Hand tools can be divided into noncutting tools like vises, hammers, and wrenches, and cutting tools like hacksaws and files. A bench vise is used to securely hold work for sawing, filing, drilling, and tapping. Hammers come in different sizes and types for various tasks. Wrenches like open-end, box-end, and combination are used to tighten and loosen nuts and bolts. Pliers are used for gripping and holding small parts. Proper tool selection and technique are important for safe and effective work.

1. Hand Tools and Bench Work

2. HOLDING, STRIKING, and ASSEMBLIG TOOLS Hand tools may be divided into two classes: 1. Noncutting Tools Vises, hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches and pliers 2. Cutting Tools Hacksaw, files, scrapers, hand taps and reamers

3. BENCH VISE Used to hold small work securely for sawing, chipping, filing, polishing, drilling, and tapping operations. Handle Swivel lock Hardened steel jaw

4. CLAMPS C-clamps are more portable and versatile than vises, but do not hold the complete work stationary.

5. HAMMERS

6. HAMMERS Ball-peen hammer Ball-peen hammers are made in variety of sizes, with head masses ranging from 2 ounces to 3 pounds . The small sizes are for layout work and larger sizes for general work. Peen Face Handle

7. HAMMERS Soft-faced hammers Soft-faced hammers are made of plastic, rawhide, copper, or lead. They are used in assembling or dismantling parts so that finished surface of work will not be damaged.

8. HAMMERS When using a hammer, always grasp it at the end of the handle to provide balance and striking force . Wrong Correct

9. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Make sure the handle is solid and not cracked. See that the head is tight on the handle. Never use hammer with greasy handle. Never strike two hammer faces together.

10. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Little care goes a long way

11. SCREWDRIVERS

12. SCREWDRIVERS The two most common types of screwdrivers used in machine shop are the standard or flat blade and the Phillips screwdrivers . These screwdrivers are manufactured in four sizes: #1, #2, #3, and #4, to suit the various-sized recesses in the heads of fasteners.

13. SCREWDRIVERS Handle Shank Bit

14. SCREWDRIVERS

15. TYPES OF SCREWS DRIVERS

16. SCREWDRIVERS Be sure that the screwdriver fits the screw slot. Correct Fit Poor Fit

17. CARE OF A SCREWDRIVER Choose the correct size of screwdriver for the job. Do not use screwdriver as a pry, chisel, or wedge. When the tip of a standard screwdriver becomes worn or broken, it should be redressed to shape.

18. READING FROM EITHER SIDE A wrong tool is being used

19. WRENCHES

20. WRENCHES Open-end wrenches May be single-ended or double-ended. The opening of these wrenches are usually offset at a 15° angle to permit turning or bolt head in limited spaces.

21. Correct Fit of a Wrench on the Nut Be sure that the wrench fits the nut or bolt head . Good fit Bad fit

22. Correct Fit of a Wrench on the Nut Loosen nuts on crowded places by “Flopping” the wrench.

23. WRENCHES Box-end wrenches The box-end wrenches have a precisely cut notches around the inside face, which fit closely over the points on the outside of the nut. These type of wrench cannot slip when correct size is used.

24. Box-end Wrench 12 - point 6 - point

25. WRENCHES Combination Wrench Consists of a box wrench on one end and an open-end wrench on the other.

26. WRENCHES Socket wrenches Similar to box wrenches in that they are usually made with 12 points and surround the nut.

27. SOCKETS Modern Type 12 – point socket Early Type 6 – point socket

28. WRENCHES Socket Wrench and Handles Sliding handle Extension Socket Ratchet handle Speed handle Universal joint

29. WRENCHES Torque Wrench Measures resistance to turning called torque. Torque is a twist measured in pounds-foot (Newton-meter).

30. WRENCHES Adjustable wrench May be adjusted within a certain range to fit several sizes of nut or bolt head. This particular wrench is particularly useful for odd size nuts or when another wrench of proper size is not available. Adjustable Jaw Adjusting Screw

31. Correct Use of Adjustable Wrench Adjustable wrench are not intended for hard service – treat them gently (Tightening Shown) Wrong way Right way

32. Correct Use of Adjustable Wrench Tighten the Adjustable Wrench on the nut. Don’t pull the adjustable wrench until it has been tighten on the nut.

33. WRENCHES Allen set screw wrenches Are hexagonal and fit into the recesses of socket head setscrews.

34. WRENCHES Face Pin spanner wrenches Specialized wrenches generally supplied by the machine tool manufacturer for use on specific machines.

35. HINTS ON USING WRENCHES Select a wrench which fits the nut or bolt. Whenever possible, pull rather than push on a wrench. Use a wrench in the same plane as the nut or bolt head. When tightening or loosening a nut, give it a sharp quick jerk, which is more effective than a steady pull. Put a drop of oil on the thread when assembling a bolt and nut to ensure easier removal later.

36. PLIERS

37. PLIERS Pliers are used for gripping and holding small parts for certain machining operations.

38. PLIERS Combination or slip-joint pliers Adjustable, used to grip both large and small work pieces.

39. PLIERS Side-cutting pliers Used mainly for cutting, gripping, and bending of small diameter rods or wires.

40. PLIERS Needle-nose pliers Used for holding small parts, for positioning them in hard-to-get-at places, and for bending or forming wire.

41. PLIERS Diagonal cutters Used solely for cutting wire and small pieces of soft metal.

42. PLIERS Vise-grip pliers Provide extremely high gripping power because of the adjustable lever action.

43. HINTS ON USING PLIERS Never use pliers instead of wrench. Never attempt to cut large-diameter or heat-treated material with pliers. Always keep pliers clean and lubricated.