BA Senior Essay

1. 1
SHEMPPO ISSO
Gelo
Asa na7i pa de7o duussan asa na7ara gahetethi attonnaba. Gidoppe attin, gahetethas go7ettiya
dumma dumma ogeti de7oosona; hayssatappe issoy dabbdabbe gidishin ha gahetetha ogey lagge
dabbora gidin dumma dumma ooso kifiletara gahettanaw keehippe koshshees. Ha pilggetha
oosoy nam77u dabddabbe qommotappe issuwa gididayssa lagge dabbo dabddabbe bolla
wudayees. Lagge dabbo dabddabbey pana dandda7ida xaafo wogaynne medhoy de7iyaaba
gidishin kumetha kiita aathanaw keehidi go7iyaaba. Gidoppe attin, tamaareta bolla ha xaafo
wogaynne go7etethay ay aaziyaakko ha pilggethay qonccisees geetettidi qofettees. Gidiyagisho,
ha shemppoy: metuwa esuwa, metuwa qoncciso, pilggetha oyshota, xinaatiya qoppoba, xinaatiya
go77a, xinaatey polettiyaa heeranne xinaatey oosettishe gakkana geetetti qoppettiya metota
shiishidi oykkis.
1.1. Metuwa Esuwa (Back Ground of the Study)
Xaafoy asa na7a ooso gididi oyddu doona hiillatappe issuwa. Asa na7i pa gaatha xuura kessidi
bessiya doona hiillati de7oosona enttappe issoy xaafo. Shuchcha bolla, warqqate bolla, hara
injjetiya miisheta bolla asa na7i pidaleta go7ettidi pa gaatha amo qonccisanaada
maaddeyssatappe issoy xaafo.
Bila-xuufe xeelliya wode nam77u qommoti de7oosona. Enttikka: medhdhi-demo xuufenne
akkay medhdhi-demo xuufe geetettidi erettees.
Akkay medhdh-demo xuufe gishin tumanne hanidabaa markkanddo bolla zemppidi xaafettiya
adarsso qommo. Ha qofa qonccisishe “Akkay medhdh-demo xuufe gishin xaafanchchay
be7idabappe, si7idabappenne gakkiya didirxxatappe denddidi xaafiya xuufe gidishin
markkanddon gizettanaw bessees” Taariku, (2002:170).
Qommon qonccida qofa xeelliya wode xaafanchchay xeellidabanne polidaba bolla xaafo woga
kaallidi xaafiya xuufe gideyssa akeekisees.

2. 2
H/Gorggisa, D. (1994:385) akkay medhdhi-demoba qonccisishe “Akkay medhdh-demo xuufey
tuma taarike gididi gizettida bessaninne woden oosettida oosota paattidi shiishiyaaba” gis. Ha
qofa xelliya wode tumaba bolla zemppidi xaafeteyssa akeekos.
Akkay medhdh-demo xuufey pa gaathan dumma dumma adarsso xuufeta oykkees. Ha qofa
H/Gorggisa, D. (1994:388) wothishe “Akkay medhdh-demo xuufe qommoti: dabddabbe, de7o
taarike, gallasa kabexa, pilggetha xuufeta, taariketanne erisota” gidi shaakkis.
Ha qofappe denddidayssan pilgganchchiya qonccidayssatappe issuwa gididayssa lagge dabbo
dabddabbe xaafo bolla de7iya paccey aybekko giya guussan wudada denddasu.
1.2. Metuwa Qoncciso (Statementofthe Problem)
Ha pilggetha kaara pilgganchchiya doorada oothanaada baaso gididi denthethida dumma dumma
gaasoti de7oosona. Hessatikka : pilgganchchiya kase koyro tamarsso dethan xeellida xeelon daro
wode tamaareti dabddabbeta Amaaratho doonan xaafishenne pantta gaatha qofa haraas bessishe
beettoosona. Gidoppe attin dooni ubbi gina gideyssi qoncce gidikkoka aybis pantta doona isson
xaafidi meezettokona; haraas aybis xaafidi bessokona giya oyshoy aqidayssappe denddidayssan
pilgganchchiya ha kaara bolla pilggetha oothanaw denddasu.
Aadhdhi aadhdhi xaafiya dabddabbeta xeeliya wode tamaareti dabddabbe xaafo woga kaallonna
panttaw aazida mala xaafishe beettoosona; ha hanotay aybippe denddidayssan hanii? giya
oyshoy ha pilggethaa oothanaada nam77antho gaason denthethis. Gujjidikka,koyroti Goofatho
doonan ha pilggethaa kaaraa yuushon pilggetha oosoti oosettonayssi ha pilggetha oothanaada
denthethida allalletappe issuwa.
Kumethan xaaxi waaxi xeelliya wode dabddabbe xaafo hiilla dichchonaada nayta naaqi oykkiday
aybee? Goofatho doonan xaafidi hara kifiletas besokona? giya guussappe denddidayssan
pilgganchchiya ha xinaatiya oothanaw denddasu.
1.3. Xinaatiya Qoppoba (Objective of the Study)
1.3.1. Kumetha Qoppoba (GeneralObjective)
Ha xinaatey Goofatho doonan lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafo bolla tamaaretas de7iya pacceta
kunthanassa.

3. 3
1.3.2. Sima Qoppoba (Specific Objective)
 Lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafo bolla de7iya meto shaakkanassa.
 Pantta laggetas xaafiya dabbadabbetas de7iya xaafo hiillata bessanassa.
 Ooso keetha dabddabbesinne lagge dabbo dabddabbes de7iya dummatetha shaakkanassa
1.4. Pilggetha Oyshota
Ha pilggetha oosoy baasotethan kaallidi de7iya pilggetha oyshotas zaaro demises.
1. Goofatho doonan lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafo bolla tamaaretas de7iya metoy aybee?
2. Lagge dabbo dabddabbes pana dandda7ida xaafo hiilli de7ii?
3. Ooso keetha dabddabbesinne lagge dabbo dabddabbes dumatethi de7ii?
1.5. Xinaatiya Go77a (Significance ofthe Study)
Ha pilggethay oosettidi wurishe kaallidi de7iya go77ata immanaw (demisanaw) dandda7ees
geetetti qopettis.
 Tamaareti pantta doonan lagge dabbos xaafanaada qaada medhdhees. Koyro de7iya
pacceta kunthanaada oge bessees.
 Woga naagidi xaafiya wode aathiya kiitay kumethinne nabbabiya asaas waythonna
nabbabanaada denthethees (suukeyees)
 Kaallidi yiya yeletatas ha kaarara gahettidi pilggetha oothiya hara pilgganchchatas baaso
gididi maaddees.
1.6. Xinaatey Polettiyaa Heera (Scope of the Study)
Ha xinaatey Gaammo Goofa zoonen de7iya katamatappe Sawlla katama kumetha nam77antho
dethanne moyzo timirtte keetha bolla oosettis.
Xinaatey Sawlla kumetha nam77anthonne moyzo timirrte keethan de7iya tammantho kifile
tamaareta bolla polettis.

4. 4
1.7. Xinaatiya Metota (Limitation of the Study)
Ha xinaatey oosettey koyro wodes gideyssappe denddidayssan dumma dumma markka
maxaafeti beettonna ixxoninne markkanddo immiya asttamaareti loohiso buussappe
denddidayssan metothis.

5. 5
SHEMPPO NAM77A
HARA PILGGETHA MARKKA XUUFETA (REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE)
2.1. Dabddabbe Birshshethi
Dabddabbey wodeninne bessan haakkidi de7iya asati pantta kiitanne gaatha qofa wolli
laamerettiyaba gididi medhoynne xaafo wogi de7iya medhdhi-xaafo adarsso qommo. Gidoppe
attin dabddabbe aybatetha bertte oothidi xeelliya wode issi asi gidin deretethay doona qoncciso
wogay ayfetethan xeelletiyaaba. “Issi dabddabbe dabddabbe oothiyaabatappe berttey dabddabbe
medhonne xaafo woga.” Dabbab, H. (1994).
Ha birshshetha nuuni xeelliya wode issi asi gidin deretethay paw geliyaanne eriya doonan pa
gaatha xuura koyida lagges gidin dabbos xaafanaw dandda7eyssa akeekoos.
2.2. Dabddabbe Kanddota
“Oona gida ooso keetha dabddabbe gidin lagge dabbo dabddabbey kumetha kiita shiishanaw
bessees, kiitay qonccenne suure gidanaw koshshees, pokkiyaanne yiloyiya (shenechchiya)
qaalati gelanaw bessenna, deretethay go7ettiya doonappe kare gidida doonata go7ettanaw
bessenna, qillico qaalata go7ettanaw besseenna, bonchcho qaalata go7ettanaw bessees” Fanttaye,
T. (2002).
Kumethan xeelliya wode dabddabbes pana dandda7ida xaafo wogay de7eyssanne coo asha yida
mala xaafettonna medh-xaafo gideyssa akekkoos. Gujjidikka xaafettiya dabddabbey kumetha
kiita aathiyaabanne nabbabiya asas qoncce gidii erettiyaaba gidanaw bessees guussi. Ay
wodekka qaalati qorettida (doorettida) qaala gidanaw bessees.
2.3. Dabddabbe Qommota
Fanttaye, T. (2002), dabddabbe qommota qonccisishe “Dabddabbes medhuwa baaso oothidi
xeelliya wode dabddabbeti nam77an shaakettoosona. Hessatikka: ooso keetha dabddabbenne
lagge dabbo dabddabbe geetettidi erettoosona” gis. Ha qofa baaso oothidi xinaatey kumetha
wuda wothiday lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafo bolla gidees.

6. 6
Haylle, D.(1994), dabddabbe qommota qonccisishe “lagge dabbo dabddabbe, oyttamu qamma
qofiso dabddabbe, ooso oysho dabddabbe, issi asi buzo allalle bolla zemppiya dabddabbe”
guussan dabddabbe yeddiyaanne ekkiya asata baaso oothidi shaakkis. Gidoppe attin ha qofa
xeelliya wode issoy issuwa gelanaw dandda7eyssa akeekoos.
2.4. Lagge Dabbo Dabddabbe
Ha dabddabbe qommoy nuuni laggetas, nu dabbotasinne nu barera (de7o laythara) gina gidida
asatas xaafiya dabddabbe qommo. Ha dabddabbiya xaafishe nu go7ettiya qaalati ubba wode
gallasa gallasa qaaxuwan nu laggetatar go7ettiya qaalata gidanaw dandda7ees. Hessa gishin issi
issi qaalata de7iya laggetetha bolla zemppidi go7ettanaw dandda7oos. Gidoppe attin xaafettiya
dabddabbey dabddabbe xaafo woga kaallanaw bessees.
Lagge dabbo dabddabbey pa medhuwan oykkiya dumma dumma kifileti de7oosona. Hessatikka
gallasa, yeddiya asanne ekkiya asa kumetha de7iya bessa, saroso, paatetha qofa (gomppa),
kuushsha qofaa (gorddo). Xaafanchcha sunthanne pirmma shiishidi oykkees.
2.4.1. Yeddiya asa kumetha de7iya bessa
Ha dabddabbe kifiley yeddiya asi de7iya heera, katama, postta saaxine paydo oykkiyaaba
gidishin dabddabbiyaas ushshachcha baggara dhoqqu gidi xaafettees.
2.4.2. Gallasa
Gallasay yeddiya asa kumetha de7iya bessaa xaafidappe guye issi yafara duge wodhdhidi eya
garssan xaafettees.
2.4.3. Ekkiya asa kumetha de7iya bessa
Gallasa xaafidaappe guye issi nam77u yafara duge wodhdhidappe guye hadirssa baggara
xaafettees. Pa gaathan ekkiya asa suntha, de7iya bessanne postta saaxine paydo shiishidi
oykkees.

7. 7
2.4.4. Saroso (gelo)
Ekkeyssa asa kumetha de7iya bessa xaafidappe guye issi yafara duge wodhdhidi ekkiya asas
koshshiya sarotethay xaafettees.
2.4.5. Paatetha qofa (Gomppa)
Ha dabddabbe kifile kumetha kiita oykkiya dabddabbe kifile gidishin sarotetha xaafidappe guye
issi yafara duge wodhdhid xaafey aathanaw koyida kiita kumethara xaafiya dabddabbe kifile.
Berttetethan nuuna xaafanada udida allalliya ha kifilen wothoos. Hayssappe denddidayssan
dabddabbiyas qulppe (bertte) kifile geetettees. Issi daassan nu wothiya qofay wuronnaba gidikko
duge issi yafara wodhdhidi gujjidi xaafanaw dandda7ettees.
2.4.6. Gorddo (Kuushsha) Qofa
Ha dabddabbe kifiliyan kumetha kiita aathidappe guye issi yafara duge wodhdhidi ushachcha
baggara qanthan xaafettiya gordda (kuushsha) qofa oykkees.
2.4.7. Xaafida Asa Sunthanne Pirmma
Ha dabddabbe kifiley dabddabbes wurssetha kifile gidishin gorddo (kuushsha) qofappe issi
yafara duge wodhdhidappe guye xaafettiyaaba gidishin pirmma sithayidi suntha kaalethidi
xaafettees.

8. 8
2.4.8. Lagge Dabbo Dabddabbe Medho Malla
Pultto: Dabbaba, (1994). Amaaratho Doona Tamarsso Maxaafe.
Yeddiya asaa kumetha de7iya bessa
----------------------------------------
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Gallasa ---------------------------------
Ekkiya asa kumetha de7iya bessa
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Saroso
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------.
Paatetha qofa (gomppa)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------.
Gorddo (kuushsha ) qofa --------------------------------------------.
Pirmma ----------------------------
Suntha ------------------------------------------

9. 9
SHEMPPO HEEDZA
3. Xanna7o Ogenne Hiilla (ResearchMethodology)
Ha shemppo kaaray kumetha pilggetha ogiyanne hiilla oykkis. Hessatikka: pilggetha medhuwa,
pilggetha heera, besinddo eko oge buussanne besinddo daroteha, markkanddo shiisho ogenne
shiishiya miisheta, pilggethaas koshshiya miishe keenanne pilggethay oosettiya wode sintha qofa
shiishidi oykkis.
3.1. Pilggetha medhuwa (ResearchDesign)
Ha pilggetha qoppopbappenne kaarappe denddon ha pilggethaas qoncciso (descriptive) hiilla
go7etethan ha pilggethaa qaalan qonccisanaw pilgganchchiya polasu.
Ha pilggetha hiillay buzo hanotaba bolla gidin cuga hanota bolla beettiya allelleta bolla qoncciso
immanaw maaddiya hiilla (Kottaari,2004).
3.2. Pilggetha Heera (Study Area)
Dugeha dere ayso killillen dumma dumma zooneti de7oosona. Ha zoonetappe issoy Gaammo
Goofa zoone gidishin ha zooney pa gaathan nam77u ayso katamatanne tammanne laapun
woradata waaxi oykkis. Nam77u ayso katamatikka Sawlla katamanne Arbba Mincce katama
ayso geetettidi erettoosona.
Sawlla katamay dugeha dere ayso killilleppe 350 kilo meetireninne zoone bertte katama Arbba
Mincceppe 254 kilo meetire haahotethan beettiya katama. Katamiw pudehara Gezze Goofa
woraday, dugeha baggara Zaala woraday, doloha baggara Dembba Goofa woradaynne wuloha
baggara qassi Oyda woraday zawayees.
Katamiya pa gaathan nam77u kifile katamatanne usuppun qabaleta shiishada oykkawus. Kifile
katamati heedzu heedzu qabaleta oykkoosona. Hessatikka: Yooca kifile katamay pa gaathan:
Gahetetha (megenagna), Qeera qabalenne Botire qaabale oykishin Bolla kifile katamay pa
gaathan: Giddo(mahaale), Zirqqo qabalenne Kustti qabale waaxi oykkees.
Katame gaathan heedzu kumetha nama7antho detha timirtte keethati, issi dhoqqanne giigiso
timirtte keethinne usuppun kumetha issantho detha kawo timirtte keethati de7oosona.

10. 10
Heyssatappe pilgganchchiya Sawla katama dhoqanne giigiso timirtte keetha bolla xanna7anaw
wuda wothasu.
Goofatho doonay katamen loythi haasayettees. Asay issipetethaninne siiqotethan de7iya katama
gidishi ayyere hanota ho77o gideyssappe denddidayssan gadhatethan moodettawus.
3.3. Bessinddo Eko Oge Buussanne Bessinddo Darotetha
Ha pilggetha oosuwan Sawlla kumetha nama77antho dethanne giigiso timirtte keethan de7iya
tammantho kifiley tamma gidishi issi issi kifilen 60 tamaareti de7oosona; kumethan 600 gidishin
ha pilggethay kumetha tamaareta bolla polettis. Pilgganchchiya kumetha tamaaretappe 6o
tamaareta gizzidi eko ogen poxi poxi bessinddo eko oge go7ettada ekkasu. Ha ogeykka
doorettida gaasoy poxi poxi bessinddo eko ogey ubba tamaaretas gina qaada immiya gisho
pilgganchchiya ha bessinddo eko oge go7ettasu.
3.4. Markkanddo Shiisho Oge
Markkanddoy shiiqiday koyro pulttoppe gidishin dumma dumma markkanddo shiisho ogetan
markkanddoy shiiqis.
3.4.1. Paace Imon
Tamaareti dosiya lagges dabddabbe waati xaafiyaakkonne xaafettanaada ooson xaafo woga ay
keena naagiyaakko shaakanas injettanada pilgganchchiya ha markkanddo shiisho oge go7ettasu.
Ha ogiyan pilgganchchiya tamaareti dosiya laggetas dabddabbe xaafo woga naagidi
xaafanaadanne dabddabbe xaafo woga bolla de7iya eratetha xeellanas injjettanaada dumma
dumma oyshota imon pilgganchchiya ha ogiya polasu.
3.4.2. Wochchidi Xeelon
Ha markkanddo shiisho ogey oysho giigisonna coo xeelon, polettidaba gidishin tamaaretaas
lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafo bolla de7iya wudatethaynne timirtte bolla de7iya hashetethay ay
aaziyaakko xeellanw koyettida gisho ha markkanddo shiisho ogey doorettis. Ha ogen
pilgganchchiya tillayiya warqqate ekkada asttamaarey tamarssiya wode kifile giddo imathatethan
gelada xeelon markkanddo shiishasu.

11. 11
3.5. Markkanddo Paatetha Oge
Pilgganchchiya markkanddo qaalaninne paydon paatetha oge go7ettada paatasu. Gaasoykka
shiiqida markkanddoti wochchcidi xeeloninne paace imon gidida gisho pilgganchchiya ha ogeta
go7ettasu.

12. 12
SHEMPPO OYDDA
MARKKANDDO PAATETHI, BIRSHSHETHINNE DEMOTA
Ha pilggetha kifiley Sawla katama dhoqqanne giigiso timirtte keethan de7iya tammantho kifile
tamaaretas de7iya lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafo meto shaakkanas oosettida pilggetha paatetha,
birshshethanne demota waaxidi oykkis.
Ha pilggethas bessinddotethan ekkettida tamaareti usuppun tamma gidishin markkanddoy
paaceninne wochchidi xeelon shiiqidaba gidishin paacey kumetha bessinddotas imettis.
Zara 1 Tamaareta kumetha Markkanddo
4.1. Tamaareta PaaceOysha Paatetha
Zara 2 Lagge dabbo dabddabes de7iya medho akeeka detha
p. m Oysho Dooro Bessinddo darotetha
Qooda %
1 Lagge dabbo dabddbes pana dandda7ida xaafo wogi
de7ii?
Ee 40 66.7
Akkay 20 33.3
Kumetha 60 100
2 Goofatho doonan dabddabbe xaafo woga meezettanaada
imettiya aaho oosoti de7oonaa?
Ee 15 25
Akkay 45 75
Kumetha 60 100
3 Ooso/suure/ dabddabesinne lagge dabbo dabddabes
dummatethi de7ii?
Ee 23 38.3
Akkay 37 61.7
Kumetha 60 100
p.m T/keetha T/ detha Mattumatetha Bessinddo darotetha
1
Sawla
2
tho
Moyzo
10
tho
kifile
Qooda %
Adde 35 58.3
Macca 25 41.7
Kumetha 60 100

13. 13
Qommon zara 2n oysha isso bolla shiiqida oyshuwaan lagge dabbo dabddabbes pana dandda7ida
xaafo wogi de7ees gidayssati 40(66.7%) gidishin akkay baawa gidayssati 20(33.3%) gideyssa
shiiqida markkanddoy bessees.
Pilgganchchiya shiiqida markkandduwappe akeekanaw dandda7iday tamaaretas lagge dabbo
dabddabbe medho bolla lo77o gidida eratethi de7eyssa akeekanwa dandda7asu.
Qommo zara 2n oysha nam77a bolla shiiqida oyshan Goofatho doonan dabddabbe xaafidi
meezettanaada aaho oosoti de7ees gidaydssati 15(25%) gidishin akkay imettenna gidayssati
45(75%) gididayssa shiiqida markkanddoy qonccisees.
Pilgganchchiya tamaaretappe shiiqida markkandduwa xeelliya wode tamaareti dumma dumma
dabddabeta Goofatho doonan xaafidi meezettanaada imettiya aaho oosoti keehidi darenayssanne
tamaareti dabddabbe suure ogen xaafonaada dhube gididayssa shiiqida markkandduwaappe
akeekanaw dandda7asu.
Qommon zara 2n oysha heedza bolla shiiqida oyshuwaan ooso/suure/ dabddabesinne lagge
dabbo dabddabbes dummatethi de7ii? geetettidi oyshettida oyshuwaas de7ees gidi zaaridayssati
23(38.3%) gidishin akkay baawa gidayssati 37(61.7%) kushe.
Pilgganchchiya xeelliya wode tamaareti lagge dabbo dabddabbesinne suure/ooso/ keetha
dabddabbes de7iya dummatetha bolla gita paccey de7eyssanne shaakkidi eronayssa tamaareta
zaaruwaappe akeekanaw dandda7idaba gidishin ha metoykka lagge dabbo dabddabbe suure
xaafonaada dhube gididayssa shaakanaw dandda7su.
Ooso keetha dabddabesinne lagge dabbo dabddabes de7iya dummatetha paatta bessa
Qommon oysha shiiqida oyshuwaas tamaareti zaaro immishe lagge dabbo dabddabbes de7iya
dummatetha qonccisishe keehidi dariya tamaareti dummatethay: lagge dabbo dabddabbes
gorddoy de7ees ooso keetha dabddabbes gorddoy baawa, lagge dabbo dabddabbes sarosoy
de7ees ooso keetha dabddabbes sarosoy baawa yaagishe pantta qofa qonccisidosona.

14. 14
Zara 3 Lagge Dabbos Xaafida Dabddabbe Paatetha
p.m Oysha Zaaro Bessinddo darotetha
Qooda %
1
Yeddiya asa kumetha bessa suure
xaafidayssati
Suure xaafidayssati 15 25
Suure xaafonayssati 45 75
Kumetha 60 100
2
Suure bessan gallasa xaafidayssati Suure xaafidayssati 22 36.7
Suure xaafonayssati 38 63.3
Kumetha 60 100
3 Ekkiya asa kumetha markkanddo suure
bessan go7ettidi xaafidayssati
Suure xaafidayssati 25 41.7
Suure xaafonayssati 35 58.3
Kumetha 60 100
4 Gelo dassa suure bessan kumetha qofara
xaafidayssati
Suure xaafidayssati 28 46.7
Suure xaafonayssati 32 53.3
Kumetha 60 100
5 Gorddo qaala/tura go7ettidayssati Suure xaafidayssati 35 58.3
Suure xaafonayssati 25 41.7
Kumetha 60 100
6 Pirmma go7ettidayssati Suure xaafidayssati 21 35
Suure xaafonayssati 39 65
Kumetha 60 100
7 Xaafidappe guye pantta suntha suure bessan
xaafidayssati
Suure xaafidayssati 17 28.3
Suure xaafonayssati 43 71.7
Kumetha 60 100
Qommon zara 3n shiiqida qofa xeelliya wode kumetha tamaaretappe yeddiya asa kumetha
bessan koshshiya markkanddo gelisidi suureyidi xaafidayssati 15(25%) gidishin koshshiya
markkanddo kunthidi suure xaafonayssati 45(75%). Ha markkanddoy bessey tamaareti

15. 15
dabddabbes de7iya kifilettappe issuwa gididayssan yeddiya asa kumetha bessan xaafanw
koshsheyssa bessan suure markkanddo xaafanaw dandda7onayssanne paccey de7eyssa bessees.
Pilgganchchiyakka tamaareti xaafidayssa xeelliya wode Keehi daro tamaareti yeddiya asa
kumetha bessan pantta suntha xaafidi shiishidosona. Haysikka besseyssa mala tamaaretas
yeddiya asa kumetha bessanne ekkiya asa kumetha bessa bolla xaafettiya (gelanaw)
koshshiyaabati aybekko shaakki eronna paccey de7eyssa shaakkasu.
Qommon zara 3n shiiqida nam7antho maka xeelliya wode gallasa suure bessan xaafidayssati
kumetha tamaaretappe 22(36.7%) gidishin suure xaafonayssati 38(63.3%). Ha markkanddoy
besseyssa mala tamaareti dabddabbe xaafishe gallasa suure bessan go7etetha bolla pacceya
de7eyssanne suure xaafanaw metottidayssa bessees.
Pilgganchchiyakka tamaareti xaafida markkandduwa xeelliya wode yeddiya asa kumetha bessa
xaafidappe guye issi yafara wodhdhidi xaafanaw koshshishin keehi daro tamaareti xeera bolla
xaafidayssanne suure xaafo woga naagonayssa akeekanaw dandda7su.
Qommon zara 3n heedzantho dethan shiiqida maka xeelliya wode ekkiya asa suure bessan
go7ettidi koshshiya markkanddo xaafidayssati 25(41.7%) gidishin suure bessa go7ettidi kumetha
markkanddo xaafonayssati 35(58.3%). Ha markkanddoy bessey tamaareti ekkiya asa bessa
shaakki eronnayssanne koshshiya markkanddo xaafo bolla paccey de7eyssa qonccisees.
Pilgganchchiyaakka xeelliya wode tamaaretas ekkiya asa kumetha bessa shaakki eridi kumetha
markkanddo xaafo bolla metoy de7eyssanne wogara xaafanaw dandda7onayssa akeekanaw
dandda7asu.
Qommon zara3n oyddantho bolla shiiqida markkandduwa xeelliya wode dabddabbes gelo daassa
bolla sarothora doomidayssati kumetha tamaaretappe 28(46.7%) kushe gidishin suure
xaafonayssati 32(53.3%) kushe. Ha markkanddoy bessey keehi daro tamaareti dabddabbes gelo
daassa bolla xaafettanaw koshshiya qofanne daassa xaafo woga naagidi xaafonayssa bessees.
Pilgganchchiyaakka tamaareti xaafida dabddabbe baaso oothada xeelliya wode keehi daro
tamaareti dabddabbes gelo dassa xaafo xaafettanaw koshshiya qofanne daassa xaafo woga
naagidi xaafo gita paccey de7eyssanne xaafanaw metoteyssa akeekanaw dandda7asu.

16. 16
Qommon zara 3n ichashantho maka bolla shiiqida markkundduwa xeelliya wode tamaareti
panttas koshshiya qofata xaafidappe guye gorddo qaala go7ettidayssati kumetha tamaaretappe
35(58.3%) kushe gidishin suure go7ettidi xaafonayssati 25(41.7%) kushe. Ha markkanddoy
besseyssa mala tamaareti kumetha qofa xaafidappe guye dabddabbiya gorddo kifile bolla gorddo
qaala go7etetha bolla lo77o eratethi de7eyssa bessees.
Pilgganchchiya shiiqida markkandduwa baaso oothada xeelliya wode keehi daro tamaareti
gorddo qaala go7etetha bolla lo77o gidida eratethi de7eyssanne guutha tamaareti xaafanaw
metotidayssa xeellanaw dandda7su.
Qommon zara 3n usuppuntho bolla shiiqida makan tamaareti xaafidayssa xeelliya wode gorddo
qaaappe issi yafara wodhdhidi suure bessan pirmma go7ettidayssati kumetha tamaaretappe
21(35%) gidishin suure bessan go7ettonayssati 39(65%) kushe. Ha markkanddoy besseyssa mala
tamaareti dabddabbe xaafidappe guye akeekidi pirmma koshshiya bessan xaafo bolla paccey
de7eyssa qonccisees.
Pilgganchchiya tamaareti xaafida dabddabbiya baaso oothada xeelliya wode keehidi daro
tamaareti lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafishe pirmmappe koyro suntha xaafidayssa xaafida
dabddabbiyaappe akeekanaw dandda7asu. Haysikka bessey tamaaretas sunthappenne
pirmmappe awssi koyrottidi xaafettiyaakko lo77o gidida gaatha eratethi baynnayssa bessees.
Qommon zara 3n laapuntho bolla shiiqida markkandduwa xeelliya wode kumetha tamaaretappe
dabddabbe xaafidappe guye pantta suntha suure bessan go7ettidi xaafidayssati kumetha
tamaaretappe 21(35%) kushe gidishin suure bessan xaafonayssati 39(65%) kushe. Ha
markkanddoy besssey daro tamaareti xaafidappe guye pantta xaafo bolla metoteyssa bessees.
Pilgganchchiya tamaareti xaafidi shiishida dabddabbiyaappe akeekanaw danvdda7iday keehi
daro tamaareti dabddabbe xaafidappe guye pantta suntha pirmma guyen xaafanaw koshshishin
koyrotti yeddiya asa bessan pantta suntha xaafidayssa xeellanaw dandda7asu. Hayssikka bessey
tamaareti dabddabbes de7iya kifileta bolla xaafettanaw koshshiyabata shaakkidi eronayssa
qonccisees.
Kumethan pilgganchchiya tamaareti pantta dosiya lagges xaafida dabddabbeppe akeekanaw
dandda7iday keehi daro tamaareti lagge dabbo dabddabbes de7iya kifileta sintha guye maara

17. 17
shaakkidi eronayssanne issi issi kifilen markkanddoy waani xaafettiyaakonne aybi
xaafettiyaakko shaakki eronnayssappe denddidayssan lagge dabbo dabbo dabddabbe xaafanaw
metoteyssanne gita paccey de7eyssa xeellanaw dandda7asu.
4.2. Wochchidixeelo paatetha
Pilgganchchiya giigisida tillayiya warqqates koyro bolla wothida makan kifile giddo asttamaarey
tamarssiya wode lagge dabbo dabddabbes de7iya medhota bolla shiiqiya oyshota bolla keehidi
daro tamaareti loythidi hashetethappe aadhdhidi zaaro imon kushettoosona. Hayssappe
akeekanaw dandda7ettiday tamaaretas lagge dabbo dabddabbe medho bolla dhoqqa gidida
eratethi de7eyssa pilgganchchiya pa xeelon shaakkanaw dandda7asu.
Qommon nam77antho dethan wothida makan tamaaretas de7iya dabddabbe kifileta shaakkidi ero
bolla de7iya eratetha detha xeelliya wode ziqqatethan qoncciyaaba. Hayssikka shaakettanaw
dandda7ettiday asttamaarey tamarssidappe guye oychchiya oshota bolla keehi daro tamaareti
loythidi kushetonayssanne kushettida tamaaretappe daroti suure zaaro imonayssappe
denddidaysan pilgganchchiya xeellida xeeluwan ziqqa dethan de7eyssa akeekasu.
Heedzantho dethan tamaaretas de7iya gaatha denddetetha xeelliya wode dhoqqatethan qonccees.
Haysikka pilgganchchiya tamaareti wollis dabddabbe xaafettanaada imettida oosuwaan xaafanaw
gaatha denddetethay dhoqqa gididayssa shaakkanaw dandda7asu.
Oyddantho dethan tamaareti xaafishe qofa sinth-guye maaran naagidi xaafo hanota dethay
ziqqa. Daro tamaareti xaafishe dabddabbe bolla kifilen gelo bolla xaafettanaw koshshiya qofata
gordda bolla efidi woson xaafidayssa tamaareti kifile giddon xaafiya wode pilgganchchiya
yuuyashe xeellanaw dandda7asu.
Ichashshantho dethan tamaaro tamarsso wode asttamaarey tamaareti dabddabbe xaafettanaada
denthetho hanota xeelliya wode gidotho gideyssa pilgganchchiya pa xeelon akeekanaw
dandda7asu. Tamarssiya asttamaarey dabddabbes de7iya dumma kifiletanne kanddota
tamarssidappe guye tamaareti wollis xaaferettidi meezettanaada immiya oosoy de7iyaaba
gidikonne aliyaaba gidenna.
wurssethan pilgganchchiya xeellanaw wothida makan xeelliya wode tamarssiya asttamaarey
tamaareti wollis xaafiya dabddabbe yuuyi xeelon koshshiya harmmo imo hanota xeelliya wode

18. 18
keehi ziqqa. Hayssikka tamaareti pantta pacciya shaakkidi eronaada ootheyssappe aadhdhidi
xaafo bolla metotanaada uddis.
Kumethan wochchidi xeeluwa xeelliya wode tamaareti lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafanaw de7iya
gaatha denddetethay keehidi ufayssiyaaba gidikonne dabddabbes de7iya kifileta bollanne
kifiletan aybi, waanidi xaafettiy geyssa bolla gita paccey de7eyssanne tamarssiya asttamaarey
tamaareta oosuwa yuuyi xeellidi koshshiya qofata imonayssi tamaaretas lagge dabbo dabddabbe
xaafo bolla dhube gididayssa pilgganchchiya pa wochchidi xeeluwaan akeekanaw dandda7asu.
4.3. Pilggetha Demo
Pilgganchchiya dumma dumma ogetan shiiqida markkanddota baaso ooson ha pilggetha bolla
beettida demo qofa wothiya wode:
 Tamaareti Goofatho doonan dabddabbe xaafidi meezettanaada imettiya aaho oosoti
keehidi guutha gideyssinne doonan xaafetti uttida dabddabetti baynayssi tamaareti
suureyidi xaafonaadanne lo7oo gidida eratethi de7onaada dhube gidis.
 Bertte dhube gididay tamaareti lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafishe dabddabbe kifiletanne
kifileta bolla xaafettanaw koshshiya qofata shaakkidi eronayssaappe denddidayssan
giigisidi xaafonaada dhube gidis.
 Tamaaretas Goofatho doona qaalata go7etetha metoynne pidaleta daabuloynne selle
xaafetethay qaala bolla ehiya dummatetha bolla gita paccey de7eyssi dabddabbe xaafo
bolla dhube gidis.
 Goofatho doonan xaafettidi uttida dabddabbeti kumidi beettonayssinne koyiya wode
demmmidi nabbabanaw dandda7onayssi tamaareti lagge dabbo dabddabbe medhuwaanne
kifileta shaakki eridi xaafonaada dhube gidis.

19. 19
SHEMPPO ICHCHASHA
KUUYETHANNE OGE BESOTA
Ha pilggetha bertte qoppobay Goofatho doonan lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafo bolla Sawla katam
dhoqanne giigiso timirtte keethan tamaariya tamaanatho kifile tamaaretas de7iya pacceta
kunthanassa. Pilgganchchiya ha kaaran oothanaada udida daro gaasoti de7iyaaba gidishin
dumma dumma ogetan markkanddota shiishon wurssethan beettida metotanne sinthas koshshiya
kifiley ay oothanaw koshshi geyssa ha pilggetha kaaran shiishasu.
5.1. KUUYETHI
Ha pilggethay Swla katama dhoqqa nam77anthonne giigiso timirtte keethan tammantho kifileta
lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafo meto bolla oosettida. Ha pilggethaay Goofatho doonan koyro
wodes oosettidaba gidishin pilggetha oothanaada denthethida dumma dumma gaasoti de7oosona.
Hessatappe uugati: Koyroti ha doonan oosettida pilggetha oosota dhayoy, pilgganchchiya koyro
de7iya ooso meezen tamaareti Goofatho doonan dabddabbe xaafo bolla daro wudatonayssinne
xaafishe meteteyssi aybippe medhettidakko giya guussan ha pilggethaa oothidaba gidishin
pilggethay tamaaretas de7iya lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafo metuwaas oge bessees.
Pilgganchchiya ha pilggethaa oosuwaas go7ettida pilggetha medhoy qoncciso pilggetha medho.
Ha pilggetha kaaran qonccida kumetha tamaarey usuppun tamma gidishin pilgganchchiya poxi-
poxi eko ogen kumetha tamaaretappe usuppun vtammu tamaareta bessindotethan ekkasu. Ha
ekettida bessinddotappe pilgganchchiya paace imoninne wochchada xeelon markkanddota
shishanaw dandda7asu. Ha ogetan shiiqida markkanddoy paydoninne qaalan paatetha ogen
paatettis. Paatethaappe akeeketanaw dandda7ettiday tamaareti lagge dabbo dabddabbes de7iya
dumma dumma kifileta shaakkidi eronayssappe denddidayssan suure bessan koshshiya
markkanddo xaafanaw metoteyssa akeekanaw dandda7asu. Ha metota koshshiya kifiletas
qonccisoson pa pilggetha kuuyasu.

20. 20
5.2. Oge Besota
Qommon kuuyida metota koshshiya kifileti koshshiya ooso polotanne maadeta oothiyaaba
gidikko tamaaretas de7iya lagge dabbo dabddabbe meto birshshetanaw dandda7ees. hessikka:
 Goofatho doona tamarssiya asttamaareti tamaaretas wodera wodera dabddabbe
xaafanaada dumma dumma aaho oosotanne maado timirtteta immanaw bessees.
 Tamaareti lagge dabbo dabddabbes de7iya dumma dumma kifiletanne kifiletaa waati
go7ettanekko koshshiya hagazi koshshiya gisho tamarssiya asttamaareti kifileta bolla
wuda wothidi tamarssanawnne qonccisanaw bessees.Gujjidikka, tamaaretas Goofatho
doona pidaleta qaammoynne aduqqoy, minoynne lepoy meto gididi beettida gisho oge
besoy keehidi koshshiyaaba gidiya gisho beesanaw koshshees.
 Timirtte keethay Goofatho doonan xaafettida dumma dumma markka maxaafeta de7iyaa
sooppe shaman gidin demmiddi tamaaretas shiishanawnne tamaareti nabbabidi panttas
de7iya pacceta kunthanaada maxaafe gollen wothanaw bessees.
 Hara pilggetha oothiya asati gidin tamarssiya asttamaareti ha kaarara gahettiya ooso
keetha dabddabbe bolla dumma dumma pilggetha oosota ooson oge besiyaakko keehidi
lo7oo gidiya gisho oothiyaako.

21. 21
Markka Maxaafeta
C.R.Kothari, (2004). Pilggetha Oge, Komersse Kollooje: Rajasttaane yunberssite; Jaipur(India)
Dabbaba Haylle gorggise (1994). Amaaratho Tamarsso Maxaafe: Addisaaba, Kuuraaze attamo
Keetha.
Fanttaye Taariku (2002). Amaaratho Ubbi Ubbas: Addisaaba, Paari7isite attamo keetha.
Hallisonne Muse (1998). 9tho kifile Goofatho doona maxaafe: Arbba Mincce.
.

22. 22
GUJA QONCCISO 1 Tamaaretas shiiqida paace
Arbba Mince Yunbberssite Deretetha Saynssenne
Asatetha Kolooje Tophphpiya Doonatanne Bila-Xuufe
MacaranGoofatho Doona Timirtte Kifile
Bonchcho zaaranchchatoo:
Ha oyshoy aawatethan giigiday Sawla dhoqqanam77anthonne giigiso timirtte
keethan tammantho kifile tamaariya tamaaretassa. Ha pilggetha oyshoy Goofatho
doona timirtte kifilen koyro wodes koyro yuushos digiren anjjisiya anjjos
tamaaretas lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafo bolla de7iya meto birshshnassa. Ha
oyshuwa huuphe qoppobay Goofatho doonan tamaaretas lagge dabbo dabddabbe
xaafo bolla de7iya metuwa birshshanawnne sinthas hananaw bessiya (koshshiya)
oge bessanas xalaala gidiya gisho tumanne suure zaaro imon intte qofa
qonccisanaada bonchchoraoychchays.
Qofiso: Ha oyshotas zaaro immiya wode
 Suntha xaafoy koshshenna
suure zaaro immiya gisho keeha galatays!!

23. 23
Lagge dabbo dabddabbe bolla oosettiya pilggetha oosuwaas tamaaretas paace
imon markkanddo shiishanaw oykettida sintha-qofa baason pilgganchchiya
giigisida paace warqqate.
kaalloda I.
Kaallidi de7iya dumma dumma oyshotas suure zaaro immite.
1. Lagge dabbo dabddbes pana dandda7ida xaafo wogi de7ii? Ee
Akkay
2. Goofatho doonan dabddabbe xaafo woga meezettanaada imettiya aaho oosoti
de7oonaa? Ee Akkay
3. Ooso keetha dabddabetasinne lagge dabbo dabddabetasa dummatetha paatta
bessa---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
Kaalloda II.
4. Intte dosiyaanne siiqiya lageettas lagge dabbo dabddabbe xaafo woga bolla
zemppidi dabddabbexaafite.

24. 24
GUJA QONCCISO 2 Kifile giddo xeelo
WOCHCHIDI XEELOS GIIGIDA TILLAYIYA WARQQATE
Lagge dabbo dabddabbe bolla oosettiya pilggetha oosuwaas wochchidi xeelon markkanddo
shiishanaw oykettida sintha-qofa baason pilgganchchiya tillayanaw giigisida warqqate. Ha oosoy
polettey nam77u ogetan gisdishin hessikka: asttamaarey kifile giddo tamarssiya wodeninne
tamaareti lagge dabbos xaafida dabddabiya simmi xeelon gidees.
p.m Ooso polota
Keehi
dhoqqa
Dhoqqa Giddi
giddo
Ziqqa Keehi
ziqqa
1 Tamaareti lagge dabbo dabddabbe medho
bolla de7iya eratetha
2 Dabddabbe kifileta bolla de7iya eratethay
3 Dabddabbe xaafos de7iya gaatha
denddetethay
4 Qofa sinth-guye maaran go7etetha dethay
5 Asttameerey tamaareti wollis dabddabbe
xaafettanaada denthetho dethay
6 Asttamaarey tamaareti xaafiya wode harmmo
hanotay