BA Senior Essay

1. 1
SHEMPPO ISSO
1.1. Xinaatiya Esuwa(Back Ground of Study)
Xaafoy asa gahetetha gidoyiya miishetappe issuwa gididi qonccey malaatatana gidees. Daro
doonatan xaafoy woy xaafidi oykethi haasa7ettana mala kumethi oothees. Xaafo hiillay qassi asa
nata wolli giddo gahetethaas keehi koshshiya kifile.
Xaafo hiillay hara doona hiillatappe eratethi immanaw keehi aadhdhiya hiilla. Si7ida asi woy
hayzida asi dogettanaw dandda7ees gin xaafi oykkida asi dogettanawnne balettanaw
dandda7enna. Aysi giikko xaafi oykkida asi ubba wode akeekanaw dandda7iya gisho.
“Warqqateynne boozi oykkidaba yeddenna” gees bila odi.
Warqqaten xaafettidi oykettidabay wodey laamettishininne aadhdhshin laamettanaw
dandda7enna. Xaafetti woykko attametti oykettidabay ubbas hessappe denddidayssan
ammanthiya markkanddo geetettees.
Xaafoy kiita minjjanaasinne kaalliya yeletas aathanaw maaddiya doona hiillatappe issuwa gididi
keehi koshsheyssa. Xaafo hiillay hara doona hiillata mala kawushshe gidonnashin pa gaathan
qawosa higgiyaanne ooratha qaala birshshetha shiishi oykkees.
Goofatho doonay ubba Goofa heeran de7iya asay haasa7iyaanne wolli gahetethas go7ettiya
doona qommo. Ha doonay kawoy baasoba giidi immida kochchata doonan tamaaronne tamarsso
maata go7ettidi ha77i issintho kifileppe bidi yunbberssite gaso tamaarettishenne tamarssettishe
de7ees.
Ha doonan xaafo hiilla eratetha keena xeelliyaade qaalata go7etethay issintho kifileppe bidi
wurssetha kifile detha gaso keehi koshshiyaabanne baaso gididaba. Hessadankka xaafo hiillay
timirtte wogan tamaaretas keehi koshshiyabanne go77iyaaba gididi qassi tamaaronne tamarsso
hiillatappe issuwa.
Issi kare gade pilgganchchay Maary, (2008) “Oonikka pa qofa woy kiita aathanaw maari de7iya
hanotan qaalata go7ettidi xaafanaw bessees; hessappe hara qassi daassa xaafoy koyettida
kiitanne akeeka bu7i oykkiya gisho likketetha woy suuretetha dichchees” gis. Daassi xaafiya

2. 2
wode qaalata maaran go7ettonna attikko daassas de7iya qofa issiepetethay woy kiita aaso abbiya
daburssees woy laallees.
Ta akeekan gidikko woy ta ayfen beettiya mala gidikko ha koyettida hiillanne eratethi
medhdhanayssan woy demmanaw lo77o qaada medhdhanayssan ammanettays.
Dobsene (1981:12) “Daassi xaafiya wode qaalata go7etetha akeekidinne suure waaxidi wothikko
nabbabanchchatas koyettida kiita immees” gis.
Daassi xaafiya wode qaalata go7etetha metoy ubba Goofatho doona tamaaretas kothe gidida
gisho ha pilggethay he metuwa poonnanaw giigidaba.
1.2. Metuwa Qoncciso
Nu eriya mala xaafo hiillay oyddu doona hiillatappe aadhdhi keehi koshshiya hiilla gidishin
xaafo wode medhdhettiya hara metotappe aadhdhidi pilgganchch y denddi oothana mala sugidi
beettida bertte metoti woy bertte dummatethati:
 Aadhdhida wodenne ha77i wodeba qonccisiya qaalat go7etetha metota
 Ha77i wodenne sintha wodeba qonccisiya qaalata go7etetha metota
 Qaalatas sigethanne gasetho bolla de7iya metota
 Qaalata moodetha bolla de7iya metota woy qaalata mooddi xaafo eratetha bolla de7iya
metota billanassa.
Yalew, L. (2003) Inggilizatho doonan Haysa Bayra koyro detha hosppuntho kifile tamaareta
bolla beettiya daassa xaafo wode qaala go7etetha bolla oothida pilggethan qonccisishe daasa
xaafishe qaalati wodeta qoncciseyssa akeekan (wozanan) wothanaw bessees gishe pa pilggethan
qonccisis. Gidoppe attin, ha pilggethay baaso oothidi oosettey tamaaretas daassa xaafishe qaalata
waatidi go7ettanekko oge malliyaanne beseyssappe denddidayssan qommon qonccida pilggetha
oosoppe keehidi dummattees.

3. 3
1.3. Xinaatiya Qoppoba
kumethan nu xeellishin ha xinaatiyas qoppobay daassi xaafiya wode tamaaretas de7iya metuwa
shaakkanawnne maaran qaala go7etetha bolla Galmma 2tho detha timirtte keethan tamaareta bolla
lame ehanaassa.
1.3.1. Bertte Qoppoba
Ha pilggethaas bertte qoppobay tamaaretas daassi xaafiya wode koshshiya qaalata go7etetha
bolla de7iya metuwa billanassa.
1.3.2. Sima Qoppoba
1. Tamaareti Goofatho doonan daassi xaafiya wode gakkiya metoti aybekko shaakkanaassa.
2. Tamaareti Goofatho doonan daassi xaafanappe koyro de7iya eratetha dichchna ogeta
paatta bessanassa.
3. Tamaareti dumma dumma daassata xaafiya wode wallotethan xaafana mala asttamaareti
maaddana ogeta bessanassa.
1.4. Xinaatiya Oyshota
Ha pilgganchchay kaalli de7iya baaso oyshotas zaaro immana:
1. Tamaareta daassi xaafiya wode gakkiya metoti aybee?
2. Tamaaretas daassi xaafanappe koyro de7iya eratetha waattidi dichchanee?
3. Asttamarey tamaareti daassi xaafiya wode wallotethan xaafana mala waati maaddanee?
1.5. Xinaatiya Go77a
Ha xinaatey kaalli de7iya go7ata immanayssa ammanetays.
 Tamaareti Goofatho tamaariya wode qaala go7etetha bolla de7iya metota shaakki erana
mala maaddees.
 Oona gida gina gidida kifilen Goofatho tamarssiya asttamaaretas markka maxaafe gididi
maaddana.
 Sinthappe hayssara gakettiya metota billanaw oothiya asa denddo gididi maaddana.

4. 4
1.6. Xinaatiyaas Zawa
Ha xinaatey oosettey Gaammo Goofa zoonen de7iya Zaala woradan Galmma 2tho detha timirtte
keethan uddufuntho kifilena.
Ha pilggetha oosoy daro dalgga gidida ogen oosettenna mala meto gidiyaabati wode dhayonne
miishe qanthatethi. Hessa gidiya gisho ha laythan Goofatho doona timirttey tamaareti koyettida
asa qoodan ekettanayssan zawatidosona.
1.7. Xinaatiya Metota
Ay gida pilggethas lo7otethay ayfen beettiya metotas birshshethi immeyssana. Pilggetha oosos
dhube gidiyaabatinne woy pilggetha ooso lo7otethas dhube gidiyaabatinne xunthiyaabati: hara
pilggetha markka xuufeti beettonna ato, hashettiya asata darssonna mala miishe dhayonne
pilggethaas keehi koshshiya miisheti beettenna ixo woy dhayo gidees.

5. 5
SHEMPPO NAM77A
Harata Pilggetha MarkkaXuufeta
Daro eratethan luxida asay gishe xaafo hiillay hara hiillata ubbatappe keehi koshshiya hiilla
goosoa. Ha hiillay qassi loythi koyiyabay qofay maaran shiiqana malanne wozana issinno ooso
loythi koyees. Hessa gidiya gishossa ha kaaray woykko ha shemppoy dumma dumma xaafo
hiillara daassa xaafon ayba gidakko giddo gelidi paattanaadan xuufetara kaara minthanaassa.
2.1.Xaafo Birshshethaa
Asa na7i beettiya pidale go7ettidi eratethi demmiya oge. xaafoy eratethi asa na7i koxxiyaanne
kaalliya yeletaas aathiya ogetappe issuwaa. xaafoy qofa laamerathaanne laata medhdhiya ogeta
ubbatappe koyro dethaa oykkeyssa gideyssi erettidabaa. xaafetti uttida buqurati qaalan
aadhdhishe gam77iya buquratappe sidhey baynna kaalliya yeletas aadhdhanaw dandda7iyanne
ammanthiya buqura gidees. Ha hanotay woy xaafo hiillas de7iya go77aa Goofa dere asay gishe
“eeyinne warqqatey oykkidabaa yeddenna” geyssa mala xaafettdabay ay wodekka dhayanaw
dandda7enna guussi.
Xaafoy bessa haahotethi teqqonnashin pa qofa koyida bessi gathanaw maaddiya miishe. Asi pa
qofa koyida mala xaafidi koyida bessi gathanaw amanthiyaanne ufayissiya doona hiillatappe
koyroy xaafo hiila gideyissi qoncce. Haray qassi xaafo hiillay ha7i wode dere asaa
gahetethaasinne qofa laamerettanaas haggaziya miishe. Hessappe denddidayssan, ha7i wode qofa
laamerettanaw maaddiya miishetappe keehi koshshiyayssa gididi deretethaa gallasa gallasa
gahetethaas go77iyaa miishe.
Xaafoy hara doona hiilla qommotappe dummatiya hanotay xaafos asa kahanne bollaa issipe
waaxon polettiya gittettida kaha ooso gideyssa. Xaafo hiillay kaha kanchche koyeyissa
gidonnashin bollanne kaha issippe waaxon polettees gishin, kaha kanchchey oosuwaa polanaw
dandda7enna.
Xaafo hiillay asay hachchi hachchi woy gallasan gallasan gakkiyabaa ,taarikiya meeziya ,demota
,didirxxaanne dhubeta xaafidi iripportte giigisos, pilggetha oososinne medhi xaafota xaafidi
minjjanaasinne kaalliya yeletaas aathanaas maaddiya miishe.

6. 6
Xaafoy doona koosheta entta malaataara bu7idi doona higgey kiittiya mala nu qofaa warqqate
bolla nu wothanaas maaddiyaabaa.
2.2. Xaafo Detha
“Xaafo hiillay tamaarettiya tamarssona gidonashin tamaaronanne meezetona” gis (Simiz,
1982:199-200).
Xaafo tamarssanaw koyiya asi koyrottidi oothanaw bessiyaabay ayba giikko tamaareti pantta
wozanan xaafanaw dosiyaabanne ufayettiyaaba koyida mala udidi xaafana mala kiittanaw
bessees. Kaallidi hessa qoppishe meezeta immidi xaafana mala udonne kaalo bessees.
2.3. Xaafo Buussa
Xaafo buussa geetetteyssi xaafoppe sinthe xaafo wodenne xaafoppe guye woy simmi xeelo wode
issi bolla uphidi shiishi oykkiyaaba gidonnashin ay wodekka maara naagidi wolippe
shaakettonashin woy duuxxi attonnashin yiya hanota gis (Raymese, 1983).
Ha buussay ay wodekka maara naagidi yoonna attikko woy maaran go7ettonna attikko
tamaaronne tamarsso hanota bollanne xaafo hiilla bolla gita meto ehees. Maaran xaafettibenna
guussi nabbabanawkka dandda7ettenna guussi. Hessa gidiya gisho issinba xaafanappe koyro
giigettanaw beessees. Xaafiya wode naagettanawnne xaafoppe guye maaranne suuretetha simmi
xeellanaw bessees.
2.4. Xaafo Woga
“Gooba xaafanchchati koyro kaara suure doommidappe guye pa kaara bolla zemppidi spilngge
gaason, cachcha malaatata gaasoninne qawosa gaason medhdhettanaw dandda7iya metotappe
attanaw wurssetha gaaso naagettidi maaran waaxees” (Heeji, 1988;14).
Xaafoy hara hiillatappe aadhey kaalliya yeletas woga deretetha taarikiya aysanawnne meezeta
aadhdhana malaoothiya oge gidiyayssana. Hessa gidiya gisho xaafo woga naaqidi
koshshiyaabata dogonnashin maaran waaxanaw bessees.

7. 7
2.5. QawosaMaaranXaafo Woga
Nu koyida xuufiya xaafiya wodee qaalata maaran wosoy woy qaalata maaran wothidaba gidikko
nabbabiya asa ayfenkka issipetethan waaxettidayssi gita bessi imisees. Daro wode qawosa
naagidi maaran xaafikko wode qonccisetha bolla metoy medhdhettenna (Johone, W. 1994).
Ha qofan eqqidi nu xeelliyaade, xuufey xaafettishe qawosa maaran loythidi siqettidi
xaafettiyaaba gidikko nabbabiya asa giddo gidin wode qoncciso hanota bolla meto ehanaw
dandda7enna.
2.6. Daassa Birshshetha?
“Mala lo77o daassi lo77o hanotan mixettidi maara naagidi licettidi suure siiqettidinne qofan
qashettidi qustettida qaalata shjiiqonne koshshiyaabati ubbati maara naagidi suure suuren
xaafettidayssa gidishina” (Solomon, 1991:1).
Wogay besseyssanne odeyssa mala daassi xaafiya wode qaalata mixethan, cachcha malaatata
utethaynne wode qonccisiya qaalati wogadan xaafettonna attikko he daassas kiita aathiya ogey
shirettidi birshshethi dhayfssaas dandda7ees.
2.7. Wode Qaalata Qonccisethi
Wodey qawosan besseyssi iisibay polettidi woy hanidi aadhdhida saatiya gidishin qassi hara
baggara qaalikka wodenne saate qonccisees (Michael, 1989).
Wodenne saate qonccisiya qaalata go7ettidi daassi xaafiya wode qawosa maaran qonccisanaas
dandda7ettees.

8. 8
SHEMPPO HEEDZA
XANNA7O OGENNA HIILLA
3.1. Pilggetha Medhuwa
Pilgganchchay ha xinaatiyan go7ettida pilggetha hiillay woy pilggetha medhoy walaka pilggetha
medhuwa gidishin ha pilggetha medhuwa doorida gaasoy ha tamaareta bolla daassi xaafiya wode
beettiya metuwa billanas markkanddota qaalaninne paydon shiishidi go7ettis. Ha pilggetha
medhoy qassi nam77u ogeta go7ettidi markkanddo shiishanasinne oothanaas injettiya gishossa
(Kirisweel, 2011)..
3.2. Bessinddo Dooro Ogeta
Ha xinaatey wuda wothiday Galmma nam77antho detha timirtte keethan uddufuntho kifilete
tamaareta bollana. kumethan tamaareta paydoy qassi 118. Hessatappe addeta paydoy 65 gidishin
qassi macca tamaareta paydoy 53 pilgganchchay xinaatiyan bessinddo gidanaw bessees gidi
qoppiday ha kumetha tamaaretappe 12 adde 8 macca tamaaretanne 2 Goofatho doona
asttamaareta gizonna bessinddo eko ogen oosos injjetiya bessibddo go7ettidi ekkis. Ha bessinddo
dooro oge go7ettidayssas gaasoy pilgganchchay oothana oosuwaas ha ogey injjetana gidi pa
wozanan koyida gishossa.
3.3. Markkanddo Shiisho Miisheta
Pilgganchchay pa xinaatiya tillayanawnne maaran polanaw go7ettana markkanddo shiisho
miishati qaala oyshonne, xuufe oysho gidees.
3.3.1. Qaala Oyshota
Ha ogiyan pilgganchchay daassa xaafo bolla metoy gidees giya hanota bolla gizettida oyshota
oychchidi markkanddo shiishis. Hessikka polettiday 12 adde tamaareta bolla, 8 macca
tamaaretanne nam77u Goofatho doona tamarssiya asttamaareta bollana. Ha bessinddoti
gizzonashin poxi-poxi ekon bessinddo oosos injjetana mala dooron ekettis.

9. 9
3.3.2. Xuufe Oyshota
Xuufe oyshoy giigey Goofatho doonan gididi oyshota pa garssan oykkis. Ha giigida oyshota
pooto eeshoy woy koppe oosettidi darssidappe guye bessinddos ekettida 12 addenne 8 macca
tamaaretas gujjidi 2 Goofatho doona tamarssiya asttamaaretas gishettis. Hessappe guye, wodey
enttas imettin he oyshota oothidi gizettida woden zaaridosona.
3.4. Markkanddo Paatethinne Birshshethi
Pilgganchchay xinaatiyan koshshiya markkanddota shiishishe qaalan markkando shiisho
ogetanne paydon markkanddo shiisho oge nam77ata go7ettidi koshshiya markkanddota qaala
oyshoninne xuufe oyshon shiishanaw timirtte keetha kaapotara, tamaaretaranne qofa immanaw
dandda7iya asatara lo77o gidida laggetethinne matatethi medhon gidees. Hessikka ashketethanne
siiqotetha bessiya gishossa.
Ha xinaatiya markkanddoti bessiya tamaaretappenne asatamaaretappe beettida zaaroti
paatethinne birshshethan shiiqis. Zaaranchchata zaaruwa zaran paattidi qonccisoninne kaalli
be7o, hessappe guye zaran uttida zaarotas qaalan qaalan birshshethi immis. Hessankka qaala
oyshota zaaruwa oosuwa xeelon paatti qonccisidi birshshethi immis.

10. 10
SHEMPPO OYDDA
MARKKANDDO PAATETHI, BIRSHSHETHINNE DEMOTA
Pilgganchchay nam77u markkanddo shiisho ogeta go7ettidi ha pilggetha oosuwa polis.
Hessatikka markkanddo qaalan shiisho ogenne xuufen shiisho oge gidishin nam77u bagga
zaaranachchatappe shiishis. Hessatkka Galmma uddufuntho kifile tamaaretanne he kifiliyan
tamarssiya asttamaaretappe. Ha pilggethaa oosuwaas doorettida tamaareta paydoy laatam
gidishin qassi doorettida asttamaareta paydoy nam77a gididi markkandduwa immidosona.
4.1. Markkanddo Paatethi
Zara 1 Xaafo Hiilla Disho Yuushon
p.
m
Oyshata Tamaareta Kumetha
gujeta
Ee Akkay Erettenna
Qo. % Qo. % Qo. % Qo.
1 Hintte cugan waatha oosoy hintte
xaafo hiilla dalggisanaw maaddii?
6 30 12 60 2 10 20 100
2 Neeni ubba wode xaafo hiilla
dichchanaw dafettay?
3 15 16 80 1 5 20 100
3 Xaafo hiilla dichchanaw hayssa gaso
ne tanggida tanggoy de7ii?
1 5 17 85 2 10 20 100
4 Xaafo hiilla dichchanaw
asttamaareti hinttena maadoonaa?
3 15 10 50 7 35 20 100
5 Heera metoy hintte xaafo hiilla
dichcha bolla meto ehanaw
dandda7ii?
14 70 4 20 2 10 20 100
Hayssappe bollan zara 1n paydo isson qonccida mala 6(30%) kushey pantta cuga waatha oosoy
entta xaafo hiilla dalggisanaw maaddees gin 12(60%) kushey tamaareti pantta cugan waatha
oosoy entta xaafo hiilla dichchanaw aynne maaddenna gidosona. Qassi qoodan laafa gidiya

11. 11
zaaranchchati 2(10%) kushey entta cugan waatha oosoy entta xaafo hiilla dichchanaw de7iya
hanotan aynne eronayssa qonccisisdosona.
Ha markkanddoy malliyaabay aybe giikko cuugan waatha ooson xaafo hiilla dichchanaw
asttamaareti gidin tamaareti oothiyaabay baynnaydssa bessees.
Ha qommo zara 1n oysha nam77a bolla shiiqida markkanddoy besseyssa mala dariya bagga
zaaranchchati 16(80%) kushey xaafo hiilla dichchanaw aynne nu oothiyaabay baawa gin 3(15%)
kushey gideyssati xaafo hiilla dichchanaw ubba wode dafettishe gam77idayssa wothidosona
qassi attida 1(5%) gideyssati pantta zaaruwa qassi erettenna gidi wothidosona.
Ha markkanddoy malliyaabay aybee giikko xaafo hiilla dichchanaw tamaareti oothiyaabay
baawa.
Ha qommo zara 1n oysha heedza bolla shiiqida markkanddoy besseyssa mala zaaruwa immida
kumetha tamaaretappe dariya baggay 17(85%) kushey pantta zaaruwa immishe xaafo hiilla nu
dichchanaw hayssa gaso nu tanggidayssi keehi guutha giya wode 1(5%) gideyssati xaafo hiilla
dichchanaw gita hanotan tanggida gidi wothidosona. Attida 2(10%) kushey nuuni tanggida
tanggoy nuus erettenna yaagishe zaaridosona.
Ha markkanddoy beseyssa mala xaafo hiilla dichchanaw tamaareti tanggida tanggoy daroppe
guutha gididayssa qonccisees.
Ha qommo zara 1n oysha oydda bolla shiiqida markkanddoy besseyssa mala kumetha
zaaranchchatappe 10(50%) gideyssati xaafo hiilla dichchanaw asttamaareti immiya maadey
guutha gidi pantta zaaro wothishin 7(35%) gideyssati xaafo hiilla dichchanaw asttamaareti
immiya maadey daro guutha gidi wothidosona. Hara baggara qassi 3(15%) gideyssati xaafo hiilla
dichchanaw asttamaareti immiya maadey gita gidi pantta zaaro immidosona.
Ha markkanddoy malleyssadan asttamaareti xaafo hiilla dichchanaw tamaareta bolla oothiya
oosoy daro guutha gideyssa qonccisees.
Ha qommo zara 1n oysha ichashsha bolla shiiqida markkanddoy besseyssa mala kumetha
zaaranchchatappe dariya baggati 17(70%) heera metoy xaafo hiilla dichcha bolla meto ehees
gishin 4(20%) gideyssati qassi heera metoy xaafo hiilla dichcha bolla daro meto ehenna gidi

12. 12
wothgidosona. Attida 2(10%) kushey gideyssati pantta zaaruwa immishe heera metoy xaafo
hiilla dichcha bolla meto eheyssi erettenna gidi wothidosona.
Ha markkanddoy qoncciseyssa mala heera metoy xaafo hiilla dichcha bolla meto gidanaw
dandda7eyssa bessees.
4.2. Asttamaaretas Shiiqida Xuufe Oysha Paatetha
Zara 2 Dumma dumma oyshota daassa xaafo hanota bolla
p.
m
Oyshata Tamaareta Kumetha
gujeta
Ee Akkay Erettenna
Qo. % Qo. % Qo. % Qo. %
1 Ne tamaareta xaafo hiilla paacca
eray?
- - 2 100 2 100
2 Ubba wode tamaareta xaafos
denthethay?
1 50 1 50 2 100
3 He dethan de7iya tamaaretas neeni
xaafo hiilla bolla daassi xaafana
mela injje hanota medhay?
1 50 1 50 2 100
Ha qommo zara 2n oysha isso bolla qonccisida mala nam77u Goofathodoona asttamaaretappe
2(100%) gideyssati nu tamaareta halaythi xaafo hiilla dichchanaw paacci erokko yaagishe
qonccisidosona.
Ha markkanddoy bessey tamarssiya asttamaareti tamaareta xaafo hiilla dichchanaw oothida
oosoy baynayssa bessses.
Qommo zara 2n oysha nam77an zaaro immida kumetha asttamaaretappe 1(50%) tamaareti
xaafon meezetana mala aykokka oothidabay baawa gidi zaaro immishin qassi attida 1(50%)
kushey issi issi wode hayssikka guutha woden tamaareta xaafo hiilla dichchanaw denthetheyssa
qonccisis.

13. 13
Ha markkanddoy bessey ha timirtte keethan xaafo hiilla bolla tamaareta denthethos oothida
oosoy keehidi guutha gideyssa qonccisees.
Qommon zara 2n oysha heedzan shiiqida markkanddoy besseyssa mala kumetha Goofatho
doona asttamaaretappe 1(50%) kushey pa zaaruwa immishe daassa xaafana mala injje hanota
tamaaretas medhdhidabay baawa gin attida 1(50%) kushe asttamaarey injje gidiya wodey
beettonna ixoyssappe denddidayssan tamaareti daassi xaafana malanne meezetanaada injje
hanotay derenna yaagishe zaaris.
Ha markkanddoy besseyssa mala ha timirtte keethan de7iya Goofatho doona asttamaareti pantta
tamaaretas daassi xaafana mala injje giigisiya hanotay keehippe guutha.
4.3. Qaala Oyshata Paatethi
Pilgganchchay ha qaala oyshatas zaaro demmiday Galmma nam77antho detha timirtte keethan
uddufuntho kifile tamaaretappenne asttamaaretappe gidishin zaaranchchatas dumma dumma
koodeta ha oosuwa polis. Ha koodetikka mallas tamaare isso gaanas (T1), tamaare nam77a
gaanas (T2), tamaare heedza gaanas (T3) yaagidi koodde immis. Kaallidi qassi asttamaareta
qonccisanas A1=asttamaare issonne A2= asttamaare nam77a gidi qonccisis.
Daassi xaafana mala asttamaareti ay keena maadonaa?
Gidi oychin T1, T2nne T3 pantta zaaro immishe “ay wodekka asttmaareti nuuni daassi xaafana
mala gidin meezetana mala maaddiyaabay baawa” gidi pantta zaaruwa immidosona.
Daassi xaafiya wode qaala go7etetha bolla de7iya metuwa billanas cugan tobbi ereettii?
Gi oychin T3, T2, T1 zaarishe “ha timirtte laythan daassi xaafiya wode qaala go7etetha metuwa
billanas ay wodekka shiiqidi issippe tobbibokko” gidi zaaridosona.
Hintte cugan tobbana mela hintte asttamaareti daassi xaafi imoonaa?
Gidi oychin T1, T3, T2 “nu daassi xaafana malanne daassa xaafishe qaala suure go7ettana mala
qassi hessas cugan tobbana mala asttamaareti daassi xaafidi gidin soo ooso malan immokona”
gada zaaridosona.

14. 14
Hintte tamaareti daassi xaafiya wode qaala dooronne sigetho hiillay de7ana mala ay mala maade
immeetii?
Gidi oychchin, T3, T1, T2“ Ha laythan tamaaretas daassi xaafo hiilla dishoy attin kumetha
xaafo hiilla boll oosettidabay baawa.Ays giikko, Goofatho doonan loohida asttamaarey dhayin
ha timirtte keethan nam77antho bagga laythan asttamaare demmidi mooddana gaso tamaareti
ha doonan aybibaakka tamaaribokkona.”
Ne tamaareta daassi xaafidi meezetana malanne cugan tobbana mala ay mala maadday?
gidi oychchin zaaranchcha A1 zaarishe “Taani tamaareti daassi xaafidi meezetana mala ha
laythan immida maadey laafa. Gaasoykka taani ha timirtte keethan tamarssana mala moodettida
wodey keehippe qanthi gididayssanne tamaaretas de7iya denddetethay ziqqa gididayssappe
denddidayssana.” gada pa zaaruwaa immasu.
4.4. PILGGETHA DEMOTA
1. Ha pilggetha xinaatiyan Galmma nam77antho dethan de7iya uddufuntho kifile tamaareta
gidoppe daro baggati daassi xaafiya wode qaala go7etetha bolla metoy de7eyssa gidi
beettoosona.
2. Kaallidi tamaareti daassi xaafiya wode wode qonccisiya qaalatanne qaala sigetho metoy
de7eyssa.
3. Hara baggara qassi daassa xaafiya wode qaala waati go7ettanekko maaddiya asi
baynayssi meto gideyssi beettis.
4. Gujjidi tamaareti daassi waani xaafettiyaakko daassi xaafiya wode qaala waat
go7ettanekko denthethonne made timirttey imettonayssi bertte meto gidi beettis.
5. Kumethan qofa kuuyishin asttamaareti tamaaretas imonayssa.

15. 15
SHEMPPO ICHASHSHA
KUUYETHINNE OGE BESOTA
5.1. KUUYETHA
Ha xinaatey Galmma nam77antho detha timirtte keethan uddufuntho kifile A-C tamaareti daassi
xaafiya wode qaala go7etetha bolla metoy de7eyssa qonccisis. Gidikokka pilgganchchay
markkanddo shiishos go7ettida miisheti qaala oyshonne xuufe oyshon suurenne qoncce gidida
ogen tillatethaninne tumatethan pilggethaas denthida metuwa demmanaw dandda7isiya
markkanddota shiishis. Galmma nam77antho detha timirtte keethan uddufuntho kifilen A-C gaso
de7iya tamaaretappe dariya tamaareti 16(80%) gidiya tamaareti pantta xaafo hiilla dichchanaw
butettokona. Gujjidikka ha timirtte keethan de7iya asttmaareta gidoppe nam77u Goofatho doona
asttamaareti daassi xaafiya wode qaala go7etetha bolla metoy daro bagga tamaareta bolla de7ees
gidi qonccisidayssa markkanddoy bessees. Hara baggara qassi ha timirtte keethan de7iya
tamaaretappe daro baggati daassi xaafiya wode metoy qaala dooro bolla, qaala sigethanne
moodetha bolla paccey de7eyssa pilgganchchay pa pilggethan demmis.
Kumethan ha xinaatiya xaaxi waaxishin tamaaretappenne asttamaaretappe tummanne qoncce
gidida markkandduwan zemppidi ha timirtte keethan de7iya tamaareta bolla daassi xaafiya wode
qaala go7etetha bolla metoy de7eyssa pilgganchchay demmis.
5.2. Oge Besota
Pilgganchchay kumetha xinaatiya kumetha qofa shiishidi metotas zaaro gidanaw dandda7ees
geetettidi qopettidayssi hayssappe kaallidi oyddu dethan qonccis.
 Tamaareta tamarssishe issi issi tamaarey daassi xaafidi meezetana mala soo oosota
immanaw bessees. Hessappekka aadhdhidi kifilenkka oothidi meezetana mala kifile
oosota immanaw koshshees. Tamaareta tamarssishe daassa xaafo woga, qaala go7etetha,
wode qonccisiyaa qaalatanne qaala sigetho hanota shaakki wontta wontta meezetana mala
udo koshshees. Daassi xaafo metoy suure bilettanaw dandda7ey tamaareti wontta wontta
zaari zaari meezetana mala udoninne oothi beson bilettanaw dandda7ees. Gujn issi issi

16. 16
tamaarey buzon daassi xaafo hanota qaala go7etetha, qaala sigethon maara naagidi xaafi
xaafi nabbabonne meezetethi koshshees.
 Tamaareta suure immidi ubba wode daassi xaafi meezettana mala udo koshshees. Daassi
xaafiya wode issi issi qaalay waani xaafettanaw bessiyaakko tobbaninne issipetethan
qaala maarayidi xaafo woga meezettanaw besses. Hessappe guyen daassa pa buzo
warqqata bolla xaafidi hessappe aadhdhidi adarsso gaso xaafanaw meezettanaw bessees.
Hessappe kaallidi daro wode zaari zaari xaafon misatiya meeze laame hanota kaallidi
qaalata sigetha bolla, dooretha bollanne moodetha bolla ubba wode meezetanaw
koshshees.
 Tamaareta kahan misile medhdhettidi akeekan pantta kaha dichchidi daassa xaafo hiilla
gujjana mala udo koshshees. Koyrottidi tamaareti daassa xaafiya wode qaala go7etethas
dhube gidiyabata shaakkidi malla imon tamaareta eratetha dichchanaw koshshees.
 Tamaaretaranne asttamaaretara ciimmo gidida tobba tobbidappe guye ubbatikka oothi
bessana mala udo koshshees. Hessappe guyen daassi xaafiya wode qaala go7etetha
hanota meezetana mala kiita imon hashetanaw koshshees. Ha detha gakkishe tamaareta
kahan misiley medhdhetana mala buzon meega qofatanne qaalata giigisidi daassi xaafi
hiilla dichchanaw koshshees.

17. 17
Markka Maxaafeta
 Creswellenne pilaano. (2011). Pilggetha Hiilla. Rajasttaane Yunberssite; Jaipur(India)
 E. Mikaale, W.S. (1989). Ingglizetho Doona Dichchas Lo77o Oge.
 J. Dakishina M. (1998). Ha77i wode Ingglizetho qawosa.
 Johone, W. (2012). Timirtte Pilggetha: Nebraskka Yunbersite
 Solomonna, G. (1994). Kollojeppe Koyro Inggilizetho Doonas Maade Gidana Meezeta.
 Yirdacho, K. (2001). Xaafo Buussan Tamaaretas Daassi Xaafo Hilla Dichcho.

18. 18
GUJA QONCCISO 1 Tamaareta oysho
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBBERSSITE DERETETHA SAYNSSENNE ASA ALLALLIYA
KOLLOOJEN TOPHPHIYA DOONATANNE BILA-XUUFE MACARAN GOOFATHO
DOONA TIMIRTTE KIFILE
Bonchchettida Tamaaretoo:
Ha pilggethaa oyshoti koyro wodes Arbba Mincce yunbberssiten Goofatho doonan
anjjettiya tamaare gidida Kafa Yisaaqappe gidishin bertte qoppobay tamaaretas
de7iya daassa xaafo hiillan qaalata maaran go7etetha bolla de7iya metota
birshshanawnne ekettanaw (hananaw) bessiya ogeta mallanaw gidiya gisho intte
gaathan de7iya qofata wosoninne kale qofata imon intteppe naagettiya gadetetha
hadara polanaada bonchchora oychchays. Gujjidikka, ha pilggetha oosoy Goofatho
doonan koyro wode oosetteyssi doona dichchas issi tango gidiya gisho akeekan
gelisidi immiya zaaruwa tumatetha bolla zemppidi immanaada gujjada shoobays.
Intte immiya zaaroy ha pilggetha oosos xalaala gideyssa akekisanaw koyays.
Intte gaathappe denddetethan immiya zaarotasinne kale qofata ubbas wozanappe galatays.
Qofiso:
Ha oyshatas zaaro immishe
1. Suntha xaafoy koshshenna
2. Intte doorida zaaro sinthan beettiya saaxine gaathan (x) malaata woson intte zaaruwa
tillayite.
3. Demmiya pace oyshotas intte gaathan si7ettiya qofata wallotethan qonccisite

19. 19
1. Neeni ubba wode xaafo hiilla dichchanaw buteta eray?
Ee Akkay Erettenna
2. Xaafo hiilla dichchanaw hayssa gaso tangga eray?
Ee Akkay Erettenna
3. xaafo hiilla dichchanaw asttamaareti hinttena maadonaa?
Ee Akkay Erettenna
4. Heera metoy xaafo hiilla dichcha bolla hinttew meto ehanaw dandda7ii?
Ee Akkay Erettenna
5. Hintte cugan waatha oosoy hintte xaafo hiilla dalggisanaw maaddii?
Ee Akkay Erettenna
6. Daassi xaafana mala asttamaareti hinttena ay keena maaddoona?-------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
7. Daassi xaafiya wode qaala go7etetha bolla de7iya metuwa billanaw cugan tobbi
ereetii?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Hintte cugan tobbana mala asttamaareti daassi xaafi imoonaa?----------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

20. 20
GUJA QONCCISO 2 Asttamaaretas giigida oysho
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBBERSSITE DERETETHA SAYNSSENNE ASA ALLALLIYA
KOLLOOJEN TOPHPHIYA DOONATANNE BILA-XUUFE MACARAN GOOFATHO
DOONA TIMIRTTE KIFILE
Bonchchettida asttamaaretoo:
Ha pilggethaa oyshoti koyro wodes Arbba Mincce yunbberssiten Goofatho doonan anjjettiya
tamaare gidida Kafa Yisaaqappe gidishin bertte qoppobay tamaaretas de7iya daassa xaafo hiillan
qaalata maaran go7etetha bolla de7iya metota birshshanawnne ekettanaw (hananaw) bessiya
ogeta mallanaw gidiya gisho intte gaathan de7iya qofata wosoninne kale qofata imon intteppe
naagettiya gadetetha hadara polanaada bonchchora oychchays. Gujjidikka, ha pilggetha oosoy
Goofatho doonan koyro wode oosetteyssi doona dichchas issi tango gidiya gisho akeekan gelisidi
immiya zaaruwa tumatetha bolla zemppidi immanaada gujjada shoobays. Intte immiya zaaroy ha
pilggetha oosos xalaala gideyssa akekisanaw koyays.
Intte gaathappe denddetethan immiya zaarotasinne kale qofata ubbas wozanappe galatays.
Qofiso:
Ha oyshatas zaaro immishe
1. Suntha xaafoy koshshenna
2. Intte doorida zaaro sinthan beettiya saaxine gaathan (x) malaata woson intte zaaruwa
tillayite.
3. Demmiya pace oyshotas intte gaathan si7ettiya qofata wallotethan qonccisite

21. 21
1. Ne tamaareta xaafo hiillan paacca eray?
Ee Akkay Erettenna
2. Ay keena tamaareta xaafos denthethay?
Ee Akkay Erettenna
3. Ha dethan de7iya tamaaretas daassi xaafana mala injje hanota medhdha eray?
Ee Akkay Erettenna
4. Hintte tamaareti daassa xaafiya wode qaala dooronne sigetho hiilli de7ana mala
ay mela maade imettii?-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Ne tamaareti daassi xaafi meezetana malanne pantta cugan tobbana mala ay keena
maaday-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.