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This document discusses three types of speciation: allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Allopatric speciation occurs when geographic barriers lead to reproductive isolation. Parapatric speciation takes place when subpopulations within a species become isolated. Sympatric speciation can happen in the absence of geographic isolation through the exploitation of new ecological niches. Examples of each type of speciation in various animal species are provided.
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Biology 16 3 the process of speciation[1]
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Speciation 2013
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Continental drift - Zewail City
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Lecture 10 macroevolution and systematics
1. The document discusses macroevolution and systematics, including definitions of microevolution, macroevolution, and species. It also covers speciation, the formation of new species, which can occur through allopatric, parapatric, or sympatric mechanisms.
2. Speciation is a two-step process involving first reproductive isolation between populations followed by genetic divergence to the point where interbreeding is no longer possible. Speciation can result in anagenesis, the evolution of one species into another over time, or cladogenesis, where one species forms two or more new species.
3. Rates of speciation depend on the number of unfilled niches, and adaptive radiation is when a small
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Speciation is the evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated biological populations evolve to become distinct species.There are few mechanisms through which this process can be well understood.
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Continental drift theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence like matching fossil and rock formations across continents, but his theory was rejected due to lacking an explanation for how the continents moved. Later studies of the seafloor using sonar revealed mid-ocean ridges where new crust was formed, explaining continental drift through the process of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Earthquake data showed seismic activity occurs at plate boundaries, confirming the Earth's surface is composed of shifting tectonic plates.
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This ppt is about 3 theories of plate tectonics: Continental drift, seafloor spreading and theory of plate tectonics
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The document discusses species and speciation. It defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, but are reproductively isolated from other species. It notes that new species usually develop through either geographical (allopatric) or reproductive (sympatric) isolation. Allopatric speciation occurs when a physical barrier divides a population, causing them to evolve separately. Sympatric speciation can happen within the same area through genetic mutations that lead to reproductive incompatibility.
Continental Fit
Albert Wegner proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Evidence for this includes how the coastlines of South America and Africa fit together, and that South America, Africa, and Asia were once a single landmass. Additionally, Australia was once attached to Antarctica, and North America was once connected to Europe, while India broke off from Africa and collided with Asia. The strongest evidence is how the continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces on a world map.
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1) Earth's lithosphere is made up of tectonic plates that rest on the mantle and slowly move, dragging the plates along the surface.
2) There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where plates collide, and transform where plates slide past each other horizontally.
3) Evidence like matching rock formations and fossils found on separated continents support Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift that all land was once part of a single supercontinent called Pangea that has drifted apart over time.
Continental drift theory and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift theory and seafloor spreading. Continental drift theory states that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations, as well as coal deposits. Seafloor spreading theory developed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposes that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as the continents separate. Evidence includes the age of ocean rocks decreasing with distance from ridges and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
E.coli as model organism and its life cycle.
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Individuals with a genotype for long tongues may have increased fitness due to their ability to reach insects in deeper holes. This trait could be a result of evolution by.
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- 1. Evolution and Gene FrequenciesParapatric, and Allopatric, Sympatric Speciation By: Levi Webster and Ally Whitacre Zoo 1 2007-2008
- 2. Speciation Definition Reproductive Isolation Gene Pool
- 3. Allopatric Speciation Geographic isolation •Barriers •Distance Tyle r
- 4. Allopatric Example Spider Stowaways Tetragnatha viridorufa http://www.southindianspiders.com/south-indian-spiders3.htm
- 5. Parapatric Speciation Demes- subpopulations
- 6. Parapatric Example Wolves in Montana http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/mapcom/mt_mapscom.htm http://www.hoothollow.com/Trip%20Report%20-%20Animals%20of%20Montana%20Jan%202006.html
- 7. Sympatric Speciation Nolarge scale Niche Northern Ghost Bat Diclidurus albus / http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/crofot
- 9. Question 1 Throughout a large coral reef system lives a population of clown fish. Some prefer to live in a more elevated section of the reef, while the others prefer a more secluded region. This could result in what type of speciation? A. Allopatric B. Parapatric C. Sympatric
- 10. Question 2 Millions of years ago, a major geographical event occured that resulted in worldwide speciation. What was the event and what was the primary type of speciation that resulted? Continental drift; Allopatric
- 11. Question 3 A species of tortoise lives on a grassy plain. They are herbivores and enjoy grasses and leaves. One group of this species, over time, develops a longer neck to eat leaves easier. What type of speciation is this? A. Allopatric B. Sympatric C. Parapatric
- 12. References Sympatric Speciation, Accessed on Oct. 10, 2007 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VC1eSymp Allopatric Speciation: The Great Divide, Accessed on Oct. 9, 2007 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VC1b Allopatric.shtml Parapatric Speciation, Accessed on Oct. 9, 2007 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VC1d Parapatric.shtml