1) Hacksaws are hand cutting tools used for sawing various materials. The blades come in different teeth sizes suited for different material thicknesses, with 18 teeth per inch recommended for general use. 2) Files are another type of hand cutting tool made of high carbon steel with parallel chisel cuts that form teeth. There are different types of file teeth and shapes suited to different materials. 3) Proper techniques for using hacksaws and files include securing the workpiece, applying pressure only on the forward stroke, keeping the tools clean, and using proper body positioning for control and safety.

1. HAND-TYPE CUTTING TOOLS

7. FOUR TYPES OF FILE TEETH Single Cut Double Cut Rasp Cut Curved Tooth

9. CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEWS OF MACHINISTS’ FILES Flat File Round File Half Round File 3 Square File Crossing File Knife Edge File

13. CROSS-FILING Correct way to hold a File

14. DRAW-FILING

15. FILING ROUND SURFACES

16. Filing