This document provides an overview of C-13 NMR spectroscopy. It discusses the history and principle of NMR spectroscopy, focusing on C-13. Key points include: C-13 has a nuclear spin of 1/2, allowing it to be detected by NMR, unlike C-12. The chemical shift range for C-13 is much broader than for proton NMR, from 0-220 ppm. The number of C-13 signals indicates the number of non-equivalent carbon types in a molecule. C-13 coupling is observed with directly bonded protons and other nearby nuclei. Applications of C-13 NMR include structure elucidation of organic and biochemical compounds.

1. C-13 NMR
SPECTROSCOPY
By-
Manish Sahu
M.Sc. Chemistry (Final)
Sp.- Physical Chemistry

2. C-13 NMR SPECTROSCOPY
 CONTENS
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 PRINCIPLE
 C-13NMR
 WHY C-13 NMR REQUIRED
 CHEMICAL SHIFT
 NUMBER OF SIGNAL
 SPIN SPIN SPLITTING OF C-13 NMR
 FACTOR AFFECTING C-13 NMR
 APPLICATION
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
 Nuclear magnetic resonance Spectroscopy is a
powerful analytical technique used to charecterise
organic molecule by identifying Carbon-Hydrogen
frameworks with in molecule.
 Two types of NMR Spectroscopy are used to
charecterise organic structure :-
 H-1 NMR :-To determine the type and number of H
atoms in a molecule.
 C-13 NMR:- Used to determine type of carbon atoms in
the molecule.

4. HISTORY
 NMR was first described
and measured in molecular
ISIDOR RABI in 1938 by
 extending the Stern-
Gerlach experiment
 In 1944 RABI was awarded
the Nobel Prize in Physics.
ISIDOR ISAAC RABI
RABI, Photographed in 1944

5. PRINCIPLE
 Nuclear magnetic resonance concern the magnetic
properties of certain atomic nuclei.
 It concern the atom having spin quantum number.
 C-12 nucleus is not magnetic active because ;
C-12:- Proton 6 ,Neutron 6
Nuclear spin (I)=0
C-13:- Proton 6,Neutron 7
Nuclear spin (I)=1/2
 Relatively new technique as compared to proton NMR.

6. C-13 NMR
 C-12 have no magnetic spin and produce no NMR
signal.
 C-13 have magnetic spin(I)=1/2
 C-13 account for only 1.1%of naturally occurring
carbon.
No coupling between C-13 and C.
C-13 have weak signal.
C-13 have strong coupling with H.
C-13 have weak coupling with C.

7. C-13 NMR
 C-13 has only about 1.1% natural abundance (of carbon
atoms).
 C-12 does not exhibit NMR behavior.
 As a result, C is about 400 times less sensitive than H
nucleus to the NMR phenomena.
 Chemical shift range is normally 0 to 220ppm.
 Normal C-13 Spectra are “broadband, proton
decoupled”so the peaks show as single lines.
 Number of peak indicates the number of type of
Carbon atoms.

8. WHY C-13 NMR REQUIRED
 Carbon NMR can used to determine the number of
non-equivalent carbon and no identify the types of
carbon atoms (methyl,methylene,aromatic ,carbonyl
)which may present in compound.
 C13 Signal are spread over a much wider range than
proton signal making it easier to identify and counts
individual nuclei.

9. CHEMICAL SHIFT
 In contrast to the small range of chemical shift in H-1
NMR (0-10ppm), C-13 NMR absorption
occurs over a much broader range (0-220ppm).
 The chemical shift reference standard for C- 13 is the
carbon in TMS whose chemical shift is considered top
be 0.0ppm.

11. NUMBER OF SIGNALS

12. SPIN SPIN SPLITTING OF C-13 NMR
 Homonuclear spin spin splitting:-
Because of its low nature abundance
there is a low probability of finding two C-13 atom next
to each other in a single molecule.
C-13 –C-13 Coupling negligible
 Heteronuclear spin spin splitting:-
C-13 will magnetically couple with attached
proton and adjacent proton, N+1 rule is obeyed.

13.  Splitting take place according to 2nI+1 rule
Where n=no. of nuclei
I=spin quantum number
CH3=3+1=4 quartet
CH2=2+1=3 triplet
CH=1+1=2 doublet
C=0+1=1 singlet

15. 2 – bromo butane

16. FACTOR AFFECTING OF C-13 NMR
 Electro Negative of
nearby atoms –
C bonded to O,N or
halogen absorb
downfield because
O,N,and halogen pull
electron away from
nearby C-13 atoms,
decreasing their electron
density and
“deshielding” them.

17.  Effect and chain length:-
Cl-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
Chemical shift 45 33 29 22 14
(Delta value)
Deshielding effect of Cl decreases as number
of bonds between Cl and C increases.

18.  Hybridization –
-sp3 C signal is in the range 0-90
-sp2 C signal is in range 110-220
-C=O signal is at the low-field end in the range 160-220

19. APPLICATION
 C-13 NMR has elucidated and biochemical structure.
 C-13 NMR provides information about the backbone to
molecule rather than periphery.
 C-13 nuclei are stable isotopes and hence it not danger
to radiotracer.
 And also used for quantification of drug purity to
determination of the composition of high molecular
weight synthetic polymer.

20. REFERENCES
 McCash M. Elain and Banwell N.Colen “fundamental
of molecular spectroscopy,”4th edittion,
TataMcGrawHill publishing company LTD.New
Delhi.page no-234-240.
 Chatwal R. Gurdeep and Anand K. Sham,”Intrumental
method of chemical analysis,”Himalaya publishing
house mumbai, Delhi. page no. 2.231.
 H. Kour by Spectroscopy ,12th eddi. Pragati
publication,page no. 415-424.