1. This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing the grammar and vocabulary used in a 10th grade science textbook in Gojjam, Ethiopia. 2. The study found that the science textbook used complex grammar and advanced vocabulary that would be difficult for 10th grade students to understand. Terms were often used in Amaharic, English, and Ge'ez that students may not be familiar with. 3. The summary provides recommendations to simplify the language and explanations used in the textbook to make the material more accessible to 10th grade students in the region. Simplifying sentences, using more common vocabulary, and providing clearer examples are suggested.

1. 1
SHEMPPO ISSO
GELO
Ha Pilggethay oosettiday Bulqqi kaama ayson Bulqqi kumetha nam77antho detha tammantho A-
C gaso de7iya tamaaretas Goofatho doona bolla de7iya xeeloy tamaareta muruuta bolla gathida
qoha giya kaaran gidishin pa giddon ichashu dumma dumma shemppota shiishi oykkis. Shemppo
isson paatettidabaati, meto eso, meto qoncciso,kumetha qoppobaa,sima qoppobaa, pilggetha
oyshata, pilggetha go77a,pilggetha zawanne ooratha qaala birshetha gidees.
Shemppo nam77an qassi, gahetethi de7iya xuufeta zaaretho, xeelo aybatetha, doona aybatetha,
Goofatho doona timirtte doomethanne Goofatho doona akkayta xeelo giya qofata shiishi
oykkees.
Shemppo heedzi qassi, pilggetha ooso hila, pilggetha ooso hanota bessinddo dooro hanotanne
dooretetha, bessinddo eko zawa, markkanddo pulttota, markkanddo shiisho miisheta,
markkanddo ooso siraata, markkanddo paatetha hiilla, pilggetha ammanetethinne suuretetha,
pilggethas koshshiya bajate halchonne pilggetha ooso wode halcho giya qofati de7ana.
Shemppo oyddan qassi markkando paatetethatinne demoti uttidabaa gidishin, shemppo ichashan
qassi kuushsha qofati uttidosona.
1.1.Meto Eso
Koyro doona billida doonan tamaaroy tamaareti eeson timirttiya erana melanne timirttey eeson
imettanw keehi injjetees.Hessa gisho nayti nam77antho doonan tamaaranappe doona pogida
doonan tamaariyakko keehi lo77o (Mutasa, 2006}. Issi dooni timirtten imetethi asaas kahaa
disho baggara, deriya wogaa erisobaggara, ertethi demo baggaranne h.h.m immiya go77ay
guutha gidenna (Fasold, 1984). Gaashshaw (2012)Arbba Mincce kataman de7iya tamaareti
tamarsso doonan (koyro doona)tamaarosinne tamaaro (nam77antho doonan) tamaaros gishin
Ingiliizethos, Amaarathosinne Gamothos tamaaretas de7iya xeeloy ay aaziyakko pilggethi
oothis.He oothida pilggethankka tamaareti Ingilizethos dhoqqa dethi, Amaarathos giddonne
Gamothos ziqqa dethi immeyssa pilgethan qonccisi wothidosona.

2. 2
Mequnine (2009)Gamotho doona bolla pilggethi oothidi Gamotho doonay koyro detha timirtte
keethan tamarsso doona gideyssape denddidayssan yela asay gidin asttamaareti nayti Gamotho
doona tamaaranaappe Amaaratho woy Ingilizetho doonan tamaarekko dosoosona gishe
qonccisis.
Kidist(2002)koyro doona bolla oothida pilggethan qonccisashe,koyro doona billida doonan
tamaaroy asi eranaw koshshiyabata geeshshi erana mela gita go77a immees.Hessa guussay,ba
koyro doona billida doonan woykko koyro haasaya doomida doonan tamaaroy
xaafo,nabbabo,haasaya,hayzonne kumetha kiita aathanawunne ekkanaw gita go77a immees.
Gidoppe attin,koyro doona bolla eenota xeeloy baynnabaa gidikko aynne go77anne eratethi
immanawu dandda7enna gashe pa pilggetha oosuwan qonccisasu.
Goofa heerankka yela asaas gidin tamaare naytas Goofatho doona tamaaro bolla de7iya xeeluwa
kathi xeellishin Goofatho doona tamaaro bolla lo77o xeeloy de7enna.Hessap aadhdhidi panttas
gidin doonan suuhetidi tamaare naytikka sinthe boonna mela udishe bettiyabati de7oosona.
Hayssape denddidayssan ha pilgganchay pa pilggetha oosuwa Bulqqi katama ayson Bulqqi
kumetha nam7antho detha timirtte keethan tammantho kifile tamaaretas Goofatho doona bolla
de7iya xeeloy tamaareta muruutaa bolla gathiya naaqoy ay aaziyaako shaakki pilggis.
1.2.Metuwa Qoncciso
Dooni issi asi hara asara gidin issi deretethay hara deretethara pantta aqo peeshshaa giddon
hanettiyabatanne si7ettiyabata wolira qofa laamerettanaw go7ettiya miishe. Dooni kooshen
gahettiyabaa gididi asa na7i pa gaatha xuura kessi qonccisanaw maadiya miishe.Dooni kooshe
xalaalan gahettiya miishe gidiya gisho asabaa geetetti xeegettees. Ays giikko medoosati coo gidi
pantta kooshe sison gahettoosonappe attin maaran moodettida doonan gidenna. Aadhdhidikka
dooni asa na7i pa kahan de7iya qofa ubbaa dalggisidi qonccisanaw maaddiya gita bonchettida
miishe
Xeeloy issi asi issi miishe woy issibaas lo77o woy iita gidi birshshethi immiya gaatha si7etethi
gaanaw dandda7ettees.Xeelo bolla issi asi issibaas de7iya si7etethay lo77o gidikko made qofa,
lo77o gidonna ixxiko akkayta (ixotetetha) qafa wothees guussi.Doona xeeloykka qassi
hessadankka issi doona bolla tamaareti gidin deretethay doona timirtte bolla akkaytanne eenota
naaqo gathanaw dandda7ees guussi.

3. 3
Asas issi doona bolla de7iya xeeloy lo77o woy iita udey he uray he doonaa baggara demmiya
go77aara gathi xelliya gishossa guussi. Hessaka he doonara lo77o ooso demmanaw, doonan
xaafettida maxaafetanne gaazexata nabbabon eratethinne markkanddo demmanaw, lo77o timirtte
demmanawnne h.h.m demmiya go77atara gathi xeelon asaas doona bolla de7iya xeeloy
akkaytanne eenota gidees. Gaasoykka asy doona panttas demmiya go77aara gathi xeelliya
gishossa.Hayssika daro wode issi dicconna dooni de7iya heeran beettees(Stern, 1983).
Xeelo guussay asi issibaa bolla kumethan gidin shaakkidi hanettiyabata bolla, medhettiyabata
bollanne asata bolla qofanne si7etiya si7etethi gidishin he hanotay qassi adussa wodes asa kahan
gam7ees {Smelser and Baltes,2001).
Mequnine (2009) Gamotho doona bolla pilggethi oothidi Gamotho doonay koyro detha timirtte
keethan tamarsso doona gideyssape denddidayssan yela asay gidin asttamaareti nayti Gamotho
doona tamaaranaappe Amaaratho woy Ingilizetho doonan tamaarekko dosoosona gishe
qonccisis. Asa na7i daro wode issibaa xeelliya xeeluwan akkayta bagginne eenota baggi de7eyssi
erettiyabaa gideyssi qoncce.
Ha pilganchaaka ha oosaas denththidabay kase ooso meezen xeellishininne heera gam77uwan
be7ishin aadhdhi aadhdhi tamaareti Goofatho doona tamaaroy go77enna; eratethi immenna;
oorathi gidennanne haathe pinthenna gishe beettoosona. Hessara gathidi pilgganchay Bulqqi
katama ayson Bulqqi kumetha nam77antho detha timirtte kethan tammantho A-C gaso de7iya
tamaaretas ha Goofatho doona timirttiya bolla ay xeeloy de7iyakkonne he xeeloy intta muruutaa
bolla ay qoha gathii giyaga shaakkanaassa. Ha pilgganchayka ha metota baaso udidi pa pilggetha
oosuwa oothanaw halcho oothis.
1.3. Pilggetha Qoppoba
1.3.1. Kumetha Qoppoba
Bulqqi katama ayson Bulqqi kumetha 2thodetha timirtte keethan 10tho kifile A-C gaso de7iya
tamaaretas Goofatho doona timirtte bolla de7iya xeeloy tamaareta muruuta bolla gathiya qohaa
xomooso.

4. 4
1.3.2. Sima Qoppoba
 Bulqqi katama ayson Bulqqi kumetha 2thodetha timirtte keethan 10tho kifile
tamaaretas Goofatho doona timirte bolla de7iya xeeluwa pilggi xeelo.
 Bulqqi katama ayson Bulqqi kumetha 2tho detaha timirtte keethan 10tho kifile
tamaareta Goofatho doona timirtte muruuta yiggi xeelo.
 Bulqqi katama ayson Bulqqi kumetha 2tho detha timirtte keetkan 10tho kifile
tamaaretas Goofatho doona timirtte bolla de7iya xeelwasinne muruutas de7iya
gahetethaa xomooso.
 Goofatho doonasinne doonaa timirttiya tamaareti ay keena ekkiyakko pilggi
xeelo.
1.4.Pilggetha Oysho
 Bulqqi katama ayson Bulqqi kumetha 2thodetha timirtte keethan 10thokifile tamaaretas
Goofatho doona timirtte bolla de7iya xeeloy ay aazii?
 Bulqqi katama ayson Bulqqi kumetha 2thodetha timirtte keethan10thokifile tamaareta
Goofatho doona timirtte muruutay ay keenee?
 Bulqqi katama ayson Bulqqi kumetha 2thodetha timirtte keethan 10thokifile tamaaretas
Goofatho doona timirtte bolla de7iy xeeluwasinne muruutas de7iya gahetethay ay
aazii?
 Goofatho doonaynne he doonaa timirttey tamaareta matan ay keena eketethi
(ተቀባይነት) de7ii?
1.5.Pilggetha Go77a
Ha pilggetha oosoy oosettidi maaran wuridaappe guyedaro go77ati de7anaw dandda7ees
geetettidi qofettees.Hessatikka:
 Goofatho timirttette kifiley ha pilggetha demuwa denddo udidi koshshiya maade
tamaaretas imosinnnne tamaaretikka Goofatho doona bolla de7iya xeeluwa eenotakko
ehanaada qaada medhdhees.
 Goofatho doona tamaareta akkayta xeeluwa bolla lo77o akeeka medhdhees.

5. 5
 Tamaareta xeeloy muruuta bolla gathiya naaquwas gaasuwaa qonccisi bessidi tamaareti
pantta muruutaa dichana mela oge bessana.
 Asttamaareti Goofatho doonay hara doonatara gina gideyssa tamareta kahan akeeeka
cuucumisana mela oge bessana.
 Hara misatiya kaaran pilggiya asaas nam77antho markkanddo pultto gididi maaddanaw
dandda7ees.
1.6. Pilggetha Oosuwa Teqeta
Ha pilggetha oosuwa pilganchay unddenna teqqe gidiyabati gakkidosona. Hessatikka: dumma
dumma gaasotan timirtte eqotaape kessi, demisha guuthatethi, aliya markka maxaafe dhayo,
wode guuthatethi nne h.h.m gidishin hessatappeka wode guuthatethi aadho meto gathis. Gidoppe
attin pilgganchay ha metota ubbaa gaathara butetishenne daaburishe ha pilggethaa polo gathis.
1.7.Pilggetha Zawa
Wodey dalgeekonne demisha wolqqay de7iyakko ha pilggetha oosuwa Bulqqi kumetha 2tho
detha timirtte keethan de7iya tamaareta ubbaa bolla oothiyako keehi lo77o shin,wodeyinne
demisha wolqqay baynnayssape denddidayssan pilggetha zawaa xuumisidi Bulqqi ayson Bulqqi
kumetha 2tho detha timirtte keethan 10tho kifile A-C gaso de7iya tamaareta bolla kanche gididi
tamaaretas Goofatho doona bolla de7iya xeeloy muruuta bolla gathiya qohay aybeekko pilggthay
zawa oothis.

6. 6
SHEMPPO NAM77A
GAHETETHI DE7IYA XUUFETA ZAARETHO
2.1.Doona Aybatethaa
Dooni issi asi hara asara gidin issi deretethay hara deretethara pantta aqo peeshshaa giddon
hanettiyabatanne si7ettiyabata wolira qofa laamerettanaw go7ettiya miishe. Dooni kooshen
gahettiyabaa gididi asa na7i pa gaatha xuura kessi qonccisanaw maadiya miishe.Dooni kooshe
xalaalan gahettiya miishe gidiya gisho asabaa geetetti xeegettees. Ays giikko medoosati coo gidi
pantta kooshe sison gahettoosonappe attinmaara moodettidda doonan gidenna Aadhdhidikka
dooni asa na7i pa kahan de7iya qofa ubbaa dalggisidi qonccisanaw maaddiya gita bonchettida
miishe. Hessara gathidi: Yooseefinne zaruney (1998) gishe doona ubbaas qoppobay asaa giddon
wolira gahetethi medho. Hessa gidiya gisho oona gida doonay issi gina xeelettesppe attin hara
dummatiya go77i baawa gis.
BottiderS(2007) odishe dooni immiya go77ay hayssa gidi odanaw dandda7ettonnabaa gidikkoka
immiya go77ape sintha kushey ekkey, issi asi hara asara, issi heeray hara heeraranne issi gadey
hara gadey hara gadera pantta duussan wolira gahetethi medhdhanaw maaddiyabaa.
2.2.Xeelo Aybatetha
Xeelo aybatethaaba dumma dumma eranchati dumma dumma pilggethi oothidi pantta qofaa
qonccisi wothidosona.Hessatappe mallas:
Brown(2007) oothida pilggethan doona asay dumma dumma baatara gathi xeelloosona.
Hessatappe mallas: kochar, wogara, polotikara, shaloranne taarikera gathi xeellidi pantta gaathpe
kessiya buzo si7etethi gis.
Xeeloy issi asi pa duussan koyroppe meezetidabappe pulttiyaba gidishin issibaa xeellidi pa
kahappe kessiya buzo si7tethi (Gardner, 1985) gishe qonccisis.Doona bolla de7iya xeeloy eenota
woy akkayta udana mela oothey issi asi doona paas demmiya go77aara gathi xeelleyssape
denddidayssana (Brown, 2007 nne Krashen,1981).

7. 7
2.2.1. Doona Eenota Xeelo
Issi asas issi doona bolla eenota xeeloy de7ikko he doonaasinne doonaa qonncisiya wogaas
lo77o xeeloy de7ana mela oothees.He uray he doonan tamaaranawukka lo77o gaatha denddetethi
de7ees.Ha qofaara gathidi Arb (2013) gishe issi tamaarey issi doona haasayia asaa lo77o xeeloy
de7ikkoo he doonaa tamaaro bollaka lo77o xeeloy de7ees. Guidikka tamaareti doona timirttiyan
demmya muruutaykka he doonaa xeelo bolla naaqo gathanaw dandda7ees.Hessa gishin lo77o
muruuta demmiko lo77o xeeloy iita muruuta demmiko iita xeeloy de7anamela oothees gishe
qonccisis.
2.2.2.Doona Akkayta Xeelo
Issi asas issi doona bolla akkayta xeeloy dumma dumma gaasotan de7anaw dandda7ees. Mallas:
laggeta gaason, yela asaa gaason, heera asaa gaasoninne h.h.m gaasotan issi asas issi doona bolla
akkayta xeeloy de7anaw dandd7ees.Hessara gathidi Mequnine (2009) Gamotho doona bolla
pilggethi oothidi Gamotho doonay koyro detha timirtte keethan tamarsso doona gideyssape
denddidayssan yela asay gidin asttamaareti nayti Gamotho doona tamaaranaappe Amaaratho
woy Ingilizetho doonan tamaarekko dosoosona gishe qonccisis.Hessara gathidi ha pilgganchay
pa pilggathankka Bulqqi katama ayson de7iya tammantho kifile tamaaretas Goofatho doona
tamaaro bolla de7iya akkayta xeeluwas gaasoy aybeekko xeellis.
2.3 .Goofatho Doona Timirtte Doomethaa
Darge kawotetha kundethaa kaallidi Iyaadige kawotethay yidi besse oykkidi doona ginatetha
bolla wuda wothida oosoy doomethi oykkin tamaareti pantta aayi doonan haasayanaw gidin
dalggan tamaaranaw maati imettis. Ha maataa kaallidi Goofatho doonaykka hara doonatara
ginattidi timirtte tamaaronne tamarsso halcho giddo gelidi, timirtte tamaaranawunne
tamarssanaw qaada demmis.Goofatho doona timirttey 1987 maarotetha laythan dumma dumma
pidaleta giigisidi tamarsso giddo gelis.He wode Goofatho doona timirtte doomethaa Goofa dere
asay polo dosibenna. Ha hanotay Goofatho doona timirtte doomethas gita dhube
medhdhis.Gidoppe attin,he metuwa ubbaa kanthi aadhdhidi ha7i qaaxxishe de7ees(Balayne
,2003)

8. 8
2.4.Goofatho Doona Akkayta Xeelo Hanota
Balaynne(2003) Goofatho doona doomethaa bolla qfa immishe Goofatho doonay goofa heeran
dumma dumma woradatan haasayettishe gam77ida doona.1966 maarotetha laythape sinthe kawo
Haxe Minilike laythape haa simmin Goofatho doona asay dalggan haasayonna mela
olanchata(nafixaynata) aysoy naaqqidi gam7is.He iita ayso wogay he wode Goofa deretethaa
polottikkanne ikkonoome dethan dicconaadan naaqoninne Goofa derey pantta doonan
haasayennaadan,tamaarennaadan,pantta wogaa dichonnaadan wolqqa dhayssidi duucci oykki
gam7is.Nafixaynata ayso wogan Goofa derey daro layhi duuccettidi gam7idaappe guyen,
Iyaadige aysoy yidi dumma dumma susa kochati panttaw panttana aysanawunne pantta
doonanne woga dichanaw qaada dalgganinne la7atethan immis.Oona gida asa kochata maatay
bonchettanaw koshshees giya labethan Goofatho doonaykka he wode qaada demmidi hachi gaso
qaaxxishe de7ees.Goofatho doonaa kase haasayonnaadan nafixayna ayso wogay duuccettidi
gam7ida gaason ha7i gaso Goofatho doona asay akkayta xeelon xeellidi gam7is.Goofatho doona
timirttey doomettin laatamu laythape bolla gidees. Goofatho doonay tamaaro tamarso ooso bolla
gam7ikonne doomettida wodeppe ha7i gaso Goofatha doonaa bolla daro tamaaretas akkayta
xeeloy de7ees gis(Balayne,2003).

9. 9
SHEMPPO HEEZDA
3. PILGGETHA OOSO HIILLA
Ha kifiliyan pilgganchay go7ettanaw koyida pilggetha medhuwa, bessinddo dooro ogiya,
markkanddo shiisho miisheta, markkanddo paatethanne markkanddo shiiqo kanddo oykkis.
3.1.Pilggetha Medhuwa
Pilgganchay ha pilggethaa oothanawnne paattanaw qoncciso pilggetha medho gididi walakahiilla
go7ettis. Paydoninne qaalan qoncciya pilggetha medhuwaa kaallis.
Gaasoykka Cresswell (2011) qonccisida mela hara hiillatappe aadho walaka hiilla go7ettidi
pilggetha oosoy daro giigeesinne injjetees. Hessape denddidayssan qaalaninne paydon qoncciso
hiilata go7ettis.
3.2. Bessinddo Dooro Hiillanne Darotetha
Ha pilgganchay bessinddo dooro ogetappe pa pilggethaas qaada immiya bessinddo dooro hiilla
macaratappe qaada immiya ogetappe kawushsha hanotan ixan bessindo dooro hiilla gaathape
lootore mela bessindo dooridi eko hiilla go7ettidi oothis.Hayssape dendidayssan Bulqqi kumetha
nam7antho detha timirtte keethan tammantho kifile A-C kifile gaso de7iya 180 tamaaretappe 36
gideyssatanne 2 doona asttamaareta qassi qaada immonna ogetappe gizzidi ekon, timirtte keetha
sima kaapuwaa nne 3 yela asatakka qaada immonna ogen gizzidi ekon markkanddo ekkis.
Go7etetha hanotaykka xuufe oyshon tamaaretanne qaala oyshon sima kaapuwaa, 2 Goofatho
asttamaaeta, tamaaretappenne 3 yela asappe markkanddo ekkis. go7ettis.
3.3. Bessinddo Eko Zawa
Pilgganchay bessinddo zawa oothidi wothey Bulqqi kumetha nam7antho detha timirtte keethan
tammantho kifile tamaareta bolla gidishin bessinddo eko hiilla hanotay kawushsha hanotan ixan
lotere mela bessindo dooro hiillan 180 tamaaretappe36 xuufe oyshasinne qaala oyshas,2 doona
asttamaareta,timirtte keetha sima kaappuwa nne yela asaa qaala oyshas go7etethan markkanddo
demmis.Kumethan 42 bessinddota dooridi go7ettis.

10. 10
3.4.Markkanddo Pultto
Markkanddo pulttota koyro, xuufe oyshon, qaala oyshoninne wochi xeelon beettiyaba
gidishin,nam77antho pulttoti xaafettida miisheta yaran yaran paatethan{Document analysis}
beettiya markkanddota gidoosona.
3.5. Markkanddo Shiisho Miisheta
Ha pilgganchay koshishiya markkanddo wozana mela shiishanaw kaalliya markkanddo shisho
hiillata go7ettis.
3.5.1.Xuufe Oysha
Pilgganchay ha xuufe oysha markkanddo shiisho hiillan 8 walaka oyshota go7ettana.Guussayka:
xuufe oyshati dooyanne gordda ogetan giigidi36 tamaaretas shiiqis. Ha hiillay doorettida
gaasoy,tamaareti pantta qofaa la7atethan qoncisanannee pantta giddon si7ettiyabaa kessana giya
qofay de7iya gishossa.
3.5.2 Qaala Oysha
Ha qaala oyshati pilgganchay paw giigisidayssata gidishin oyshatikka paydon usuppuna gidishin
ha oyshatan tamaareti Goofatho doonan pantta qofaa qonccisishe aymela dosiyaakkonne
dosonnaako eranaas dandda7is. Ha hiillaa go7ettanaw koyida gaasoy tamaaretas Goofatho doona
bolla de7iya xeelo metuwa pilgganchay ha ogen oychidi eranaw lo77o qaadi medhdhettiya
gishossa.Ha oyshaas doorettida 36 tamaareta issuwa issuwa taran taran oyshon enttaw de7iya
xeeluwa shaakkanaw dandda7is. Haraykka 2 Goofatho asttamaaretapp, 1 sima kaappuwapenne
pilgganchay paw injjetiya ogengizzidi ekkida 3 yela asatappeka oyshota denthon markkanddo
demmis.
3.5.3.Wochi Xeelo
Pilggganchay tamaareta tamaaronne tamarsso wode kifile giddon beetoninne timirtte keetha
giddon beeton markkanddo shiishanaw xeelo oge ekkis.Tamarsso wode kifile giddon beettidi
tamaareti pantta doonaa ay hanotan tamaariyakko gishin suuketishe tamaariyakkonne
shaatettishe (anetishe) coo wode aasos tamaariyakko shaakki xeellis. Gujan, timirtte keetha
giddon tamaareti wolira haasayiya haasayan doonaa bolla aymela xeelo hanotay beettiyako entta

11. 11
haasayaa hayzon xomoosis. Ha tamaareta doonaa bolla de7iya xeeluwa tillayanaw kaalo
warqqate giigisidi ha markkanddo shiisho hiillan heedzu gidiya oyshota giigisidi he oyshotas
koshshiya zaaro demmis.Tamaareti Goofatho doona timirtte tamaaro tamarsso wode qaaxxiya
qaaxuwa, gelonnabaa oyshowanne kushetetha walaha ogen xomooso gishin, Goofatho,
Inggiliethonne Amaaratho tamaaro woden kifilen beettidi markkanddo demmis.
3.5.4. Dokumentte (Mazggaba) Xeelon
Ha pilgganchay pa pilgetha oyshotas zaaro demmanaw dandda7isees giya qofan
dokumenttetakka be7on markkanddo ekkis. Hessa guussay tamaareta paace warqqatetanne kase
laytha muruuta mazgabiya be7anaw dokumette xeelo hiilla dooridi go7ettis.
3.6.Markkanddo Paatetha Hiilla
Ha pilgganchay shiishida markkanddduwa paydoninne qaalan paatti qonccisis. Xuufe
oyshotanne dokumentte be7on demmiya markkanddota zaran woson de7iya demuwa xeetu
kusheppe qonccisethan paattis. Haray qassi qaala oyshoninne xeelon demmiya markkanddota
qaalan paattis. Kumethan, markkanddo paatetha hiillay paydoninne qaalan oosettis.
3.7.Pilggancha Ooso Siraata
Ha pilggetha oosoy qoppida mela polo gakkanaada pilgganchay paappe naagettiyaba ubbaa
oothis. Koyrottidi kaara dooro wode imettida dooro wode go7ettidi hara pilggetha oosota
xomooson, maxaafata qiicethaninne kaara oorathatetha tillayethan shiishon kaara bolla imettiya
koshshiya giigisota ekoninne ay ogera oothiko lo77oo?Geyssa gizzison kaaray tamaaretas
Goofatho doona bolla de7iya xeeloy entta muruuta bolla gathiya qoha geyssa gidiya gisho ha
allalliya yuushon xaafettida maxaafata nabbaboninne kase aadhdhida pilggetha oosota xomooson
qofa shiishis.Hessape kaallidi markkanddo shiisho wode qaala oyshos shiiqiya tamaaretara
matatethi medhon tamaareti markkandduwa suuketish immana oosoninne gujankka markkanddo
duuqo miisheta go7ettishe entta eenotetha baasoyidi oothis.Shiiqida markkandduwakka ha
halchuwaa maaran mazggabi oykkisinne paatetha oosuwaakka oothis.

12. 12
3.8 Pilggetha Ammanetethinne Suuretethi
Issi pilggethi tuma suure geetetti ekettanaw he pilggethaas suuretethinne ammanetethi de7anaw
koshsees. Hessara gathidi, Singh, {2014} odishe issi pilggethan suuretethinne ammanetethi
pilggethas de7iya tumatethaa dicheesinne pilgganchay pa pilggethan pa kaha qofa wothana
qaadaa guuthees gis.
Ha pilggetha oosuwas pilgganchay koshshiya wuda deretethaa kochanaw dandda7iya bessinddo
saynsse oge kaallidi dooroninne suure markkanddo shiisho miisheta go7ettidi suure markkanddo
ekkoninne paatethhan guan pa zooraadde asttamaariyara woden woden gaketti koshshiya
giigisuwa ekon pa pilggethaas suuretethinne ammnetethi de7ana mela oothis.
3.9. Pilgetha Oosuwa Shiiqo Kandota
Shiiqo kanddo gishin asay wolira waani gaheteti medhdhaneekkonne qofa laameretethi
medhdhanaw dandda7iyakko kaalethiya woganne hiila gis (Kovacs, 1985). Ha pilgganchayka pa
pilggethaa oothanaw koshshiya woganne siraata kaallidi oothis. Hessa gishin pa tamaariya
timirtte kifiliyappe koshshiya maado dabdaabbe ekkidi pa pilggethaas markkanddo demmanaw
doorida timirtte keethas gelisadi (eenota zaaro) piqaade demon pa pilggethaas markkanddo
ekkanaw koyida gishaadetappe koshshiya markkanddo demmis.

13. 13
SHEMPPO OYDDA
4. MARKKANDDO PAATETHINNE DEMOTA
Ha pilggetha shemppo kaaray Bulqqi katama ayson Bulqqi kumetha nam77antho detha tirtte
keethan tammantho kifile A-C gaso de7iya kifiliyappe 36 tamaaretappe, 2 doona asttamaaretappe
3 yela asaappenne issi sima kaapuwape dumma dumma ogen shiiqida markkanddota paatetha
oykkis. Markkanddoti shiiqiday tamaaretappe xuufe oyshon, qaala oyshoninne wochi xeelon
gidishin qaala oyshon tamaaretappe, astamaaretappe, sima kaapuapenne yala asaappe ekettishin,
tamaareta muruuta xeelonkka markkanddoti shiiqis.
Pa
Matumatetha
Besinddo dooretetha
Qooda 100%
1
Adde 20 55.6%
2
Macca 16 44.4%
3
Gueta 36 100%
Zara 1. Tamaareta buzo markkanddo
Qomo zara 1n qonccida mela tamaare ekeida besindotappe 20 (55.6%)adde gidishin (44.4%)
mcacca gidoyssa markkandoy qonccisees. Pilgganchay shiiqida markkandduwa xeelliya wode
de7iya kumetha tamaaretappe addeta qooday guuthara dareyssa pilgganchay pa pilggethan
xeellis.
4.1. Tamaaretas Shiiqida Xuufe Oysho paatetha
Ha xuufe oyshan shiiqida markkanddoy tamaaretas Goofatho doona bolla de7iya xeeloy ay
aaziyakko shaakkanaasinne he xeeloy entta muruuta bolla gathiya qohay aybeekko zaaro
demmanaw tamaaretas shiqiida xuufe oyshaa paatetha.

14. 14
p.M
Oysho Zaaro
Bessinddo darotetha
Qooda %
1 Hara timirte qommoti Goofatho doona
timirtte bolla gathiya naaqoy de7ii?
Ee 11 30.6%
Akkay 25 69.4%
Kumetha 36 100%
2
Goofatho doona timirte tamarssiya
asttamaareti ne Goofatho dosada
tamaarana mela immida minthethoy
de7ii?
Ee 16 44.4%
Akkay 20 55.6%
Kumetha 36 100%
3 Yela asy ne Goofatho tamaareyssa dosii?
Ee 11 30.6%
Akkay 25 69.4%
Kumetha 36 100%
4 Newu Goofatho doona bolla lo77o
xeeloy de7onna mela oothiya gaasoy
de7ii?
Ee 21 58%
Akkay 15 42%
Kumetha 36 100%
Zara2: Tamaaretas shiiqida xuufe oysha
Qommo zara2 oysha isso bolla hara timirtte qommoti Goofatho doona bolla naaqo gathees gida
tamaarey 11 (30.6%) gidishin naaqo gathenna gaida tamaareti 25(69.4%) hayssa aazees.
Ha shiiqida markkanddoy besseyssa mela daro tamaareti hara timirtte qommoti Goofatho doona
timirtte bolla naaqo gathennayssa qonccisiya wode attida guutha tamaareti qassi naaqo
gatheyssa mallidosona.
Pilgganchay hayssape daro taaareti hara timirtteti Goofatho doona bolla gathiya naaqoy
baynnaysa akeekikkonne uuga tamaaretas hessa bolla akeekanne eratetha pacetethi de7eyssa
akeekis.
Zara2 oysho nam77a bolla shiiqida qofaas kumetha tamaaretappe Goofatho doona astamaareti nu
Goofatho doona dosidi tamaarana mela immida maadoy de7ees gida tamaareti 16(44.4%)
gidishin immida maadoy baawa gida tamaareti qassi 20(55.6%)gidoosona.

15. 15
Zara2 oysha nam77an denddida oshaas markkanddoy bessiya mela daro tamaareti Goofatho
doona asttamaareti tamaareti he doonan dosidi tamaarana mela oothida minthethoy baawa gishin,
guutha tamaareti qassi de7ees gishe pantta qofaa wothidosona.
Pilgganchay ha markkandduwa baaso udidi xeelliya wode Goofatho doona tamarssiya
asttamaaretappe tamaaretas dandda7ettida keena tamaareti he doonan dosidi tamaarana mela
timirtte woden kifilen timirtte tamassope karera hara maadoy imoy kehi guutha gideyssa akeekis.
Zara2 oysha heedza bolla yela asay ne Goofatho doonan tamarseyssa dosii? Giya oyshaas
11(30.6%) tamaareti ee gishin 25(60.4%) tamaareti akkay gishe zaaridosona.
Oysho heedzan yela asay ne Goofatho doonan tamaareyssa dosii? Giya oyshaas markkanddoy
bessiya mela uuga tamaareti ee gishi daro tamaareti akkay gidi zaaro immidosona.
Hayssa markkandduwa baaso udidi pilgganchay akeekidabay yela asy nayti Goofatho doonan
eratethi demmeyssnne hara timirttera gina gideyssa eridi hessa bolla pantta naytas lo77o qofa
immanaw koshshishin nayta maaddonnayssanne minthethonnayssa akeekis.
Zara2 oysha oydda bolla ne Goofatho doona bolla lo77o xeeloy de7onna mela oothiya gaasoy
de7ii? Giya oyshaas akkay gida tamaareti 15(42%) kushe gidishin 21(58%) kusheti ee de7ees
gidosona. Ha shiiqida markkanddoy bessiya mla daro tamaareti gishe Goofatho doona bolla
lo77o xeeloy de7onna mela oothiya gaasoti de7eyssa mallidosona.
Ha oyshaappe shiiqida markkanduwappe pilgganchay akeekidabay tamaaretas Goofatho doona
bolla lo77o xeeloy de7onna mela dhube gidiyabati de7eyssa akeekis.
4.1.1. Tamaartas Dooyan Giigida Xuufe Oysha
1. Goofatho doona timirtiya hintte dosi tamaaaronna mela gaaso gidiyabaati de7ii?
Ha oyshaas daro tamaareti zaarishe nu Gooatho doona dosidi tamaaronna mela oothiyabati
de7oosona. Hesika aybee gikko yela asaykka nu Goofatho tamaareyssa loythi dosokkona. Hessas
gaaso entti odishekka Goofathoy haathe pinthenna goosona. Haraay qassi nu laggtikka nu
Goofatho tamaareyssa leqqoosoanne guuthi xeellosona. Hessa gidiya gisho nukka he timirttiya
tamaaranaw lo77enna gidosona.

16. 16
Pilgganchay ha oyshan shiiqida markkanduwpe akeekidabay tamaareti Goofatho doona dosidi
tamaaronna melnne he doona timirttiya bolla lo77o xeeloy de7onna mela oothiya dumma dumma
gasoti de7eyssa akeekis.
2. Goofatho doonay hara doonatara gina giya qofay new ay azii? Suure gada ekkay?
Ha oyshaas uuga tamaareti ee suure gidosona. Gaasoykka oona gida doona ubban kiita aasonne
eko dandda7ettees. Hessa gisho hara donatara gina goosona. Daro tamaareti qassi zaarishe gina
gidenna. Gaasoykka Goofatho doonara Goofappe harason haasaya dandda7ettenna. Amaaratho
gidikko koyidason koyida asatara qofa laamerettanw dandda7etees gidosona.
Pilgganchay ha oyshaappe demmida markkanduwape akeekidaby uuga tamaaretas lo77o xeeloy
de7ikkoka daro tamaaretas doona bolla lo77o xeeloy baynnayssa akeekis.
3. Goofatho doona ays tamaaray giya guuthi xeeloy hara asatappe gakki erii?
Ha oyshaas daro tamaareti zaarishe ee daro asaappe gakkees goosona. Hessika daro wode
laggetappe, tamaarida asaappe, yela asaappenne hara dumma dumma asatappe goosona. Nu daro
wode tamaarishin Goofatho doons besse immi tamaaronna melanne hara timirtteta
nabbabeyssathonne kalleyssatho kaallona mela oothoosona gidosona.
Ha oyashaa bolla demmida markkanduwan pilgganchay qoppidabay dumma dumma asatappe
timirttiyas besse immi tamaaronna mela eris.
4. Gofatho doona timirttiyan lo77o muruuta ehonna mela oothiyaby nena de7ii?
Ha oyshaas uuga tamaareti zaarishe baawa gidosona. Hessas gaaso immishe Goofatho doonakka
hara timirttetatho nabbabikko ooso diggiyabaynne lo77o muruuta ehonna mela oothiya gaasoy
baawa gidosona. Daro tamaareti qassi zaarishe ee de7ees gidosona. Hessas gaasokka odishe nu
laggeti gidin yela asati nu Goofatho doonan tamaareyssa dosonnayssape denddidayssan nu he
timirttiya nbbabana mela denthethenna. Hessa gisho he timirttey loythi dexxonnaba gidikkoka nu
he timirttiyan lo77o muruuta ehonna mela oothis gidosona.
Pilgganchay ha oyhan shiiqida markkanduwape akeekidaby uuga tamaaretas lo77o xeeloy
de7ena melanne he timirttiyan lo77o muruuta ehiyabaa gidikkoka daro naytas doona bolla de7iya
xeeloy akkayta gidoyssape denddidayssan muruuta bolla naaqo gatheyssa akeekis.

17. 17
4.2. Tamaaretas Shiiqida Qaala Oysha Paatetha
1.Goofatho doonan haasayoy yeellayees gada qoppay?
Qommn shiiqida qaala oyshas tamaare 01, 02, 04 nne 05 zaarishe yeellayebay baawa gidosona.
Attida 22 tamaareta zaaroy issi kochi gidishin ee yeellayees gidosona. Gaasoykka Goofa
heerappe hara aqo biikko haasayanaw dandda7okko. Gaasoykka asay ubbay Amaaratho doonan
haasayoosona. Hessa gisho Goofatho tamaaranappe Amaaratho woy Ingiliizetho tamaarekko
dosays yaagishe issi kocha zaaro immidisona.
Pilgganchay ha oyshuwappe shiiqida markkanduwan akeekidabay daro tamaareti Goofatho
doonan tamaaranaw gidin haasayanaw yeelatee nayti de7eyssa akeekas.
2.Goofatho doona bolla de7iya xeeloy new ay aazii?
Oysha 2 bolla shiiqida oyshaas zaaranchati dumma dumma zaaro immidosona. Tamaare, 01, 02,
03 nne 07 wolla aaziya qofa wothishe Goofatho doona timirttey pana dandda7idi issi timirtte
qommo gididi imetteyssi lo77o shin, tamaarettiya kifile wodey guutha gidoyssape denddidayssan
timirttiyas lo77o xeeloy de7onna mela oothees gidosona. Qassi tamaare 04, 06 nne 09 zaarishe
Goofatho doonay timirtten imettonna attidi heera kanchen haasayettiyako nne go7ettiyako lo77o.
Gaasoykka nu tamaariyabay ubbay eriyabanne odettiyaba. Ubbarakka hara timirttetakka iyaatho
leqqi xeellana melanne nabbabonna mela oothees gidosona. Attida tamaareta qofaykka hessara
aazees.
Ha oyshan demmida markkanduwape pilgganchay akeekidabay tamaaretas doonaa bolla suure
xeeloy baynnayssanne leqqi xeelleyssa akeekis akeekis.

18. 18
P.M Oysho Immida zaaro
Besinddo
dooreteth
Qooda
%
1 Maatumatetha
Andde 2 100%
Macca -
Kumethi 2 100%
2 Timirtte detha Dipilooma 2 100%
3 Anjjettida timirtte qommo
Doona
2 100%
4 Anjjettida tiirttiyas berttey Goofatho doona 2 100%
Zara3 Asttamaareta buzo markkanddo
4.3.Goofatho Asttamaaretas Shiiqda Qaala Oysha paatetha
1. Ne tamaareti timirttya dosidi tamaarana mela dummatiya minthetho imma eray?
Oysha isso bolla shiiqida oyshaas astamaare T1 nne T2 wolla aaziya zaaro immishe ee gidi
zaaridosona. Hessaskka gaaso immishe nu tamarssope karera immiya maadoy tamaareti
timirttiya dosidi tamaarana melanne doona timirttiya bolla lo77o xeeloy de7ana mela daro wode
dumma dumma zoreta immoos. Gdoppe attin dumma dumma doonara gahettiya kibabeta
giigisidi tamaareta kusheyisanaw daro wodey baynnayssape naytikka kifile wodeppe karera
beettanaw eenotethay baynna gisho daro wode oothi erokko gidosona.
Ha asttamaareti zaarida zaaruwappe pilgganchay akeekidabay tamaareti Goofatho doona
timrttiya dosidi tamaarana melanne timirttya bolla lo77o xeeloy de7ana mela oothiya oosuwan
astamaaretappe attiyabay de7eyssa akeekis.
2. Ne tamarssiya maxaafey suurenne geeshshi gidida ogeninne nayta timirttiyas denthethiya
hanotan giigidee?

19. 19
Ha oyshaas asttamaare T1 nne T2 nam77ayka issi kocha zaaro immishe maxaafiya giigetethay
lo77o gidikkoka daro giddon aadhdhi aadhdhi giiganaw koshshiya balati de7oosona. Mallas:
pidale bala, qawosa bala, cacha malaata go7etetha nne h.h.mlati de7iya gisho darokka
denthethenna. Giigettanaw koshiyabati de7oosona gidosona.
Pilganchay ha oyshan shiiqida markkanduwape akeekidabay tamaareta tamaaro tamarsso
maxaafiyakka issi issi balati de7eyssanne he balati giigettiko nayta xeeluwa bolla laame ehanaw
dandda7eyssa akeekis.
P.M Oysh
Immida zaaro Bessindddo dooretetha
Qooda %
1 Matumatetha Adde 1 100%
Macca - -
Kumetha 1 100%
2 Timirtte detha Koyro digire
Zara4 Sima kaappuwa buzo markkanddo
4.4. Sima Kaapuwas Giigida Qaala Oysha paatetha
1. Dumma dumma shiiqotan hintte asttamaareti gdin tamaareti Goofatho doonan haasayana
melanne ginxxota nabbana mela besse immi ereetii?
Ha oyshaas sima kaappuwa x1 zaarishe shiiqotan Goofatho doonan haasayana mela besse immi
erokko gis. Gaasoykka shiiqotan gidin baaletan daro bagga katama asaynne issi issi Goofatho
doona si7i eronna asaykka shiiqiya gisho hessa mela baati daro oosetti erokkona gis. Pilgganchay
ha kaappuwa zaaruwappe akeekidabay timirtte keetha kaapotikka tamaaretas donaa bolla de7iya
xeeloy eenota gidana mela immiya maadoy daridi baynnayssa akeekas.

20. 20
P.M
Oysha Immida zaaro Besinddo dooretetha
qooda 100%
1 Matumatetha Adde 2 66.7
Macca 1 33.3
Kumetha 3 100%
Zara5 Yela asaa buzo markkanddo
4.5. Yela Asaas Giigida Qaala Oysha Paatetha
1. Ne na7ay/na7iya Goofatho doona timirtiya dosidi tamaarana mela minthetho imma
eray?
Ha qommon denddida oyshaas Dn. X1 nne Mr. X3 zaarishe ta na7ay Goofatho doona tamaarana
mela minthethaka erikke. Gaasoykka Goofatho doona tamaaridi I awu gakkanaasse? Haathe
pinthonnabaa gi borishe zaaris. Dn. X2 qassi gishe ee minthethays. Gaasoykka timirtte ubbay issi
gina. Amaaratho, Ingiliizetho gidin Goofatho tamaarin berttey asa na7i era demmidi pana
laammanaasinne harata laammanaassa. Hessa gidiya gisho Goofatho timirtte hara timirttetappe
guutha xeella erikke. Ubba timirttiyankka minni nabbana mela zorays gishe zaaris.
Ha qommon shiiqida markkanddape pilgganchay akeekidabay yala asaappeka uuga asay ha
timirttiya lo77o xeeloy de7iyabaa gidikkoka daro baggay pantta nayti Goofatho doona tamaarana
mela koyonnayssa akeekis.
4.6. WochiXeelon Shiiqida Markkanddo Paatetha
P.M Xeelettiyabata Dhoqqa Gidigiddo Ziqqa
1 Astamaarey tamarssiyade kaalo hanota 
2 Tamaaretas oysho dentho hanotaa 
3 Tamaareta oysho zaaros kushetetha 
Zara6 wochi xeelon xeelettiyabaata

21. 21
Pilgganchay ha markkanduwa shiishishe asttamaarey kifile giddon tamarssiya wode tamaaretas
timirttya tamaaranaw de7iya denddetthay ay aazii giya oyshaa zaaranaw giiya guussan demmida
markkanduwa paattis.
Asttamaarey kifile giddon tamarssiya wode tamaaretas de7iya kaalo hanota xeelliya wode keehi
guutha. Tamaariya naytappe daro tamaareti harabaa oothoosona. Hayssi bessiya mela daro
tamaareti doona timirttiya bolla de7iya akkayta xeeloy asttamaarey tamarssiya wode suuheti
tamaarushenne loythi kaallonna mela dhube gidis.
Haray qassi tamaareti gelonnabaa oysho hanotaa xeelliya wode keehidi guutha gidoyssa
pilgganchay akeekis. Ha hanotappe pigganchay akeekidabay tamaareti donaa timirttiya
tamaaranaw koyonnayssape denddidayssan gelonnabaa oychidi eranaw de7iya koshshaykka
guutha.
Asttamaarey tamarssi bishe aadhdhi adhdhi oyichya oyshotas tamaareti zaaro immanaw haniya
kushetethaynne imettiya kifile oosotan ekkiya muruuta xeellishin keehidi guutha. Ha hanotay
bessey tamaareti doonaa bolla lo77o xeeloy baynnayssape denddidayssan oyshota zaaranaw
de7iya kushetethas gidin oosotan lo77o muruuta demmonna mela dhube gidis.
4.7. Dokimentte XeelonShiishida Markkanddo Paatetha
P.M Timirtte
qommo
Ehida kumetha muruuta xeetu kusheppe tamaareta
qoodara gathi xeellishin
50 garsse 50-75 gaso 75 bolla
1 Goofatho 25 % 70 % 5 %
2 Amaaratho 1 % 69 % 30 %
3 Ingiliizetho 1 % 69 % 30 %
Zara7 Dokimentte xeelos giigida zara
Pilganchay pa oosuwas dokimentte xelon markkanddo demmana gidi qoppida mela tamaareta
aadhdhida bagga laytha kumetha muruuta xeelon demmida markkanddoti de7oosona. Hessika
aybee giikko, pilgganchay heedzu doona timirtteta muruuta xeellishin Goofatho doona muruutan
issi issi kifile giddon de7iya tamaaretappe 70% gidiya tamaareti 75ppe garsse gidiya muruuta
xaafisishin, 25% kuse gidiya tamaareti qassi 50ppe garsse gidiya muruuta xaafisidayssa xeellis.

22. 22
Amaaratho nne Ingiliizetho doona muruuta xeellishin qassi issi issi kifilen de7iya tamaaretappe
30% kushe gidiya tamaareti 75ppe bolla gidiya muruuta xaafisishin 69% kushe gidiya tmaareti
qassi 50-75 giddon de7iya muruuta xaafidosona.
Pilgganhay dokimntte xeelon shiishida markkanduwape akeekidabay tamaaretas Goofatho
doonaa bolla de7iya akkayta xeeloy muruuta ziqqatethas gaaso gideyssa akeekis.
4.8.Pilggetha Demota
Pilgganchay pa pilggetha oosuwan tamaaretappe xuufe oyshon, qaala oyshon wochi xeeloninne
asttamaaretappenne sima kaappuwape qala oyshon nne dokimentte xeelon demmida
markkanddota paattis. Ha paatethafe denddidayssan kaalli de7iya demota demmis.
 Tamaare naytas dooni ubbi gina giyaa qofaa bolla eratetha pacey de7eyssanne hessa
gaason Goofatho doona timirttes immiya bessay ziqqa.
 Goofatho doona tamarssiya asttamaareti naytas doonaa bolla de7iya xeeloy eenotakka
laamettana mela oothiya minthethoy guutha.
 Yela asati, laggetinne tamaarida asati nayti doonaa dosi tamaaronna mela oothiya
leqethoy nayti doona lo77o ayfen xeellonna melanne lo77o muruuta xaafisonna mela
dhube gidis.
 Daro naytas doona bolla de7iya akkayta xeeloy nayti he doona timirttiya dosi
tamaaronna mela gaaso gidis.
 Dumma dumma shiiqotaninne baaletan tamaareti diraamatanne ginxxota he doonan
aathana mela besse immonnayssi naytas de7iya xeeloy eenotakko laamettonna mela
dhube gidis.
 He doonan giigida tamaaro tamarsso maxaafeykka nayti he doona dosidi tamaarana
mela immiya maadoy keehi guutha.

23. 23
SHEMPPO ICHASH
KUUSHSHANNE OGE BESOTA
Ha tamaaretappenne asttamaaretappe dumma dumma ogen beettida markkanddota paatetha bolla
katidi pilganchay Bulqqi kumetha nam7antho detha timirtte keethan tamaariya tammantho kifile
A-C gaso de7iya tamaareta Goofatho doona xeelowanne he xeeloy tamaareta muruuta bolla
gathiya qohaa birshshanaw oothya pilgetha oosuwas kuuyetha qofanne he demota ooni ay
oothiko tamaaretas de7iya xeeloy giiganaw dandda7iyakko dumma dumma oothanaw koshshiya
qofata shiishi oykkis.
5.1. Kuushsha
Ha pilggethay Bulqqi katama ayson Bulqqi kumetha nam7antho detha timirtte keethan tamaariya
tammantho A-C gaso de7iya taaaretas Goofatho doona bolla de7iya xeeluwanne he xeeloy entta
muruuta bolla gathiya qohaa shaakkanaassa gidishin hessatikka dumma dumma kifiletan
shiiqis. Pilgganchay ha pilggetha oosuwa aawatehan oothanaada denthethiday pilgganchay koyro
ooso meezen xeellida xeeluwan daro wode tamaareti zaari zaari guutha muruuta
xaafiseyssapenne heerankka nayti he timirttiyabaa denthi odetishe daro lo77iya qofqq odettonna
aaziya so77ey de7eyssape denddidi ha karaa bolla oothanaw koyis. Ha pilggetha oosoy tamaareti
Goofatho doona hara doonatara gina xeellidi tmirttiya loythi tamaaridi sinthe baanadanne lo77o
muruuta xaafisanaada oge bessanawnne akkayta xeeloy qassi ay meto gathiyako bessanaas
geetetti qofettidi oosettis.
Gujjidikka pilgganchay ha kaaraas ijjenne metota woocidi bessanaw qoncciso pilggetha ogiya
go7ettis. Ha pilgethan kumethan qonccida tamaareta qooday issi xeetanne hosppun tamma
gidishin astamaareta qooday nam77a; yela asaa qooday heedza gidishin, sima kaappoy issinno.
Pilgganchay paas de7iya shalo guuthatethapenne wode qanthatethape denddidayssan de7iya
kumetha tamaaretappe laatamu kushe ekkishin qoodaykka heedzu tammanne usuppun
tamaareta ekoninne tamarssiya nam77u asttamaareta ubba go7etethan markkanddo shiishis.
Gujan sima kaappuwape yela asaappe wochi xeeloninne nne dokimentte xeelon markkanddo
ekkis. Markkandduwa koyro pultto gidida tamaaretappe xuufe oyshon, qaala oshoninne kifile
giddo xeelon shiishishin astamaaretappe yela asaappenne sima kaappuwappe qaala oyshon

24. 24
markkanddo shiishanaw dandda7is. Gujan dokmentte xeelonkka markkanddo shiishis. Shiishida
markkanduwaka paydoninne qaalan paattis.
Dumma dumma ogen shiishida markkanddota paatethay besseyssa mela tamaaretas Goofatho
doona hara doonatara gina xeellonna melanne he doona timirttiyan lo77o muruuta xaafisonna
mela dumma dumma asatappe gakkiya doonaa leqqisi xeeloynne astamaareti gidin kaappoti ha
doona bolla de7iya xeeloy giiganaada immiya maadoy keehi guutha gidoyssape denddidayssan
tamaaretas doonaa bolla lo77o xeeloy de7onna melanne lo77o muruuta xaafisonnada dhube
gidanaw dandda7idayssa akeekis. Gujankka tamaaretas he doonan de7iya akkayta xeeluwappe
denddidayssaninne he doonan giigida tamaaro tamarsso maxaafyian giiganaw koshshiya daro
balati de7eyssi nayta muruuta guuthatethas gaaso gidis.
Wurssethan pilgganchay shiiqida markkanduwa paatetha xeellidayssape denddiayssan koshshiya
kifiletas qofa imoninne metuwas oge beson pa oosuwaa kuuyis.
5.2. Oge Besota
Doona dishoy issi asbaa gidonnashin dumma dumma asata hashetethn polettanaw dandda7eyssi
qoncce. Hessa gidiya gisho ha pilggetha dethan beettida demota bolla koshshiya kifileti
naagettiya hadaraa poliyabaa gidikko tamaaretas Goofatho doona bolla de7iya akkayta xeeloy
giiganawnne pantta timirttiyankka lo77o muruuta xaafisanaw dandda7iseess gidi qoppida
qofatanne polanaw koshshiya kifileta ha kifiliyan wothis.
 Tamaareti doona guuthi xeeloy entta muruutaa bolla gathiya qohay guutha gidonnayssa
akeekidi guuthi xeelo aggaagidi pantta timirttiyas besse immidi nabbanaw bessees.
 Tamaareti Goofatho doonaa bolla de7iya xeeloy giigana mela dumma dumma
shiiqotaninne baaletan diraamatanne ginxxota shiishana mela qaada imon nayta xeeloy
eenoakko laamettana mela astemaareti gidin kaappoti minthethanawnne kaalethanaw
bessees.
 Yela asay gidin tamaaridi sinthe bida asay tamaareti doona tamaaronna mela guuthi
xeelon naytas doona bolla akkayta xeeloy de7ana mela ootheyssa agaagidi pantta
huupheskka dooni ubbi gina gideyssa akeekidi nayti timirttiya wogara tamaarana
melanne lo77o muruuta xaafisana mela koshshiya maado immanaw koshshees.

25. 25
 He doonan giigida maxaafetankka de7iya balata koshshiya kifileti xeellidi he balata
giigison tamaareta timirttiyas denthethiyatho oothidi giigisanaw koshshees.
 Naytas doona ginatetha bolla de7iya eratetha paciyappe denddoyssan Goofatho doona
timirtte bolla de7iya akkayta xeeluwa bolla asttamaareti gidin tamaarida asay doona
ginatetha bolla koshshiya qofa tamaaretas immanaw bessees.

26. 26
Markka Maxaafe
Balaynne.G (2003).Goofatho Woganne Taarike, Goofa sawla.
Bottiger.S (2007). Creative thinking activities in foreign language teaching.Oxford university.
Brown.D (2007).Principle of language learning teaching. USA.
Fasold.R (1984). The sociolinguistics of society,Oxford university.
Fouka .G & Mantzorou.M (2011). “What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? Is
there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing?” Health Science
Gardner.R (1985).Social Psychology and second language learning. Great Britian.
Gashaw.A (2012). Attitude to Gamogna, Amaharic and English language in primary school.
Arba Mich
Halliso.Z nne Musa.Y (1998).Udupuntho Kifile Goofatho Doona Maxaafe. Arbbamincce.
Kidist. A (2004). Attitude towards using Amaharic language and English language. Addis
Ababa university.
Krashen.S (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning,Great Britian.
Mequanint .W (2009).Attitude towards Gamotso as medium of instruction in the frist cycle of
primary school in Gamo Gofa zone. Addis Ababa university, Tophphiya.
Mutasa.D (2006).Afircan Languages in 21st
.South Afirca.
Singh. A (2014). Conducting Case Study Research in Non-Profit Organisations. Qualitative
Market Research: An International Journal.
Stern.H (1983).Issues and Options in Language Teaching. New York, Oxford university.

27. 27
Guja Qoncciso1. Tamaartas Giigida Xuufe Oysha
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBURSE
DERETETHA SAYNSENNE ASA ALLALLIYA KOLLOJJEN
TOPHPHIYA DOONATANNE BILA-XUUFE: GOOFATHO TIMIRTE KIFILE
Tamaaetas Giigida Xuufe Oysha
Boncho tamaaretas:
Ha oyshuwa bertte qoppobay Bulqqi katama ayson Bulqqi katama nam7antho detha timirtte
keethan de7iya 10tho A-C gaso de7iya tamaaretas Goofatho doona timirtte bolla de7iya
xeeluwanne he xeeloy muruuta bolla gathiya qohaa pilggi xeellanaasinne sinthas ay hananaw
koshshiyako oge bessanaas gidiya gisho tumanne suure zaaro imon qonccisana mela bonchon
oychays.
Akeekiso
 Ha oyshaa oothishe suntha xaafo koshshenna.
 Ha oyshoti Goofatho doona bolla tamaaretas de7iya xeeloy tamaareta muruuta bolla ay
naaqo gathiyako pilgganaassa gidishin ha oyshuwaa haraas aathi immanaw koshshenna.
 Hayssi ha pilggetha oosuwa kanchesa gidiya gisho haraas aathi immanaw koshshenna.
 Ha oyshuwaa oothishe hintte sunthi gidin pirmma woso koshshenna.

28. 28
I. Hayssape garssan imettida oyshotas imettida doorotappe hinttew gelidayssa mela
saaxiniya giddon beera (aramo) malaata woson zaarite.
1.Hara timirtte qommoti Goofatho doona timirtte bolla gathiya naaqoy de7ii?
ee akkay
2.Goofatho doona timirtte tamarssiy aasttamaaretine Goofatho dosada tamaarana mela immida
minthethoy de7ii?
ee akkay
3. Yela asay ne Gofatho tamaareyssa dosii?
ee akkay
4.New Goofatho doona bolla lo77o xeeloy de7onna mela oothiya gaasoy de7ii?
ee akkay
II Hayssape garssan imettida oyshotas hinttew gelida keena xaafi zaarite.
1.Goofatho doona timirttiya hintte dosi tamaaronna mela gaaso gidiyabati aybee?
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2. Goofatho doonay hara doonatara gina giya qofay ay aazii? Suure gada qoppay?
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3. Goofatho doona ays tamaaray giya guuthi xeeloy hara asatappe gakki erii?
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------------------------------------------------

29. 29
4.Goofatho doona timirttiyan lo77o muruuta ehonna mela oothiyabay nena de7ii--------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Surre markkanddo immida gisho galatays!

30. 30
Guja Qoncciso2: Tamaaretas Shiiqida Qaala Oysha
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBURSE
DERETETHA SAYNSENNE ASA ALLALLIYA KOLLOJJEN
TOPHPHIYA DOONATANNE BILA-XUUFE: GOOFATHO TIMIRTE KIFILE
1. Goofatho doonan haasayoy yeelayes gada qoppay?
2. Goofatho doona bolla de7iya xeeloy new ay aazii?

31. 31
Guja Qoncciso 3: Goofatho Asttemaaretas Giigida Qaala Oysha
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBURSE
DERETETHA SAYNSENNE ASA ALLALLIYA KOLLOJJEN
TOPHPHIYA DOONATANNE BILA-XUUFE: GOOFATHO TIMIRTE KIFILE
1. Ne tamaareti Goofatho doona dosidi tamaarana mela ne immiya dummatiya minthethoy
de7ii?
2. Ne tamarssiya maxaafey suurenne geeshshi gidida ogeninne nayta timirttiyas denthethiya
hanotan giigidee?

32. 32
Guja Qoncciso 4: Sima Kaapuwas Giigida Qaala Oysha
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBURSE
DERETETHA SAYNSENNE ASA ALLALLIYA KOLLOJJEN
TOPHPHIYA DOONATANNE BILA-XUUFE: GOOFATHO TIMIRTE KIFILE
1.Dumma dumma shiiqotan hintte astamaareti gidin tamaareti Goofatho doonan haasayana
melanne ginxxota nabbabana mela besse immi ereetii?

33. 33
Guja Qoncciso 5: Yela Asaas Gigida Qaala Oysha
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBURSE
DERETETHA SAYNSENNE ASA ALLALLIYA KOLLOJJEN
TOPHPHIYA DOONATANNE BILA-XUUFE: GOOFATHO TIMIRTE KIFILE
1. Ne na7ay/na7iya Goofatho doona timirtiya dosidi tamaarana mela minthetho imma eray?

34. 34
Guja Qoncciso 5. Wochi Xeelos Giigida Tillayo Warqqate
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBURSE
DERETETHA SAYNSENNE ASA ALLALLIYA KOLLOJJEN
TOPHPHIYA DOONATANNE BILA-XUUFE: GOOFATHO TIMIRTE KIFILE
P.M Polettiya oosota
Dhoqqa Gidigiddo Ziqqa
1 Asttamaarey tamarssiyade tamaareta kaalo hanota
2 Tamaaretas oyshos de7iya denddetetha
3 Oyshota zaaronne kifile giddo oosota ooso hanota

35. 35
Guja Qoncciso 6 Dokimentte Xeelos Giigida Warqqate
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBURSE
DERETETHA SAYNSENNE ASA ALLALLIYA KOLLOJJEN
TOPHPHIYA DOONATANNE BILA-XUUFE: GOOFATHO TIMIRTE KIFILE
P.M Timirtte
qommo
Ehida kumetha muruuta xeetu kusheppe tamaareta
qoodara gathi xeellishin
50 garsse 50-75 gaso 75 bolla
1 Goofatho 25 % 70 % 5 %
2 Amaaratho 1 % 69 % 30 %
3 Ingiliizetho 1 % 69 % 30 %