1) Hand tools are powered manually rather than by engines and include tools like files, hacksaws, hammers, wrenches, and various measuring tools. 2) Different types of files are used for various shaping tasks and include flat, half-round, round, and square files. Proper technique and care of files is important. 3) Hacksaws are used for cutting metal and consist of a frame and blade. Correct tensioning and technique such as avoiding rapid strokes are necessary for safe and effective use.

1. Hand tools and operation
Tribhuvan University
Institute of Engineering (IOE)
Himalaya College of Engineering
Man without Tools is nothing; with tools he is all.
Prepared By: Er. Amrit Tiwari
Lecturer
Himalaya College of Engineering

2. Hand tools
Efficiency of any hand processes is low and the outcome
quality depends highly upon the skill of individuals.
Advantages :
Less Dangerous
Flexibility
Always Work
Final Assembly
• One which is powered by hand (manual
labor) rather than by an engine.

3. Different types of hand tools
Vice
 holding the work piece where most hand processes to
be carried out.
 Body made up of cast iron and jaws are made up of
hardened tool steel
Care of Vices
a) Do not direct impact the vice body by the hammer.
b) Light hammering can be done on and only on the anvil
of the vice.
c) To avoid over clamping, the handle of the vice should
be tightened by hand only

4. Files
• for the removal of materials
• made of hardened high carbon
steel
Hand File Half round File
Round File Square File Three square File
Flat File

5. 1. Hand File - The common file used for roughing and finishing. It is a
rectangular in section and parallel in width. It has double cut teeth on
two faces, single cut teeth on one edge, and one save edge.
2. Flat File - It is similar to a hand file rectangular in section, tapered slightly
in width and thickness towards the tip. It has Double Cut teeth on two faces
and Single Cut teeth on two sides.
3. Half-round File - The section is a chord of a circle with its taper towards
the tip. It is used for forming radii, grooves, etc. and the flat side is used for
finishing flat surfaces.

6. 4. Round File - This is of round section tapering toward the end. It is used for
enlarging holes, producing internal round corners. Usually double cut in the
larger sizes, and single cut for the smaller sizes.
5. Square File - This is square in section, with tapered towards the tip, and
usually double cut on all four faces. It is used for filing rectangular slots or
grooves.
6. Three Square File - It is also known as triangular file. This is a triangular in
section, with tapered towards the tip with double cut on both faces. It is used
for filing corners or angles less than 90°

7. • Needle Files -
Needle files are a set of small files with their shapes made in a way similar
to the large ones. They are generally used for small and delicate works such
as the repair of small instruments.

8. • Grade -pitch (spacing) of the teeth
Rough- 8 teeth per cm
Middle or coarse-10 teeth per cm
Bastard cut – 12 teeth per cm
Second cut – 16 teeth per cm
Smooth cut – 20 to 24 teeth per cm
Dead smooth cut- 40 or more teeth per cm
• Cut Pattern
 Single Cut
 Double Cut
File Card
• File card= Removal of pinning

9. Precautions in filing
 Files teeth are brittle and therefore file should be placed properly and
should not be stacked on other tools.
 New files should never be used on hard materials.
 Remove the pinning regularly by a file card/wire brush.
 It is very danger to use files without handles.
 Filing process
• Cross filing
• Draw filing

10. Hacksaw
• cutting a metal into pieces
• consists of a frame and a saw blade
• frame may be of fixed type or adjustable type
• a wing nut to adjust the tension of the blade
• Saw blade made of high carbon steel, alloy steel or High Speed Steel

11. Precautions in Sawing
• The cutting action is carried on the forward action only. So the blade
must be mounted with its teeth pointing forward.
• Suitable tension should be applied on the blade to avoid breakage or
loosen.
• Change the blade if some teeth are broken.
• Avoid rapid and erratic strokes of cut.
• Avoid too much pressure.
• Work piece must be hold firmly.

12. Marking Out Tools
Punch
Scriber
Engineer's Square
Spring Dividers

13. Threading Tools- Taps and Dies
• Used to create screw threads
• Tap- Create internal thread in hole part(e.g.Nut)
• Die- Create external thread in shaft part (e.g. Bolt)
Tap Die

14. Precautions in Threading
• The size of the hole is important and the correct drill size should be
determined from the handbook, standard table in the workshop or the
recommendation on the shank of the tap.
• Ensure that the die is set perpendicular to the rod.
• Always use the correct size of wrench for the tap in use.
• Lubricant oil should be used.
• Use both hands to hold the wrench to maintain even torque.
• About every half turn reverse action slightly to break the swarf and
clear the threads.

15. Hammer
• Basic tool of many professions.
• Consists of a handle and a head, with most of the weight in the head.
• Different types of hammers used in different profession
Claw Hammer Straight peen Hammer

16. Sledge Hammer
Ball peen Hammer Mallet Hammer
Pliers and cutters
• Used for bending and compression
• Handling hot metals
• Cutting electrical communication

17. Wrenches
• Used to provide grip and mechanical advantage
in applying torque to turn objects
Rivets
• a metal pin for passing through holes
in two or more plates or pieces to hold them together
• permanent mechanical fastener

18. Measuring tools
Vernier Height Gauge
Micrometer
Vernier Calipers
Outside Calipers
Inside Calipers
Dial Indicator
Combination Set

19. Least Count
The least count of an instrument is the smallest measurement that can be taken.
Least count is difference between the value of main scale and vernier scale.
i.e. L.C. = value of smallest division on main scale- value of smallest division on vernier scale.
Or L.C.= value of smallest division on main scale/ total no. of division in vernier scale
Reading= Value in Main Scale+ vernier scale coinciding with main scale * L.C.