Cytotaxonomy, And it's Procedure with special reference to evolution in primates. This PPT is free for all.. Students can download it easily It comprises of Cytotaxonomy, It's Procedure And it's Significance with special reference to evolution in primates (Man and Chimpanzee). For my Doc's, Material on Zoology.. Click on my website and download all Material easily.. Regards: Ishtiyaq Mir MSc Zoology Kashmir,193201. My specialization is on Biodiversity and Conservation, It's Management Ecology and Environment Invertebrates Diversity

1. PG DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
Cytotaxonomy ; History And Importance
Seminar Presentation
By
Ishtiyaq Mir
Under The Supervision of
Prof. Farooq Ahmad
Asst. Prof. GDC Sopore

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION
 HISTORY
 IMPORTANCE OF CYTOTAXONOMY
 PROCEDURE (KARYOTYPING)
 CHROMOSOME NUMBER
 CHROMOSOME SHAPE
 CHROMOSOME BANDING
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

3. Introduction to Cytotaxonomy
 Cytotaxonomy is a branch of taxonomy that uses
the characteristics of cellular structures (especially
chromosomes) to classify organisms.
 In Cytotaxonomy, the chromosomal configuration
is widely used parameter to study relationships
between organisms.
 The Number, Structure and Behaviour of
Chromosomes is of great value in taxonomy.With
the Chromosome Number being the widely used
factor followed by Chromosome Structure
(Position of Centromere).

4. Definition and History
Cytotaxonomy is the branch of taxonomy dealing with the
classification of organisms using comparative study of
chromosomes during cell division(Metaphase Chromosomes)
in the elucidation of taxonomical problems.
The species relationships is based on the assumption that
closely related species share similar chromosomal setup
(karyotype)
Taxonomy in relation with cytology has contributed to track the
evolutionary history of many organisms especially Pisces
,Primates etc.
It has got its own uniqueness that it can notice the minute
changes between the organisms at genetic level thereby forms
the backbone of Modern Taxonomy.

5. Importance Of Cytotaxonomy
1. The role of Cytotaxonomy is very important in
taxonomic studies in order to resolve the problems faced
by Modern Taxonomists.
2. Chromosomes have been recognized as taxonomic
characters for a very long time but, as indicated by
Jackson (1984), a large percentage of cytological
investigations have unfortunately failed to provide
taxonomists with as much useful information as they
could have, even after hard efforts.
3. It forms a base for Modern Taxonomy because till now
Taxonomists used to classify on the basis of
Morphological, Physiological Characters.
4. Cytotaxonomy is more significant over physiological
taxonomy because with this method minute variation

6. CHROMOSOME NUMBER
All Individuals within a species possess the same
chromosome number (all humans have 23 pairs of
chromosomes around the whole world).
Variation in chromosome number is a taxonomic tool.
It helps in the saperation of organisms at the species level on
the basis of number of chromosomes.
It helps in resolving controversies between the origin,
evolution of different species.
A well known Example of 5 Species of Schizothorax by
studying their Karyotype.
Procedure: Karyotype Study;

7. Cytotaxonomic status of Schizothoracine fishes of
Kashmir Himalaya (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
October 2011Caryologia -Firenze- 64(4)
Karyotypic study of five Schizothorax species viz. S. niger,
S. esocinus, S. labiatus, S. plagiostomus and S. curvifrons,
belonging to subfamily Schizothoracinae, obtained from
Dal lake and River Jhelum, Kashmir was carried out
following the method of Thorgaard and Disney (1990).
In S. labiatus , 2n = 98
In S niger , 2n = 98
In S esocinus , 2n = 98
In S. plagiostomus , 2n = 96
In S. curvifrons , 2n = 94

8. Chromosome Shape
On The Basis of position of Centromere
Metacentric:- centromere central in position ( p and q arms equal in length).
Eg.12 pairs in S.niger, 15 pairs in S. esocinus,12 pairs in S. plagiostomus,
12 pairs in S .labiatus, 13 pairs in S.curvifrons.
Sub-metacentric:- one chromosome arm slightly shorter than other
Eg.16 pairs in S.niger, 11 pairs in S. esocinus, 09 pairs in S. plagiostomus,
10 pairs in S.labiatus, 10 pairs in S.curvifrons.
Acrocentricic:- one arm very long and another very short.
Eg.5 pairs in man.
Telocentric:- centromere terminal in position showing only one arm.
Eg. 10 pairs in S.niger, 18 pairs in S. esocinus, 27 pairs in S. plagiostomus,
26 pairs in S .labiatus,14 pairs in S.curvifrons.
Sub-telocentric:- Centromere is closest to end.
Eg.11 pairs in S.niger, 05 pairs in S. esocinus, 01 pair only in P. labiatus,
10 pairs in S.curvifrons.

9. Chromosomes Types

10. Karyotype OF S.niger And S.curvifron

11. CHROMOSOMES BANDING AND PHYLOGENY
• Chromosome Banding refers to alternate dark and
light regions along the length of chromosome,
produced after staining with a dye(G-banding, R-
banding etc).
• G banding-(staining with giemsa) dark bands AT rich & light
bands GC rich.
• R banding- -(staining with giemsa) dark bands GC rich &
light bands AT rich.
• Q banding- -(staining with quinacrine) dark bands AT
rich & light bands GC rich.
• C banding- -(staining with giemsa) dark bands contain
constitutive heterochromatin.

12. Chromosome Evolution in Primates
(Apes And Man)
A.D Stock, Dr. K. Miller, Wienberg compared the
banded chromosomes of these two species and
concluded:
o Chromosome 2 in H. sapiens is long and sub-
metacentric but is comparable with two acrocentric
chromosomes in P. troglodytes.
o When these two chromosomes of Pan are fused together
near the centromere of one chromosome and telomere of
another chromosome, a chromosome similar to H.
sapiens chromosome 2 is produced
o Thus shows that H. sapiens have been evolved from

13. References/Bibliography
 Principles of Genetics by Gardener et-al., John Wiley.
 Principles and Techniques of Contemporary Taxonomy by
DONALD L.J. QUICKE.
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224777632_Cytot
axonomic_status_of_Schizothoracine_fishes_of_Kashmir_
Hima-_laya_Teleostei_Cyprinidae
 Ganai et al. (2011) ,Ganai et al. (2011), Prof.Farooq Ahmad,
sopore college.
 Cytotaxonomic status of Schizothoracine fishes of Kashmir
Hima- laya (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) INTRODU...