional
CMOS
memory/clock
None standard
MC146818-
compatible
Serial-port UART 8250B
16450/16550A or
greater
9. Mr. V.Veeranan, M.Sc. Computer Science, Dip. in Yoga
Pentium
Core i3 processors offer a great mix of price and performance. They aren't the best
for heavy multi-tasking or more challenging tasks such as editing videos, but they
offer a noticeable step up from Pentium processors without you having to spend
too much more; you'll find them in laptops from about £350 and up.
Core i5 processors are a great choice if you want a computer that can
perform lots of tasks at once, and perhaps even delve into photo and video editing
work.
They don't cost as much as i7 processors but they offer performance that
isn't too far off. It's the specification we recommend to most people, and you can
grab one in a laptop for about £500.
10. Pentium
Core i7 is a step up from i5, with a bit of extra performance to make
those tough tasks that bit quicker. You often pay a premium for this, and if you
have no specific need for speed then you may well not need or want to pay the
extra.
Core i9 chips are reserved for specialist computers working on extremely
challenging tasks, usually editing large videos.
These would be overkill for most people, although if you do get the
chance to use one you'll surely notice the scintillating speed.
Mr. V.Veeranan, M.Sc. Computer Science, Dip. in Yoga
