The document discusses species and speciation. It defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, but are reproductively isolated from other species. It notes that new species usually develop through either geographical (allopatric) or reproductive (sympatric) isolation. Allopatric speciation occurs when a physical barrier divides a population, causing them to evolve separately. Sympatric speciation can happen within the same area through genetic mutations that lead to reproductive incompatibility.

1. Species and Speciation
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2. Species:
• A group of organisms, with similar
morphological , physiological , biochemical
and behavioural features, which can
interbreed to produce fertile offspring ,
and are reproductively isolated from other
species
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3. ALBIO9700/2006JK

4. Classification
• Taxonomy – the study of the classification of
organisms
• Homologous features – shared features
between different organisms
• Binomial – two-word Latin name for every
species
• Phylogeny – the evolutionary history of living
organisms
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5. Classification (cont)
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6. New species usually develop due to:
• geographical isolation (allopatric
speciation )
• reproductive isolation (sympatric
speciation )
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7. Allopatric speciation
Start with an interbreeding
population of one species.
The population becomes divided by a
physical barrier such as water,
mountains, desert, or just a large
distance. This can happen when some of
the population migrates or is dispersed,
or when the geography changes
catastrophically (e.g. earthquakes,
volcanoes, floods) or gradually (erosion,
continental drift). ALBIO9700/2006JK

8. If the two environments (abiotic or biotic) are
different (and they almost certainly will be),
then the two populations will experience
different selection pressures and will evolve
separately. Even if the environments are
similar, the populations may change by
random genetic drift, especially if the
population is small.
Even if the barrier is removed and the two
populations meet again, they are now so
different that they can no longer interbreed.
They are therefore reproductively isolated
and are two distinct species. They may both
be different from the original species ,
if it still exists elsewhere.
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9. Sympatric speciation
• Genetic isolation
• Formation of a new species can take place in the same
geographical area , e.g. mutations may result in
reproductive incompatibility
• A new gene producing, say, a hormone, may lead an
animal to be rejected from the mainstream group, but
breeding may be possible within its own groups of
variants
• When this mechanism results in the production of a new
species it is known as sympatric speciation
• Polyploidy, autopolyploid, allopolyploids? ALBIO9700/2006JK

10. Sympatric speciation
• Genetic isolation
• Formation of a new species can take place in the same
geographical area , e.g. mutations may result in
reproductive incompatibility
• A new gene producing, say, a hormone, may lead an
animal to be rejected from the mainstream group, but
breeding may be possible within its own groups of
variants
• When this mechanism results in the production of a new
species it is known as sympatric speciation
• Polyploidy, autopolyploid, allopolyploids? ALBIO9700/2006JK