This document provides an overview of database systems and concepts. It discusses database management systems (DBMS), relational database management systems (RDBMS), database architecture including one-tier, two-tier and three-tier architectures, database schemas, data modeling, data dictionaries, and different types of data models including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented models. The document is serving as a textbook for an advanced database systems course, covering fundamental database topics in the first unit.

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1. DATABASE SYSTEM INTRODUCTION
a. Databases are inter-related data structures used for efficient retrieval, inserting,
and deletion. They organize data in tables, schemas, views, and reports.
Normalization, a schema design technique, modifies existing schemas to
minimize redundancy and dependency by splitting large tables into smaller
ones.
b. Databases like MySQL and Oracle enable easy creation, retrieval, inserting,
updating, and deleting of information, providing protection, security, and data
consistency for multiple users.
c. For Example: University database organizes student, course, and grade information
in five files.
The STUDENT file stores data of each student
The COURSE file stores contain data on each course
The SECTION stores the information about sections in a particular course
The GRADE file stores the grades which students receive in the various sections
d. A database is a collection of electronic records for processing and organizing
information, enabling access, modification, management, control, and
querying operations.
e. The management responsibilities for DBMS encompass:
i. Information within the databases
ii. The processes applied to databases such as access and modification
iii. The database’s logic structure
f. Database Management Systems (DBMS) are used to access, modify, store, and
retrieve data from databases, including DDL, DML, DAL, and DCL. They support
multiple users and ensure data integrity.
Keywords: MySQL, Oracle, DBMS, DDL, DML, DAL, DCL
2. OVERVIEW OF DBMS
a. A Database Management System (DBMS) is software used to store, retrieve,
define, and manage data in a database. It serves as an interface between the end
user and the database, managing data, engine, and schema.
b. DBMS features include user-accessible metadata, data abstraction, security,
logging, auditing, concurrency, transaction authorization, and remote access
support.
c. The logical view of DBMS schema is shown in the following figure:

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d. DBMS is a software application for accessing, creating, and managing databases,
enabling easy data creation, retrieval, and updating, and serving as an interface
for end-users.
e. The DBMS system is shown in the following figure:
f. Database Management Systems also aims to facilitate a variety of administrative
operations such as tuning, performance monitoring and backup recovery.
g. Database Management Systems allows users to do the following:
i. Define Data – Allows the users to create, modify and delete the
organization of the database
ii. Update Data – Provides access to the users to insert, modify and delete
data from the database
iii. Retrieve Data – Allows the users to retrieve data from the database
based on the requirement
iv. Administration of users – Registers the users and monitors their action,
enforces data security, maintains data integrity, monitors performance
and deals with concurrency control
h. Characteristics of Database Management System
i. Popular DBMS Software
j. Application of DBMS
i. Banking
ii. Airlines
iii. Universities
iv. Telecommunication
v. Finance
vi. Sales

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vii. Manufacturing
viii. HR Management
k. Types of DBMS
i. Hierarchical database
ii. Network database
iii. Relational database
iv. Object-Oriented database
l. Advantages of DBMS
i. Controls database redundancy
ii. Data sharing
iii. Easily Maintenance
iv. Reduce time
v. Backup
vi. Multiple user interface
m. Disadvantage of DBMS
i. Cost of Hardware and Software
ii. Size
iii. Complexity
iv. Higher impact of failure
3. OVERVIEW OF RDBMS
a. Features of RDBMS Systems
i. Structure
ii. User capacity
iii. Software/Hardware requirements
iv. Programs managed
v. Data capacity
vi. Distributed databases
vii. ACID implementation
b. Challenges and Benefits of Relational Databases
i. Manageability
ii. Flexibility

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iii. Avoid Errors
iv. Scalability
v. Performance
vi. Relationships
c. Difference between a Database and a Relational Database
4. DATA INDEPENDENCE
a. Importance of Data Independence
b. Levels of Database
i. Physical/Internal
ii. Conceptual
iii. External
c. Two types of data independence
i. Logical Data Independence
ii. Physical Data Independence
iii.
d. Difference between Physical and Logical Data Independence
5. DATABASE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
a. Types of DBMS Architecture
i. One Tier Architecture (Single Tier Architecture)
1. Advantages
a. Simple Architecture
b. Cost-Effective
c. Easy to Implement
ii. Two Tier Architecture
1. Advantages of 2-Tier Architecture
a. Easy to Access
b. Scalable
c. Low Cost
d. Easy Deployment
e. Simple
iii. Three Tier Architecture
1. A 3-tier architecture has the following layers:
a. Presentation layer (your PC, Tablet, Mobile, etc.)
b. Application layer (server)
c. Database Server

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2. The goal of Three Tier client-server architecture is:
3. Advantages of 3-Tier Architecture
a. Enhanced scalability
b. Data Integrity
c. Security
4. Disadvantages of 3-Tier Architecture
a. More Complex
b. Difficult to Interact
6. THREE LEVEL SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE
a. Objectives of Three schema Architecture
i. Internal Level
ii. Conceptual or Logical Level
iii. External or View level
b. Advantages Database Schema
c. Disadvantages Database Schema
7. MAPPING BETWEEN VIEWS
a. Two types of mapping in the database architecture:
i. Conceptual/ Internal Mapping
ii. External / Conceptual Mapping
8. CARDINALITY IN DBMS (MAPPING CONSTRAINTS)
a. four types of Cardinality Mapping in Database Management Systems:
i. One to one
ii. Many to one
iii. One to many
iv. Many to many
9. DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
a. Responsibilities of DBA
b. Skills required for DBA
c. Types of Database Administrator (DBA)
i. Administrative DBA
ii. Data Warehouse DBA
iii. Cloud DBA
iv. Development DBA
v. Application DBA
vi. Architect
vii. OLAP DBA
viii. Data Modeler

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ix. Task-Oriented DBA
x. Database Analyst
10.DATA DICTIONARY
a. Why Use a Data Dictionary?
b. Types of Data Dictionary
i. Active Data Dictionary
1. System Catalog
2. Information Schema
ii. Passive Data Dictionary
c. Elements of Data Dictionary
i. Data dictionary has 2 essential elements:
1. List of tables (or entities)
2. List of columns (or fields, or attributes)
d. Extended data dictionary
e. Functions of Data Dictionary
i. Data Dictionary in database systems (DBMS)
ii. Data modeling
iii. Documentation
f. Forms of Data Dictionary
i. DBMS data dictionary
ii. Document
1. Manual document
2. Static exported document
iii. Metadata repository
iv.
11.DATA MODELS
a. Why use Data Models?
i. A data model comprises of three components
1. A structural part
2. A manipulative part
3. Set of integrity rules

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b. Types of Data Models
i. Physical Data Model
1. Characteristics of a physical data model
2. Best Practices
3. Practice Activities
4. Steps for Creating Physical Data Model
a. Convert entities into tables
b. Convert relationships into foreign keys
c. Convert attributes into columns
d. Modify the physical data model based on physical
constraints / requirements
ii. Record-Based Data Model
1. It is classified into three types:
a. Hierarchical data model
i. Characteristics of Hierarchical Model
1. One-to-many relationships
2. Parent-Child Relationship
3. Deletion Issue
4. Pointers
ii. The Advantages of the Hierarchical Model
iii. The Disadvantages of the Hierarchical Model
b. Network data model
i. Characteristics of Network Model
1. Ability to Merge More Relationships
2. Many routes
3. Circular Link List
ii. Network Model Advantages
iii. Network Model's Disadvantages
c. Relational data model
i. Characteristics of Relational Model
1. Tuples

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2. Field or attribute
ii. Advantages of Relational Model
1. Basic
2. Simple model
3. Scalable
4. Flexible
5. Secure
6. Data Accuracy
7. Data Integrity
8. Operations can be Applied Easily
9. Structural Independence
iii. Disadvantages of Relational Model
1. Hardware Overheads
2. Poor Design
2.
iii. Object-Oriented Data Model
c. Characteristics of a physical data model
d. Record Based Data Model
12.OTHER MODELS
a. Entity-Relationship (ER) Data Model
i. components make up the ER Diagram
1. Entities Examples: Students, Teachers, Courses, Buildings,
Departments, etc
2. Attributes Example: An entity student owns the property student
id and age, and so forth.
3. Relationship Example: Teacher and Department. Teacher entity
attributes are Teacher_Id, Teacher_Name, Teacher_Mobile,
Teacher_Age and Teacher_Salary.
ii. Characteristics of the ER Model
iii. The Advantages of the ER Model
1. Easy
2. Effective Communication Tools

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3. Conversion to Any Model
iv. Disadvantages of the ER Model
1. There is no industry standard in notation
2. Hidden Information
b. Object-Oriented Data Model
i. Need of Object Oriented Data Model
1. Objects
2. Attribute
3. Methods
4. Class
5. Inheritance
ii. Advantages of Object Oriented Data Model
iii. Disadvantages of Object Oriented Data Model
c. Object based Data Model
i. History of Object based Data Model
ii. Advantages of Object based Data model
1. Inheritance
2. Complex Data Types
3. Extensibility
iii. Disadvantages of Object based Data model