BA Senior Essay

1. 1
SHEMPPO ISSO
GELO
Dooni asa na7i pa gallassa gallassa qaaxon, de7iya duussan qofa laamerettanawnne allalleta
bolla tobbidi kuushsha bolla gakkanawnne meteta hara kifiles beson zaaro demmanaw dooni
keehippe go7ees.Oona gida doonas oyddu dumma dumma hiillati de7oosona. Hessatikka: hayzo,
xaafo, nabbabonne haasaya geetettidi erettoosona. Goofatho doonankka ha doona hiillati dumma
dumma go77a immoosona. Hayssappe denddidayssan ha shemppoy pa gaathan: metuwa esuwa,
metuwa qoncciso, pilggetha oyshota, pilggetha qoppoba, pilggetha go77a, pilggethaa zawanne
pilggetha wode gakkana metota shiishidi oykkis.
1.1. Metuwa Esuwa
Goofi Gaammo Goofa zoonen de7iya ichchashu kochchatappe issuwan
moodettawus.Haaseyettiya doonay Goofatho geetettidi erettees.Pana dandda7ida xaafo
wogaykka de7ees.
Tomssaalo, M.(1985) gidayssa mala “alame dethan dooni doomettida wodey erettenna.” Ha qofa
xeelliya wode doona doomethay qoncce (geeyidi) erettennaba gididayssa bessees. Hayssappe
denddidayssan Goofatho doonay alamen de7iya doonatappe issuwa gidiya gisho doomettida
wodey qonccidi erettenna guussi.
Goofatho doonay kataman de7iya timirtte keethatan imettiyaaba gidishin tamaareti kuuke paacen
lo77o muruuta ehana mala gita qaada medhdhis.Gidoppe attin, beettiya muruutay pa xalaala
gidees gaanaw dandda7ettenna.Xaafo bolla de7iya wudatethay aliyaaba gidenna.
Joolane, M. (2004) gidayssa mala “Xaafoy asa na7i ekki yelettiyaaba woykko medheta imota
gidenna: loohoninne zaari zaari meezeton erettiyaaba. Hessa gisho xaafo hiilla eranawnne
dichchanaw tamaaroynne meezetoy keehidi koshshees.” Ha qofa xeelliya wode xaafoy akeeka
koyiyaabanne asa na7a gaatha denddetetha oychchiyaaba. Xaafon asa na7i pa gaathan de7iya
waallotetha gidin un77a hara kifiles beson koshshiya maade demmanaw dandda7ettees.Haysikka
hananaw dandda7ey lo77o gidida xaafo eratethinne suuketethi de7ishina.

2. 2
1.2. Metuwa Qoncciso
Ha xinaatey xana7ettanaada baaso gididabati de7oosona. Daassi xaafishe daro wode tamaareti
daassa aybatethanne daassi pa gaathan ay oykkanaw koshshiyaakko daro akeekishe
beettokona.Issi daassi daassa geetettanaw pa gaathan denddo qofa, kale qofanne gordda
kuushsha qofa oykkanaw bessees.Hayssa kanchche gidonashin xaafo wogay hara xaafo bila
xuufetappe dummatiya hanotay de7ees.Gujidikka lo77o daassa udiya daassa yaratikka
de7oosona.Gidoppe attin tamaareti wogi baynna xaafettiya xuufeda oothi xeelon panttaw aazida
mala xaafiya xuufeda oothiyayssan giya oysho pilgganchcha wozanan aqin ha xinaatiya
oothanaada denthethis.
Daassa giddon de7iya meega qofati xaafettishe coo yida mala uttiyaaba gidonashin sinth-guye
maara naagidi xaafetteyssi qoncce gidi uttin tamaareti ha woga kaalonashin daro wode
xaafoosona. Ha hanotay aybippe denddidakko pilggethan zaaro demmana giya qofan ha
pilggethay oosettees.
Kumethan xeelliya wode daassa xaafoy hiilla oychchiyaabaa, woganne maara naagidi
biyaaba.Xaafoykka xaafiya hanota mala dummatanaw dandda7ees.Gidoppe attin, wogi
de7ees.Aybis woga naagidi xaafettonakonne xaafonnada dhube (teqe) gididay aybee?giya
guusaninne Goofatho doonan nayti daassa loythi xafokona giya guussan pilgganchchay ha
xinaatiya kaara dooron ooson gelis.
1.3. Xinaatiya qoppoba
1.3.1. Kumetha qoppoba
Ha xinaatey tamaaretas daassa xaafo bolla de7iya metuwa birshshanaassa
1.3.2. Sima qoppobata
Ha xinaatey tamaareti:
1. Daassa xaafo woga naagidi xaafanaada oge bessannassa.
2. Daassa xaafo woga bolla eratethi medhdhannassa.
3. Daassa xaafo bolla de7iya pacce kunthanassa.

3. 3
1.4. Xinaatiya Oyshota
Ha xinaatey kaallidi de7iya baaso pilggetha oyshotas zaaro demises geetettidi oosettees.
1. Tamaareti daassa xaafo woga kaallidi xaafonnada dhube gididay aybee?
2. Tamaaretas daassa xaafo bolla de7iya eratethay ay keenee?
3. Tamaaretas daassa xaafo bolla de7iya paccey aybee?
1.5. Xinaatiya Go77a
Ha xinaatey wogaranne maarara oosettikko dumma dumma kifiletas daro go77a immees. Ha
xinaateppe tamaareta tamarssiya asttamaareti go7ettoosona, tamaareti xinaatiyaappe
go7ettoosona, timirtte xaafo keethatikka ha xinaatiyappe go7ettees.
Asttamaareti tamaaretas dhube gididabata eridappe guye tamaaretas ay ogen timirttiya
giigisidi immanekonne metota bolla giigetethi oothanaada ha xinaatey oge bessees.
Tamaareti koyro de7iya pacce eridi sinthappe xaafiya xuufes akeeka demon loythidi
xaafanaada gita go77a immees.
Xifate keethati wodiya naagida loohisoy koshshikko asttamaaretas imanaada ha xinaatey oge
bessees.
1.6 Xinaatey Polettiya Heera
Ha pilggetha oosoy Gaammo Goofa zoonen Sawla kataman Botire kumetha issantho dethan
8thokifile tamaareta xalaala baaso oothidi oosettees.
1.7 Xinaatiya Metota
Ha xinaatiya pilgganchchay xanna7iya wode dumma dumma metoti de7anaw
dandda7oosona. Hayssatikka: xinaatey Goofatho doonan koyro wodes oosetteyssappe
denddidayssan dumma dumma markka maaxafeta dhayoy, wode qanthatethay meto
medhdhanaw dandda7ees.

4. 4
SHEMPPO NAM77A
HARA MARKKA MAXAAFATA
2.1 Xaafo Birshshetha
Xaafoy oyddu doona hiillatappe issuwa.Xaafoy pideleta gasethan pa kahan de7iya qofata
qonccisidi wothiyaba.
2.2 Xaafo Go77a
Xaafoy asa na7i pa gaathan de7iya amo gidin qofa hara koshiya kifiletas qonccisidi bessanas
maaddiya doona hiillatappe issuwa. Heyssa kanchche gidenashin xaafoy gallassa gallasa qaaxon
gakkiya didirxxaatethanne gakkoy dumma dumma allalle oykkanawnne yiya yeletaw
athanawunne qonccisanaw xaafoy gita go77a immees.
DaassiBirshshetha
Daassi meega qofata shiiqo gididi issi huuphe kaara bolla xaafetiya bila xuufe qommo.Mala
lo77o daassi lo77o hanotan mixettidi maara naagidi licettidi suure siiqettidinne qofan qashettidi
qustettida qaalata shiiqonne koshshiyaabati ubbati maara naagidi suure suuren xaafettidayssa
gidishin” (Solomon, 1991:1).
Wogay besseyssanne odeyssa mala daassi xaafiya wode qaalata mixethan, cachcha malaatata
utethaynne wode qonccisiya qaalati wogadan xaafettonna attikko he daassas kiita aathiya ogey
shirettidi birshshethi dhayfssaas dandda7ees.
2.3. Daassamedho.
Daassi issi huphe kaara bolla xaafetiya bila xuufeppe issuwa gididi pa gaathan dumma dumma
meega qofata shiishidi oykees.Daassa xaafo wode daassa ayfe qofati oyddu dumma dumma
bessatan yaanaw dandda7ees. Hayssika daassa denddo qofay: denddo bolla, giddon, wurssethan,
wurssethaninne denddon qofay yaanaw dandda7ees hessikka gizzettey xaafanchcha xaafo hiilla
mala dummatees
1. Daassa denddo qofay denddo bolla yishe daassas de7iyamedhoy.

5. 5
2. Daassa denddo qofay giddon yiya wode daassaas de7iya medhoy
3. Daassas denddo qofay wursetha bolla yiya wode daassas de7iya medhoy
4. Daassas denddo qofay denddoninne wurssetha yiya wode daassas de7iya medhoy
Denddo qofi issi daassa giddon de7iya huuphe qofa xaaxi waaxi oykkees. Paatetha qofay issi
daassa giddon xaafettishe daasay suure ogeninne kumetha kiita aathanaw dandda7ey daassa
xaafo woga kaallishina. Hessatikka:
2.4. Sinth-Guye Maara (Coherence)
Daassan xaafettey issi huuphe kaara gidikokka gaathan xaafettiya meega qofati sinth-guye maara
naaganaw bessees.Koyrottidi yaanaw bessiya qofay koyron kaallanaw beseyssi kaallidi
yaanawnne maara naaganaw bessees guussi.
2.5. Qofa Issipetethi(Unity)
Issi daassi xaafettishe qofay issippe wolli aaziyabanne huuphe kaarappe perzzonnaba gidanaw
bessees guussi.Qofay denddoppe gogishe kaalleyssara giiga gidanawnne sigetanaw
bessees.Aybis giikko, wolira oykettonna qofati suure kiita aathanaw dhube gidiya gishossa, qassi
xuufe aleeqotetha (yegelsatetha) paccisiya gishossa.
2.6.Daassaqommota
Daassa qommoti paydon oydda gidishin oykkiya (aathiya) kiitan dummatoosona.

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2.6.1.Qaari Beso (Expository)
Daro wode tumabata pilggi demmidi he demuwan woy issi nu heeran de7iyaabaa, haniyaba
nabbabiya asatas xuura qonccisidi bessiya daassa qommo. Ha daassay issi tumaba bolla
zemppidi xaafettiya gisho eratethi gujjanas woy ciimmo gidida eratethas pultto gididi maaddees.
Hayssa mala daassay issiba erisanas, paattanas, birshshethi immanas woy kaaleso aathanas
gujjidikka issibay aybis woy waanidi hanidakko buussa qonccisanas, akeekiso qofata maaran
birshshanas maaddees. Ha daassa qommoy beettiyaabanne haniyaaba bolla zemppida gisho
xaafanchchaa minotetha,zambbotetha,yarshshetetha oychees.
2.6.2. QonccisoDaassa(Descriptive)
Ha daassa qommoy daro wode bila xuufen loohida asatan xaafettees. Ha daassa qommoy qoncce
alamen haniyabanne hanettiyaba aazisidi xaafetiya daassa gididi nabbabiya asa kahan misile
medhdhees. Asa kahan misile medhdhanaas daro wode doorettida qaalata koyees.
2.6.3. Paatetha Daassa
Ha daassa qommoy taarike odiyaaba gidishin koyroppe wurssetha gaso issibay waanidi yidakko
bessiya daassa qommo.
2.6.4. Palanthiya Daassa
Palami daro wode nam77u dumma dumma asata (allalleta) denthidi qeelethishe xaafiya daassa
qommo.

7. 7
SHEMPPO HEEDZA
PILGGETHA OGENNE HIILLA
Ha shemppoy pilggethaa hiillatanne oge oykkidaba gidishin pilggetha hiilla, pilggetha heera,
xinaatey oosettiya asata daroteha,bessinddo eko ogenne darotetha, markkanddo shiisho ogenne
shiisho miishetanne markkanddo paatetha oge kumethan shiishi oykkis.
3.1. Pilggetha Hiilla (ResearchDesign)
Qoppoba polanawnne zawa gathanaw injjetanaada pilgganchchay qoncciso (descriptive)
pilggetha hiilla go7etethan shiishidaa markkanddota paydoninne qaalan qonccisis.
Ha pilggetha hiillay issi pilggetha kaaray metuwaas de7iya kanddo bollanne metuwa bolla
polettishe de7iya hanota bolla wudayes (Kothari, 2004).
3.2. Pilggetha Heera
Ha pilggethay oosettiday dugeha dere ayso killilen Gaammo Goofa zoonen de7iya nam77u
katam aysotan gididi Sawla katama Botire kumetha 1tho detha timirtte keetha bolla oosettis.
Sawla katamay dugeha dere ayso killile bertte katama Awaassappe 350 kmninne zoone bertte
katama Arbba Mincceppe 254 km haahotethan beettawus.
3.2.1. Bolla Bagga Hanota
Katamiya wodiya hiillohata loythada go7ettawus.Tiranssportte go7aa demmawus, wodorora
ootghiya silkketanne wodoroya baynna silkke go7ettawus, geeshsha haatha, elkttirike hagazay
kataman loythidi de7ees.Zal77es gidin kanthidi hara gade baanas maaddiya Wolaytta Sawla ogey
keehidi erettees.Gujjidikka, interneete go7ay limaate muruutatappe issuwa gididi kataman
go7ees.
3.2.2. Issipetetha (Deretetha ) Duussa Hanota
Kataman dumma dumma heeratappe yida asay issipetethaninne woli sigetethan de7oosona. Ha
dumma dumma bessappe yida asaas dumma dumma eratetha dethaynne dumma dumma haasaya

8. 8
hanotaya doonati de7iyaaba gidikokka ha dummatethati shaakotethi medhonnashin sigetethan
kayon gidin hayon kushettidi de7oosona.
3.2.3. Ikonoome Hanota
Katamiya walaka goshsha oosoninne zal77en erettawus.Keehippe erettey badalla muruuta
gidishin katama asappe aadhdhidi hara gades maadishe de7ees.
3.2.4. Ayyere Hanota
Katamiya ho7etethan erettiyaaba gidiyayssappe denddidayssan gadhatetha ayyere hanotay
de7ees.
3.3. Xinaatey Oosettiya Asata
Ha xinaatey oosettey Gaammo Goofa zoonen Botire kumetha nam77antho detha 8tho kifile
tamaareta bolla oosettis. Ha kifile dethan de7iya tamaareti kumethan 200 gidishin pilggethay
entta bolla oosettis.
3.4. Xinaatiyas Ekettida Bessinddo Darotetha
Ha xinaatiyan qonccida kumetha tamaaretappe gizzidi bessinddo eko ogetappe issuwan poxi
poxi eko ogen kumetha tamaaretappe 25 % (kushe) ekon 50 tamaareti ekettidosona. Hayssatikka
attidayssata qonccisoosona.Hayssikka wode minjjananawnne shalo maaran go7ettanaw
injjeteyssappe denddidayssan pilgganchchay ha ogiya go7ettis.
3.5. Markkanddo Shiisho Oge
Pilgganchchay de7iya metota (dhubeta) hacci kessanaw dandda7isees gidi qoppida dumma
dumma ogeta go7etttis. Hayssatikka:
3.5.1. Xuufe Oysho
Ha markkanddo shiisho ogey doorettiday 8tho kifile tamaareti imettiya oyshota nabbabidi pantta
gaatha qofa wallotethan zaaranaadanne qofa xaafishe de7iya xaafo metoy aybekko shaakkanas
injjetanaada pilgganchchay ha ogiya go7ettis.

9. 9
Shiiqida xuufe oysho qommoy gordda xuufe oysho gidishin ha ogiyan shiiqida oyshota tamaareti
imettida dooroppe pantta gaathan de7eyssa dooridi zaariya oysho qommo. Gujjidikka,
tamaaretas daassa xaafo bolla de7iya eratethaa, daassa medhota shaakki eriyaakonne eronnako
oyshon tillayanaw koyida gisho pilgganchchay ha markkanddo shiisho oge go7ettis.
3.5.2.Doona Oysho
Ha markkanddo shiisho ogey tamaaretas pilgganchchay oychiya oychota giigisidi (structured)
oyshon go7ettida oge gididi tamaareti panttappe qofa pulttiso abbey aymalekko shaakkanaw
pilgganchchay ha markkanddo shiisho oge go7ettis. Ha ogiya go7ettishe tamaareti pantta gaathan
de7iya qofa wallotethan qonccisanaada gelonabata simmi simmi qonccison dumma dumma bolla
qaaxotan qonccisanaw injjeteyssappe denddidayssan ha markkanddo shiisho oge pilgganchchay
go7ettis.
3.5.3. Kifile Giddo Xeelo
Ha markkanddo shiisho ogey tamaareti qaaxxiya qaaxuwa xeellanasinne aynne oyshota
oychchonna xeelon xalaala markkanddo shiishanaw pilgganchchay go7etttis. Ha ogen
markkanddo shiishishe pilgganchchay kifile giddo imathatethan beettidi asttamaarey tamaarssiya
wode tamaareta hashetethaynne kaara bolla de7iya eratethay asttamaarey tamaaretas kaara bolla
immiya tamarsso oge ay aazii geyssa shaakanaw injjettanaada ha ogiya dooris. Pilgganchchay ha
ogiyan markkanddo shiishishe oysho giyaaba denthonna giigisida tillayiya warqqate bolla
wudatethan markkanddota shjiishis.
3.6.Xinaatiya Qoncciso Hiilla
Pilgganchchay shiiqida markkanddota paydoninne qaalan qoncciso hiillatan
qonccisis.Gaasoykka tamaaretappe shiiqida xuufe oyshoy paydon yigettiyaaba gidishin doona
oyshoynne kifile giddo xeeloy qaalan qonccisiya gisho pilgganchchay nam77u ogeta go7ettis.

10. 10
SHEMPPO OYDDA
MARKKANDDO PAATETHI,BIRSHETHINNE DEMOTA
Ha shemppoy dumma dumma markkanddo shiisho ogetan tamaaretappe shiiqida markkanddota
paatetha shiishidi oykkis.
Tamaaretappe shiiqida markkanddo paatetha
Zara: Tamaareta Buzo Markkanddota
p.m T/Keetha T/Detha Mattuma Bessinddo Darotetha
Qooda %
1
Botire
8
tho
Adde 25 50
Macca 25 50
Kumetha 50 100
Qommon zara 1n qonccidayssa mala tamaareta mattumatetha xeelliya wode kumetha
tamaaretappe addeta qooday 25(50%) gidishin maccata qooday 25(50%) gideyssa shiiqida
markkanddoy bessees.
Qommon zara 1n qonccida markkanddo xeelliya 13-20 laytha gaso de7iya tamaareti 40(80%),
21-30 laytha gaathan de7iya tamaareti 7(14%), 31ppe bolla de7iya laythan de7eyssati 3(6%)
gideyssa shiiqida markkanddoy qonccisees. Kumethan xeelliya wode keehi daro tamaareti gina
laythan de7eyssa shiiqida markkanddoppe erettanaw dandda7ettees.

11. 11
4.2. Tamaareta Xuufe Oyshota Paatetha
p.m Oyshata Zaaro doorota Zaaranchchata
Darotethi %
1 Daassas pana dandda7ida xaafo wogi de7ii? Ee 37 74
Akkay 8 16
Erikke 5 10
Kumetha 50 100
,
2 Daassa ay ay wode xaafetii? Ubba wode 10 20
Aadhdhi aadhdhi 15 30
Darenna 20 40
Guutha 5 10
Kumetha 50 100
3 Tamarssiya asttamaarey daassi xaafanaada
minthetho dethay ay misatii?
Keehi minthethees 21 42
Minthethees 15 30
Giddi giddo 10 20
ziqqa 4 8
Kumetha 50 100
4 Daassasinne adarssos de7iya dummatetha loythi
shaakki ereettii?
Loythidi 5 10
Guuthara eroos 40 80
Erokko 5 10
Kumetha 50 100
5
Issi daassi aapun huuphe kaara oykanaw
dandda7ii?
Isso 40 80
Nam77a 8 16
Heedza 1 2
Daro 1 2
Kumetha 50 100
6
Dumma dumma daassa qommota go7ettidi
Loythidi de7ees 4 8
Guuthara de7ees 38 76

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daassa xaafanaada imettiya aaho/kifile/soo oosoti
de7ii?
Darenna 5 10
Baawa 3 6
Kumetha 50 100
7
Xaafettida daassa gidoppe ayfe qofa koyidi
demmanaw dandda7eettii?
Ee 3 6
Waythees 42 84
Erettenna 5 10
Kumetha 50 100
8
Goofatho doonan xaafettida daassa xuufeti hintte
timirtte keethan loythidi de7ii?
Ee 2 4
Darenna 44 88
Baawa 4 8
Kumetha 50 100
9 Hintte Daassi Xaafiya Wode Loythidi Deexxey
Aybee?
10 Hintte Deexxees Gidi Wothida Qofas Ay
Oosettiyaakko Lo77o Gidi Qoppetttii?
Zara 2n oysha isso bolla qonccida markkanddo xeelliya wode daassas pana dandda7ida xaafo
wogay dee77es yaagidayssata qooday 37 (74%), akkay gidayssati 8(16%), erikke gidi
zaaridayssata qooday 5(10%). Ha markkanddoya besseyssa mala keehi daro tamaareti daassa
xaafos pana dandda7ida xaafo wogi de7eyssa shaakki ereyssa shiiqida markkanddoy bessees.
Zara 2noysha nam77a bolla shiiqida markkanddo xeelliya wode daassa ay ay wode xaafiyaakko
shaakkanaw shiiqida oyshan ubba wode gidayssata qooday 10(20%), aadhdhi aadhdhi gidayssata
qooday 15(30%), darenna gidayssata qooday 20(40%)nne guutha gidaydssata qooday 5(10%)
gideyssa shiiqida markkanddoppe erettanaw dandda7ettis. Hayssa xeelliya wode daassa xaafo
keehidi darenayssa shiiqida markkanddoy bessees.
Qommon zara 2noysha heedza bolla shiiqida markkanddo xeelliya wode tamarssiya asttamaareti
tamaareti daassa xaafanaada minthethiya detha keehi minthethees gidayssati 21(42%),
minthethees gidayssati 15(30%), giddi giddo gidayssati 10(20%)nne ziqqa gidayssati 4(8%)

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gideyssa shiiqida markkanddoy qonccisees. Ha markkandduwa nuuni xeelliya wode asttamaarey
tamaareti daassa xaafanaada keehidi minthetheyssa xellanaw dandda7ettis.
Qommon Zara 2noysha oydda bolla shiiqida markkanddoy besseyssa mala daassasinne adarssos
de7iya dummatetha shaakki ero detha xeelliya wode loythidi eroos gidayssati 5(10%), guuthara
eroos gidayssati 40 (80%), ubbara erokko gidayssati 5(10%) gideyssa shiiqida markkanddoy
bessees. Ha markkandduwa xeelliya wode 40(80%) kushey daassasinne adarssos de7iya
dummatetha guuthara ereyssa qonccisees.
Zara 2n oysha ichasha bolla shiiqida markkanddon issi daassi aapun huuphe kaara oykkanaw
dandda7ii?geyssan isso gidayssati 40(80%), nam77a gidayssati 8(16%), heedza gidayssati
1(2%)nne daro gidayssati 1(2%) gidayssa shiiqida markkanddoy qonccisees. Ha shiiqida
markkanddo xeelliya wode 40(80%) kushe tamaarey daassi pa gaathan issi huuphe qofa
oykkeyssa shaakkidi ereyssa bessees.
Qommon zara 2noysha usuppuna bolla qonccida markkanddo xeelliya wode dumma dumma
daassa qommota go7ettidi daassa xaafanaada imettiya aaho/kifile/ soo oosoti loythidi de7ees
gidayssati 4(8%), guuthara de7ees gidayssati 38(76%), darenna gidayssati 5(10%)nne baawa
gidayssati 3(6%) kushe gidayssa shiiqida markkanddoy qonccisees. Ha shiiqida markkanddoy
besseyssa mala 38 (76%) kushe dumma dumma daassa qommota go7ettidi daassa xaafanaada
imettiya oosoti guutha gideyssa bessees.
Qommon zara 2noysha laapuna bolla shiiqida markkanddo xeelliya wode xaafettida daassa
gidoppe ayfe qofa koyidi demmanaw dandda7ettees gidayssati 3(6%), waythees gidayssati
42(84%)nne erettenna gidayssati 5(10%) kushe gideyssa shiiqida markkanddoy qonccisees. Ha
markkanddoy besseyssa mala xaafettidi shiiqida daassa xuufe gidoppe 42 (84%) kushey
guussaykka daro tamaareya ayfe qofa demmanaw wayteyssa bessees.
Qommon zara 2n oysha hosppunan shiiqida markkanddoy qoncciseyssa mala Goofatho doona
xaafettida xuufeti loythidi darennayssa 44(88%) kumetha zaaranchchtappe
qonccisidosona.Attidayssatappe 2(4%) de7ees gishin 4(8%) baawa gishe pantta qofa
immidosona.Hayssikka bessey Goofatho doonan xaafettida daassa xuufeti timirtte keethan
loythidi de7onnayssi meto gididayssa qonccisees.

14. 14
Qommon paydo 2n oysha uddufunan shiiqida xuufe oyshos tamaareti daassi xaafishe loythidi
deexxees gida dumma dumma qofata wothidosona. Hessatapekka berttetethan qonccidayssati:
qaalata dooroy, cachcha malaatata suure bessan go7etethay, daassas de7iya medhoy qoncce
gidonayssi, daassa xaafiya wode ayfe qofay awan awan yiyaakko qoncce gidennayssi, daassi pa
gaathan oykkiya yarati shaakettidi erettonayssi, daassa xaafo wogay ay aaziyaakko eretetha
paccey h.h.m daassi xaafiya wode keehidi deexoosona gishe kumetha tamaareti pantta gaatha
qofa qonccisidosona.
Qommon zara 2n oysha tamman shiiqida oyshuwaas tamaareti sinthappe oosettiyaakko lo77o
gidi qoppda qofata qanthara wothishe: Goofatho doonan giigan xaafettida daassa medhota
besinddoy de7iyaakko, woden woden imettiya aaho oosoti de7iyaakko, pana dandda7ida issi
daassa kaara oykkida xuufey de7iyaakko, kifile wodeppe karera imettiya haggazati de7iyaakko,
dumma dumma markka maxaafeti de7iyaakkonne h.h.m giigettiyaakko metota nuus birshshanaw
dandda7ees gishe pantta gaathan si7ettiya qofa wothidosona.
Kumethan tamaaretas shiiqida xuufe oysha xeelliya wode tamaaretas daassa xaafo bolla gita
metoti de7eyssa shiiqida markkanddoy bessees.Hayssikka beessey tamaareti daassa xaafo
loythidi meezetonayssa, daassasinne adarssos de7iya dummatetha bolla metoy de7eyssa,
xaafettida daassa gidoppe ayfe qofa demmanaw waayetteyssanne timirtte keethan Goofatho
doonan xaafettidi uttida daassa xuufeti baynayssati tamaaretas shiiqida xuufe oyshuwaa zaaron
phoolidi beettis.Gujjidikka tamarssiya asttamaareti tamaareti daassa xaafanaada minthethiya
hanotati de7iyaaba gidikonne loythidi aloiyaaba gidonayssi tamaareta zaaruwan qonccis. Ha
metoti shiiqidi tamaareti suure daassa xaafo kaallidi xaafonaada dhube gideyssa mallees.
4.2. TamaaretaQaala Oyshota Paatetha
Ha markkanddo shiisho ogen pilgganchchay tamaaretappe xalaala shiishidaba gidishin kumethan
ha qaala oyshuwaas pilgganchchay heedzu tamaareta go7ettis. Ha go7ettida tamaareta issuwa
issuwa zaaruwa qonccisanaw injetanaada tamaaretas T1, T2nne T3 giya koodde (sunthi) immis.
Guussaykka: Tamaare isso, Tamaare nam77anne Tamaare heedza gidi qonccisanaw go7ettis.

15. 15
1. Goofatho doona timirtte aapuntho kifileppe doommidi tamaarideti?
Qommon shiiqida qaala oyshuwaa oyshettida kumetha tamaareti pantta qofa wothishe Goofatho
doona timirtte issantho dethan issantho kifileppe tamaarishe yidayssa qonccisidosona.
Ha markkandduwaa xeelliya wode tamaareti doonaara daro meezettidanne oorathi gidonayssi
erettanaw dandda7ettis.
2. Goofatho Doona Qawosa Wogay Xaafos Deexxii?
T1 shiiqida oyshuwaas zaaro immishe: “Ee deexees; taamariya timirtte giddon pana dandda7idi
uttonayssi nuuni shaakkidi eronaada dexxees” gishe pa zaaro immiya wode , T2 qassi “Ee
deexxees; maxaafeti Qawosa wogaba odokona; de7eyssatikka nibaabe xalla oykkidosona” gishe
paw de7iya zaaruwa wothis. T3 qassi gishe “Ee deexxees; dumma dumma markka maxaafetikka
baawa, tamarssiya asttamaareti doona loythidi erokona heyssappe denddidayssan shaakkanaw
keehidi deexxees.”
Ha qommon shiiqida qaala oyshuwaas ubba tamaareti zaaro immishe Goofatho doona qawosa
wogay xaafos keehidi deexxeyssa wothidosona. Haysaskka gaaso gidi wothiday Goofatho doona
qawosa wogay pana dandda7idi nuus timirtten imettonayssinne giigettida maxaafey baynnayssi
qawosa woga naagidi xaafonnada dhube gidees.Gujjidikka, doonan loohida asttamaarey keehidi
de7onnayssi meto gidees gishe pantta gaathan si7ettia qofa wothidosona.
3. Daassi Xaafishe Nuuni Naagettanaw Bessey Aybee?
T1 zaarishe “Nuuni naagettanaw bessey qaalata dooro bolla keehidi naagettanaw bessees” gishe
paw de7iya zaaruwa immiya wdoe T2 qassi “Nuuni daassi xaafishe naagettanaw bessey cachcha
malaatata suure bessan go7etetha” yaagiyaa wode T3“ Nuuni naagettanaw bessey daassas de7iya
ayfe qofay awun uttiyaakko loythidi naagettanaw bessees” yaagidi zaaris.
Ubba tamaareti qommon shiiqida qaala oyshuwaas zaaro immishe daassa xaafishe nuuni
naagettanaw bessey qaala dooronne cachcha wogati geliya suure bessa naagetetha bolla loythidi
akeekanaw bessees, daassa ayfe qofay geliya bessanne uttanaw koshshiya bessa naagettanaw
besseyssa qonccisidosona.

16. 16
Ha tamaareta qofappe shaakkanaw dandda7ettidayssi tamaaretas qaala dooroy, cachcha
malaatata go7etetha metoy, daassa ayfe qofay uttiya bessaynne daassappe ayfe qofa shaakkanaw
waayetteyssi meto gididi qonccis.
4. Daassas Pana Dandda7ida Xaafo Wogi De7ii?
Qommon shiiqida qaala oyshuwaas T1, T2-ynne T3 ubba tamaareti daassas pana dandda7ida
xaafo wogi de7eyssa qonccisidosona.
Ha markkandduwaa xeelliya wode tamaaretas daassa xaafos pana dandda7ida wogi de7eyssa
bolla lo77o gidida akeekinne eratethi de7eyssa shaakkanaw dandda7ettis.
5. Asttamaarey Kifile Wodeppe Karera Hinttew Maade Immi Erii?
T1 “Maadey daro wode imettenna” giyaa wode T2 “Maadey hara timirtteta mala imettenna.”
gishin T3 “Maadey aadhdhi aadhdhi imettees; haratara geedariya wode loythidi guutha”
yaagishe pantta zaaro immidosona.
Qommon shiiqida qaala oyshuwaas ubba tamaareti pantta qofa wothishe hara timirtte qommotan
timirtte wodeppe karera allo timirttey imettees.Gidoppe attin, Goofatho doona timirtten daro
wode imettenna gishe pantta gaatha qofa wothidosona.
Ha markkandduwaappe eranaw dandda7ettidayssi Goofatho doona timirtten hara timirtteta mela
alo timirttey imettonayssi keehidi meto gididayssi qonccis.
6. Hintte Xaafidi Shiishiya Daassata Bolla Asttamaarey Giigiso Immii Erii?
T1 “Immidi erenna; bali de7ikokka giigisoy imettenna” yaagishin T2 “Bali de7ikko ekise immidi
aadhdheesppe attin hananaw koshshees giya qofa wothenna.” yaagishe pa qofa wothis.T3 qassi
Suure gido bala gido nuuni erokko coo aazida mala gate immeesppe attin yooshidi bessiya
hanotay baawa”.
Qommon shiiqida qaala oyshuwaas keehi daro tamaareti zaaro immishe asttamaareti nuuni
xaafidi shiishiya daassata bolla aynne giigiso imenna.Asttamaarey de7iya pacceta bessenna.Bala
gidikko ekise (X) immeeseppe attin ne metoy hayssa gididi immiya giigisoy baawa.Hara baggara

17. 17
guutha tamaareti qassi suure gido bala erettonashin iraayite imettiya hanotay de7ees gishe pantta
gaatha qofa wothidosona.
Ha markkanddoy besseyssa mala asttamaareti giiganaw koshshiya bessa giigisonaysinne kaalli
xeellidi qofa imonayssi tamaaretas daassa xaafo bolla meto gididi beettis.
4.3. Kifile Xeelon Beettida Markkanddo Paatethaa
Pilgganchchay tamaaro tamarsso wode kifile giddo xeellanaw kessida tillayiya warqqaten
kaallidi demmida markkanddo paattiya wode:
Tamarssiya asttamaaretas daassa xaafo bolla de7iya eratethay dhoqqa gideyssa xomoosida
gidishin doonan koyrotti meezetonayssinne issi issi qaalata qoncciso bolla attiya hanotati
de7eyssi beettis.Gujjidikka, asttamaarey tamarssiya kaara naytas loythidi qoncciso bolla beettiya
pacceti de7oosona.
Tamaaretas timirttiya bolla de7iya gaatha denddetethay pilgganchcha xeelon giddi giddon
de7iyaaba gidishin tamaareta gaatha denddetethay meteotethan qonccis.
Tamaareti daassa qommota shaakki ero dethay ziqqa gideyssi kifile giddo xeelo wode
benttis.Hayssikka bessey tamaaretas daassa qommo bolla de7iya eratethay guutha gideyssanne
daassa xaafos meto gideyssa mallees.
Tamaareti daassa xaafishe denddo qofa go7etetha dethay ziqqa gideyssi kifile giddo xeelo wode
phooli benttis.Hayssikka tamaareti daassata xaafishe qaala dooro bolla de7iya pacciya
qonccisiyaanne geeshshidi xaafonaada dhube gididayssa bessees.
Asttamaarey tamarssishe tamaareta denthetho hanotay ziqqa gideyssi kifile giddo xeelo wode
benttis.Hayssikkka tamaareta giddoyo tamaarssoy baynnayssanne asttamaarey xaalaala bertte
odaawa gidon imettiya kifile wode go7etethay nayta daassa xaafo bolla meto gididi xeelettis.
Asttamaarey tamaareti imettida daassata xaafiya wode kaalli xeelo hanotay keehidi ziqqa
gideyssi kifile giddo xeelo wode benttis.Hayssi tamaareta oge besonne koshshiya maade
immonayssa qonccisiyaaba gidishin ha hanotay tamaareta bala gidin hananaw koshshiya oge
beso dhayoy tamaaretas daassa xaafo bolla metotehan qonccis.

18. 18
4.4. Pilggetha Demota
Dumma dumma ogetan shiiqida markkandduwaappe denddidayssan Sawla kataman Botire
kumetha nam77antho dethan hosppuntho kifile tamaareta bolla de7iya daassa xaafo meto
birshshanaw oosettida pilggethan benttida metota bilethi koshshiyaabanne sinthas hananaw
(oosettanaw) koshshiyaabata mallidi aadhoy keehidi go77iyaaba gidiya gisho pilgganchchay pa
pilggethaa oosuwaan xuufe oyshon, qaala oyshoninne kifile giddo xeelon demmida demota
kaallidi de7iya hanotan qonccisis.
Ha pilggethan tamaaretas daassa xaafo bolla keehidi dhube gididabati keehidi daro gidishin
hessatappe bertethan phoolidi beettidayssati:
 Tamaareti daassa xaafanw koyiya wode qaala dooro manqqotethi de7eyssipilggethan
qonccis.
 Tamaareti Goofatho doonan tamaaroos de7iya gaatha denddetethaa dhayoy meto gididi
benttis.
 Goofatho doonan xaafettida dumma dumma markkanddo xuufata dhayoy tamaareti
nabbabi demmidi malla xeellidi xaafonnada dhube gidis.
 Issi daassas ayfe qofay awan awan uttiyaakko shaakki eronna atoynne daassas de7iya
medhuwa shaakkidi eronnayssi lo77o daassa xaafonada dhube gidis.
 Tamarssiya asttamaareti dumma dumma daassata xaafanaada timirtte wodeppe karera
allo timirtte immonayssi meto gididi beettis. Gujjidikka, xaafidi shiishiya daassata bolla
de7iya mino miyenne pacciya besonayssi meto gidis.
 Tamaareti xaafiya wode cachcha malaatata suure bessan go7etetha metoy daassa xaafo
bolla meto gididayssi pilggethan beettis.

19. 19
SHEMPPO ICHCHASHA
5. KUUYETHINNE OGE BESOTA
Ha shemppoy benttida markkanddota kuuyethinne hara kifiles oge beso hanotata shishidi oykkis.
5.1. Kuuyethi
Ha pilggetha oosoy Sawla katama Botire kumetha issantho dethan de7iya hosppuntho kifile
tamaareta bolla oosettidab gidishin kumethan dumma dumma kifiletan dumma dumma qofata
oykkis. Kumetha xeelliya wode:
Pilggethay oosettanaada oothida gaasoy tamaareti daassa xaafishe daassi kunthanaw koshshiya
makata kunthidi xaafanaadanne daassas ayfe qofay awun awun yaanaw koshshiyaakko, daassa
xaafoy hara xaafo wogappe aybin dummatiyaakko oge bessanawnne pacceta kunthanaw
qopettidi oosettis. Ha pilggetha Goofatho doonan koyro wodes oosttidaba gidishin tamaareti
gidin tamarssiya asttamaaretinne hara pilggetha oothiya asatas keehidi maaddees. Pilgganchchay
ha pilggethaas go7ettiday qoncciso (descriptive) pilggetha oge go7etethan polis. Sawla katama
Botire kumetha issantho dethan de7iya tamaareta qooday kumethan 200 gidishin pilgganchchay
poxi-poxi bessinddo eko ogen kumetha tamaaretappe 50 tamaareta ekon polis.
Doorettida bessinddotappe pilgganchchay xuufe oyshon, qaala oyshoninne kifile giddo xeelon
markkanddota shiishis; shiishida markkandduwa paydoninne qaalan paatis. Tamaareti daassa
xaafanaw de7iya gaatha denddetethay keehidi guutha gideyssappe hara xaafishe qaala
go7ettanaw metoteyssinne doonanxaafettidi uttida markka xuufeta dhayoynne asttamaareta
kaallidi xeelo guuthatethay tamaareti daassa suureyidi xaafonaada dhube gididayssi shiiqida
markkandduwaappe qonccis. Ha qommon qonccida metoti ubba hashetethi oychchiyaaba gidiya
gisho koshshiya kifileti polanaw koshshiya ooso polota oothanaada oge beson pilggethay
kuuyettis.

20. 20
5.2. OGE BESOTA
Pilgganchchay qommon qonccisida kuuyetha qofaappe denddidayssan tamaaretas daassa xaafo
bolla de7iya metoy sinthas birshshettanaw dandda7ettiya ogetanne oosettanaw koshshees gidi
ammanettida qofata ha pilggetha kifilen qonccisis.
Metoti issi kifile bolla xaalaala aadhdhi yegettiyaaba gidonashin koshshiya kifileta ubbata
hashetetha oychchiya gisho issippe zattidi tamaaretas daassa xaafo bolla de7iya metota
birshshanawnne Goofatho doonan loohida xaafanchchi keyana mala hashetethi oychchees.
Hayssappe denddidayssan tamaareta daassa xaafo meto birshshanaw:
 Tamarssiya asttamaareti gidin yela asati tamaaretas issi issi deexiya qaalata
birshshethaninne entti koyiya qaala imon kushettanaw bessees; tamarssiya
asttamaaretikka tamarssiya timirttiyan dumma dumma qaalata go7etethan oge mallanaw
bessees.
 Goofatho doona timirtte dosidinne suukettidi tamaaranaada timirtte keethay gidin
deretethay doona ginatetha loythidi tamarssanawnne dumma dumma loohisota immanaw
koshshees.
 Timirtte keethay tamaaretas dumma dumma ogetan xaafettida daassa xuufeta koshshiya
kifilera gahetethan kunbthanawnne koshshiya bessan wothanaw bessees.
 Bertetethan tamarssiya asttamaareti tamaaretas issi daassi pa gaathan ay ay
oykiyaakkonne daassas ayfe qofay awun awun uttiyaakonne ayfe qofa waatidi
demmanaw dandda7ettiyaakkonne cachcha malaatatas de7iya go77a saletethi baynna
tamaare giddoyo timirtten kalidi immanaw koshshees.

21. 21
Markka Maxaafeta
 Baaso inggilizatho.101. Alppa Haaho Timirttenne Loohiso Eqota
 C.R.Kothari, (2004). Pilggetha Oge: Rajasttaane Yunberssite; Jaipur(India)
 John,J.(1962). Ooratha Inggilizetho: New Yorkke; Harppere Yunbberssite
 Jolone, M. (2004). Xaafo Buussanne Balata: Kaloo Yunbberssite

22. 22
GUJA QONCCISO I Tamaaretas Shiiqida Xuufe Oysho
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBBERSSEN DERETETHA SAYNSSENNE ASAA
ALLALLIYA KOLLOOJEN TOPHPHPIYA DOONATANNE BILA- XUUFE
MACARAN GOOFATHO DOONA TIMIRTTEKIFILE
BONCHCHETTIDA ZAARANCHCHATTO:
Ha pilggetha oyshoy Goofatho doona timirtte kifilen koyro wodes koyro yuushos
digiren anjjisiya anjjos tamaareta daassa xaafo bolla de7iya metuwa
birshshanawnne koshshiya maade (oge) bessanaw gidiya gisho zaaranchchati tuma
bolla zemppidi beettiya pacceta qotenan suure zaaro imon kushettanaada
bonchchora oychays. Ha pilggetha oosoy Goofatho doonan koyro gideyssi doona
dichchas issi tanggo gidiya gisho gujji akkekidi intte zaaro immanaada gujjada
shoobays. Qassi hintte zaaruwa ha pilggetha oosuwaas xalaala go7ettanayssa
hinttena erisanaw koyays.
Intte gaathan de7iya suure zaaro immida gisho keehada galatays.
Qofiso:
Zaaro immishe intte naagettanaw bessey:
 Suntha xaafoy koshshenayssa
 Doorida zaaros sinthan beettiya saaxine giddo (X) malaata woson tillayanaw
dandda7eyssa.

23. 23
 Pacce bessatan intte gaathan si7ettiyabata wallotethan qonccisanaw
dandda7eyssa.
I. Buzo Hanota
1. Mattuma: adde macca
2. Laytha: 11-20 21-30 31ppebolla
3. Timirtte detha ---------
II. Paatetha oyshota
1. Daassas pana dandda7ida xaafo wogi de7ii? Ee akkay
erikke
2. Goofatho doonan daassaxaafidi ereetii? Ee Akkay
3. Ay ay wode xaafetii? Ubba wode aadhdhi aadhdhi darenna
guutha
4. Tamarssiya asttamaarey daassi xaafanaada minthetho dethay ay misatii?
Keehi minthethees minthethees giddi giddo ziqqa
5. Daassasinne adarssos de7iya dummatetha loythi shaakki ereettii? Loythidi
guuthara eroos erokko
6. Issi daassi aapun huuphe kaara oykanaw dandda7ii? Isso nam77a
heedza daro
7. Dumma dumma daassa qommota go7ettidi daassa xaafanaada imettiya
aaho/kifile/soo oosoti de7ii? Loythidi de7ees guuthara de7ees
darenna baawa
8. Xaafettida daassa gidoppe ayfe qofa koyidi demmanaw dandda7eettii? Ee
waythees erettenna
9. Goofatho doonan xaafettida daassa xuufeti intte timirtte keethan loythidi
de7ii? Ee darenna baawa

24. 24
10.Intte daassi xaafiya wode loythidi deexxey aybee?--------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
11.Intte deexxees gidi wothida qofas ay oosettiyaakko lo77o gidi qoppetttii?----
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
Intte Immida Zaaruwas Keehada Galatays!!

25. 25
GUJA QONCCISO II Tamaaretas shiiqida qaala oysho
TamaaretasGiigida Qaala Oyshota
1. Goofatho doona timirtte aapuntho kifileppe doommidi tamaarideti?-----------
------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Goofatho doona qawosa wogay xaafos deexxii?-----------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Daassi xaafishe nuuni naagettanaw bessey aybee?--------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Daassas pana dandda7ida xaafo wogi de7ii?---------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Asttamaarey kifile wodeppe karera inttew maade immi erii?--------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Intte xaafidi shiishiya daassata bolla asttamaarey giigiso immii erii?-----------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26. 26
GUJA QONCCISO III Tamaaro tamarsso xeelos giigida tillayiya warqqate
Kifile Giddo XeelonTillayanaw Giigida Warqqate
p.m Oosettiya ooso polota Keehi
dhoqqa
Dhoqqa Giddi
giddo
Ziqqa Keehi
ziqqa
1 Asttamaaretas daassa xaafo
bolla de7iya eratethay
2 Tamaaretas timirttiya bolla
de7iya gaatha denddetethay
3 Tamaareti daassa qommota
shaakki ero dethay
4 Daassa xaafishe denddo
qofa go7etetha hanotay
5 Tamaareta denthetho dethay
(asttamaarey)
6 Asttamaarey tamaareti
xaafiya wode xeelo hanotay