Linguistics Course slide

1. ELGo-2086
Lekcheres Xaafettida
Giigiso
2013 M.L.
Arbba Mincce, Tophphiya

2. Tobba Oyshata
1. Issipetetha Asaasinne Doonas de7iya
dabbotethay aybee?
2. Dooni Issipetetha asaas ay go77a
immanaw dandda7i?
3. Dooni baynnakko asa na7i waananaw
dandda7i?
4. Issi doonaawatetha,Nam7i-
doonawatethinne daro doonaawatetha
giddon de7iya dummatethay aybee?
5. Gutathoy aybee? Waanidi issi doona
giddon medhettanaw dandda7i?

3. Shemppo Issinno
Issipetetha Asa Doona Saynse
Aybatetha
Dooni ‘Lingua’ /doona/iranthi geetettiya Laatine doonappe
ekettidaysa gidishin
Alamen 3000-6000 gakkiya doonati ha77i wode asa naytan
haasayettees.
 issipetetha asa dabbotetha minthanaw keehi go7iya miishe
 oona gida issipetetha asa nayta giddoninne wogatan de7ees
 Dooni gahetetha miishe gididi asay issoy harara gahetethi
medhdhanadan go7ees
 gahetetha oge gididi asa naytan xalla oykettees.

4. Issi yeletay hara kaalliya yeletaas pa
 higgeta
 mayzayseta
 taariketa
 Meezeta nne
 wozana ammanota aathey doonana
 Dooni issipetetha heeran (community) issipetetha
minthanaw go77ees.

5.  Issipetetha asa doona saynssey
 Dooni issipetethas waanidi go77a immiyakko duumma
dumma dabbotethi de7iya timirtte qommota issipe shiishi
oykiya pilggetha tashe
 Issipetetha giddon de7iya
-doona dummatethatas
-doona darotethatasinne
-doona medho hanotatas dhoqqa go77a immees.

6. Issipetetha asa doona saynssey
 haasaya laametethinne issipetethaa dhassan
dhassan shaako hanota
 issipetethan polettiya doona haasayancha heera asan de7iya
d.d. doonati wolira issipe duussa (co-existance) hanota
 doonas halcho/sinthe qofa keso, naaniso nne d.d. doonatan
haasayettiya issipetethay gahetethi medhanaw dandda7isiya
dethan doonata dharccetethi
 doona meezetethi,doonanne issipetetha walaketethi
 ooso shaahotanne doona dharccetethi
 doona yigethinne pirdda imo
 nam7i-doonaawatethanne daro-doonaawatethi
 doona detha naagiso nne gutatho xinaate oykees.
 Kumethan, Issipetetha asa doona saynssey /IADS/ issipetetha asanne doona
giddon de7iya dabbotetha bessees.

7. 1.2 Issipetetha Asa Doona Saynse Baaso Qofata
Daro issipetetha asa doona saynsse eranchati d.d. birshethi
immidoosona.
 Spolsky (2010) issipetetha asa doona saynssey diccishe
de7iya doona saynssenne issipetetha saynsse (sociology)
tashe gididi buzonne issipetetha doona dummatethata
pilggiya saynsse.
 Gujjidikka, issipetetha asa doona saynssey doonanne
issipetetha, doona dummatetha nne doonatas de7iya
xeelota giddon de7iya siketetha woykko gaketetha (link)
xinaate yaagis-doona go7etethasinne doona go7etethas
de7iya issipetetha baasota giddon de7iya dabbotetha
bessees.

8. Guussaykka, issipetethay doona bolla ehiyabata (social
factors) nne dooni issipetetha bolla ehiyabata (linguistic
factors) wudayees yagis.
Issipetetha asa doona saynsey, issi doona haasayiya heera
asaas/speech community/ issipetetha go77i de7iya doona
hanotata/linguistic features/ xinaate gididi ooson
qonccetteysa (practical) nne saynse maaran eretteysa
(scientific descipline) gidoosona.

9. Bell (1976): IADSy doonanne woga xanna7iya doona saynsse
tashe (branch of Anthropological linguistics) gididi dooninne
wogi waanidi dabbotiyakko nne d.d. issipetetha xeelotan dooni
waanidi go7etethan pee7iyakko paaci be7ees yaagis.
Hudson (1996): IADSy doonasinne issipetetha gaasota giddon
de7iya dabbotetha xanna7ees gis; gaasotikka,
-issipetetha shaako kifileta (social class)-UML
-issipetetha buzo laytha(age)-YAO
- issipetetha asa ooso shaako mattumatetha (geneder)-MF
-issipetetha asa dabbo xanxxa bagga (ethnicity) bessees.
-Goofa,Wolaytha, Dawro, Sidaama...

10.  Van Dik (2009) :IADSy doonas issipetetharanne wogara
de7iya xeelota /socio-cultural/dabbotetha bagga xinaate yaagis.
 Wardhaugh(2010):IADSy doonas de7iya istaylethonne
issipetetha dummatetha xinaate gis.
Mallas
-Jamaykka issipetetha asa doona istayle
-Afirkkappe bida Amerkka asa istayle
-Nayjeera issipetetha asa istayle
-Tophphiya issipetetha asa istayle
-Goofa issipetetha asa istayle, h.h.m bessees (ZUGMDS)

11. Wursethan, Trudgill (2000) immida paatetha xeeliya wode
issipetetha asa doona saynssey oona gidanne ubba
issipetetha gaasota, guussaykka,
 woga ayso maarata (cultural norms)
 amota (expectations) nne
 dooni go7ettiya gelo/ xeelo ogeta (context on the way lang.
is used) xinaate yaagis.

12. Issipetetha asa doona saynssey heedzu timirtte qommota
woligahetetha dabbotethan sunthettis:
 Issipetetha asa doonanne woga saynsse (Anthropology)
-doonanne
-woga buqura saynssera de7iya mino
dabbotethan erettees.

13.  Issipetetha Saynsse (Sociology)
-issipetetha cugatinne doonas de7iya wolqqa pilggetha
-eqotata medhon saynssera dabbotethan erettees.
 Issipetetha kaha Saynsse (Social psychology)
-asaas de7iya xeeloynne
-asay lo77o woy iita gidi ekkiyabaata qonccisanaw gidin
-cugata giddoninne cugatappe kare baggara de7iya kaha
kanddoti /behaviours/ waanidi shaahettiyakko xomossees.

14.  Fishman geetettida doona saynsse eranchay (1972) IADS
* Issipetetha Asa GitaDoona Saynsse/Macro/ nne
* Issipetetha Asa Xii(Guutha)Doona Saynsse/Micro
sociolinguistics gidi 2an shaakidi koyro wode erisis
A/ Issipetetha Asa Xii/Guutha Doona Saynsse
Baggati/Micro-sociolinguistics:
 gaatha/giddo doona maarata /internal/ shaako
 Doona ooso polo wogati ooson pee7iya hanota bessees.
 doona xinaatey issipetetha dabbotetha xeelo bessishin,
doona timirtte qommota:
-kooshe medho (phonological)
-qaala medho (morphological) nne
-meega qofata medho (syntactical)
-qawosa maarata (grammatical structures) hanota baggata
wudayees

15. Issipetetha asa xii doona saynssey:
 issipetetha asa d.d shaakoti, asay medhdhiya
haasayan waanidi laame ehiyakkonne doona
dummatethatinne go7etetha wogati
- kifile shaakotara
-medheta mattumatethaninne ooso mattumatetha
shaako hanotatara waanidi gakettiyakko
xomoosees.
 Gididda gishaw, issipetetha asa doona saynsse
xuuntha xeelo/narrow sense/ gidishin buzo
haasayanchata bolla wuda wothees.

16. B. Issipetetha Asa Gita Doona Saynsse Baggata
/Macro-sociolinguistics:
 keehippe karera de7iya doona maarata (external)
nne
 doona saynsse ooso polo maara muruuta gididi
 shiiqidanne kothe qofata bessees
-Issipetetha asa xinaatey doona dabbotethan
gideyssa bessees (the study of society in relation
to language)
-Doonasinne gutathos de7iya dabbotetha
-daro erettonna attida doonata (minority)
daaburatanne minnidi eqo bagga xanna7ees.

17. Issi Cugan:
nam77i-doonaawatetha dicha minotetha
doona go7etetha
doonan xaafiyanne haasayiya heera asa
doona sinthe qofa keso ooso polo woganne
diccishe de7iya gadeta doona detha naagiso
doona kaalethonne dicha
doona gahetetha taariketa
issipetetha asanne enta wogara de7iya
dabbotetha xinaaten erettees.

18.  Issipetetha asa gita doona saynsse baggati
 issipetetha asa saynsse doonan erettees (sociology of
language)
 issipetetha asanne enta eqotata nne heera asa
(community) giddon medhettiya issipetetha ooso polo
maarata:
-doona dummatetha
-gutathonne harata
-heera asa dalggatethan xomooso baggata bessees.

19. Gujjidikka Issipetetha asay pantta doonan ay oothiyakko
-issipetetha kaha xeelotanne issipetetha giddon beettiya
haasaya maarata go7etetha darccetha baggata-
*doona laame (language shift)
*doona naagiso (maintenance)
*bessiya gujata medho (replacement)
*gizzo oosota ooso (delimitation)
*haasaya gahetetha laameretetha (interaction of
speech communication),h.h.malatiyayssata xomoosees.

20. Issipetetha asa gita doona saynssey woykko issipetetha
saynsse doonay (the sociology of language) 2u ogetan
xanna7ettanaw danda7ettees:
 Paatettida issipetetha saynsse doona (Descriptive
sociology of language)
 Ooni dummatethi qonccettiya doona
haasayiyakko/xaafiyakko nne
 Oonas, ay wode nne ay baggara giya paatethatan xeelees.
 Paate gidida issipetetha gaketethaninne cugatan de7iya
doona go7etetha maarata bessees.

21.  Laamerettiya issipetetha saynsse doona
(Dynamic sociology of language)
 Doona go7etethaa issipetetha shiiqotaninne doona
bolla de7iya xeelo kanddoti d.d. laame hanotata
medhon ay keena oge dooyiyakko/different rates
of change in the social organization of language
use and behaviour towards language/
 Issi woden issi mala issipetetha dabbotethatinne
cugati waanidinne aybis dummatiya doona
go7etetha eqotataninne doona xeelo kaha
kanddotan gakkanaw danda7iyakko wudayees.

23. Shemppo Nam77a
Doona Dummatetha /Language Variation
2.1 Issipetetha Asa Doona Gutatho/ Accent and Social dialects
 Gutathoy beni wode Grike doonan ‘dialektos’geetettiya
qaalappe yidayssa gidiishin ikka “haasaya, doona, gutatho”
 Oona gida nam77u asati issi mala haasaya medhdhokkona
 Oona gida doonaawi pa haasayiya doonan issimala gidenna.
 Oona gida doonas kilile detha gutathoynne issipetethan
(shalon,timirtteni nne ooson,...) dummatees

24.  issi cugan de7idi issi doona (Goofatho) haasayiya asaa giddon
shaakanaw danda7isiya dumma dooni beettiyaba gidikko gutatho
gaanaw danda7ettees
 Gutathoy doona dummatetha gididi issi asi awuppe yidakko/
gidiyakko shaaki eranaw danda7isees.
 woligiddogahetetha (intercommunication) teqqanaw/digganaw woy
meto medhdhanaw danda7enna.

25.  Ha suntha qofa birshethay Biita utethan (Geographically) -
kilile gutatho
 Issipetetha asa guye baggan (Social background/Social class) -
issipetetha asa duussa kifile gutatho nne
 Ooso dethan (Occupational) - ooso detha gutatho geetettidi
shaakettees.
 Kare dereta xeelliyaba gidikko issi Inglizethoy d.d. gadetan d.d.
kooshetha kaallidi go77ettees.
 Mallas: -Amerka gade Inglizetho -Afrika Ingliiizetho
-Ingliize Ingliiizetho -Hinde Ingliiizetho
-Amerkan de7iya Afirka asata Ingliiizetho (Southern
British English, Northern British English, Scottish English,
Midwest American English, New England American English,
Australian English...) geetetishe doonaawatikka shaakettidi
eretoosona.
Heyssadanikka issi Goofathoy haasayettiya “8” un woradatan
gutatho dummatethata bessanaw danda7ees guussi.
 GO TO THE VIDEO SESSION on ENGLISH LANGUAGE

26.  Gujjidikka, Amaaratho odettiya asata giddon
Goojame Amaaratho (አልበልቶም፣አልጠጥቶም)
 Gondare Amaaratho
 Shawa Amaaratho nne
 Woollo Amaaratho አልበላም/አልጠጣም/geetettiyabay
de7ees.
 Beni wode kilileppe kililen beettiya gutathoti
katamape karera de7iya asata haasayan wudayishin
issipetetha asa gutathoti katamatan haasayanchata
wudayees.
 dooni issippetethan de7iya cugata issinno oothiyabaata
minthanaw nne issi cuga yarata haratappe dummayanaw
haggazees.
 Daro gadetan issipetetha asa gutathotinne kilile gutathoti
de7idaysspe dendidayssan issi asa haasayappe i/iya awuppe
yidakkonne ay kifile shaahon i/iya moodettiyakko shaakanaw
danda7isees.

27. Doona Gutatho Saynsse (Dialectology)
 doona giddon de7iya nam77u gutathota (entta
haasayanchatikka woli-haasaya shaaki eranaw
dandda7eyssatanne)
 nam77u d.d. doonata (entta haasayanchati woli
haasaya shaaki eranaw danda7onnayssata)
shaakidi eranaw xanna7iya saynsse.
 Mallas, G/Goofa issipetetha asa Goofatho
giddoninne Zaala issipetetha asa Goofathon
de7iya hanotanne
 G/Goofa, Zaala,...issipetetha asa Goofatho
giddoninne Galila issipetetha asa Aaretho
doonara de7iya hanota xinaate gaanaw
danda7ettees.

28. Issipetetha asa gutathoti (social dialects):
 keehippe go77iya doona medhota (forms) oykees
 haasayanchata detha shaaki eranaw haggaazees
 Hessikka qassi, isssipetetha asa shaahon kothen polettiya
nam77u kifileti:
*giddo kifile/Middle class/
-daro laytha tamaaridayssatanne kushen oothonayssatan
*ooso kifileti/Working class/
-laafa laytha timirtte meezetethi de7iya issipetethatan daro
wode kushiyan ootheyssata.
Haray qassi, dhoqqa detha/Upper class/,
ziqqa dethanne/lower class/
dhoqqa giddo detha/upper-middile class/
-shalo dethan shaakettidi haasayettiya haasaya gutathon
erettees

29. Ha doona hanotan issipetetha asa gutathoti (social dialects)
*kooshethan/pronunciation/phonological
*qaalatan/vocabulary/morphological
*qawosaninne meega qofata medho wogan/
maaratan/grammatical or structural aspects/Syntax
erettanaw danda7ees.
Issipetetha asa gutathoti medhettey
-issipetetha cugataninne
-d.d. gaasotan -issipetetha duussa kifiletan
-duussa bessatan -timirtten
-ammanon -demishan
-dabbo xanxxan -woga guyebaggatani
-ooso shaahotan nne h.h.m.

30. Mallas, Bagdade kataman
*Yesuusan ammaneyssati
* Ayhudetinne
*Musilimeti de7eyssa gidishin ubbaykka dummatethi
de7iya Arabetho doona haasayoosona.
 Issipetetha asa gutathoti/Social dialects
-issi doona giddon medhettiya dummatethati issi issi
issipetetha asa duussa kifiletan woykko cugatara gakettidi
he kifiliya woy cuga hara kifilepe woy cugape Koosha
dethan ,qaalani nne qawosan shaakees.
Mallas: Koosha dethan xeelliyaba gidikko nu Goofatho
doona giddon Goofan de7iya hosppun woradatan
kaalliyayssa misatees:

31.  Sawla/D/G/ Goofa Zaala/U/D/Xahaye Malo kooza
 Iisidayssi Iisidayssi Iisidagi
 Medhdhidayssi Medhdhidayssi Medhdhidagi
 Odidayssi Odidayssi Odidagi
 Yidayssi Yidayssi Yidagi
 Biiki? Biiki? Banbo?
 Iya/I... Iya/I... Iza/ezi...h.h.m.

32. Qaala dethan xeelliya wode:
 Sawla/D/G/ Goofa Zaala/U/D/Xahaye G/Goofa / Malo Kooza
 Sulla/sotta sotta/Sulla Kaqqa
 Balettis Balettis Dogettis
 Ankees Ankees Sheekees
 Hola Hola Tomma
 Ongis makkas wursis
 Soo Soo Golle
 Qommis Qommis Idimmis
 Yaatidi... Histtidi Yaatidi..
 Bayiyu Waziw Bayiyu
 .

33. D.d. doona maarata (Qawosa) dethan xeelettiya wode:
 Qassi ne waanay? Qassi ne waanay? Ma ne waanay?
 Hayssi oona kushe? Hayssi oona kushe? Haygi oona kuce?
 Na7iya timirtte keetha basu. Na7iya timirtte keetha bis
 Kumethan, qawosa maaratan de7iya gutatho dummatethati nu Goofatho doonan
keehi uuga.
Hara Doonatan xeelliyaba gidiko:
 He doesn’t know He don’t know nothin
 I am not afraid of ghosts I ain’t afraid of no ghosts
 He never does anything He don’t never do nothing
 Hayssape haray heera doonati ay wodekka qawosan kale peeshota (are/is)
go7ettonna hanotay de7ees
 I did it yesterday I done it yesterday
 I never go there again I ain’t never goin’ there again
 I will ask if Billy can play tomorrow I ax Billy can he play tomorrow
 You are crazy You ×crazy
 She is working now She ×/be workin now

34. Doona gutathoy ooso bessan xeelettiya wode /social
dialect on the basis of education and occupation/:
 Pilgganchati gishe, ‘tamaarishe ogiyan qanxida asappe
kollojje gakki tamaarida asa giddon de7iya buzo gutathoy
dummatethi medhdhees.
 Ooso bessan, mallas
New Yorke dhoqqa detha asay ‘war’ giya Inglizetho qaalan ‘-
r’ giya kooshaa awanikka kooshayoosona;gidoppe attin,
Ingiliize giddo kifileti qaala giddoninne wursethan beettiya
‘-r’ kooshayokkona woy xeesokkona.Oosancha kifileti
xeesoosona.

35. Kilile Detha Gutatho (Regional Dialects)
 Yuusho/kilile detha gutathoti
*biita utethan zemppeyssata gidishin
*deretetha xinaatetaninne
*biita giddo booki demo xinaatetan
*xaafetti uttidabatan go7ettidi gutathota kartta bolla beso.
Kilile detha gutathoti issi kililen de7iya asa hara kililen de7iya
asape dummayees.
ha hanotay dalgga yuusho gutatho medhetetha gidishin
he yuushoppe hara bessan de7iya issipetethaas malalo gidees.

36. Hessi qassi haasayanchati wodeppe wodiyaninne
bessape bessan issoy harara woligiddo
medhdhiya haahotetha.
-kumetha heera asa giddon medhettiya doona dummatethay
qoncceyssanne
-issi cugan haasayettey hara cugan haasayetteyssara aynne
misetethi de7onna hanotay/dummatethay beettiya hanota.
Mallas: Goofa Sawla heeratan ‘xade’, ‘udis’ ‘mooma’ wula, sulla
giya qaalatas immiya birshethaa Baskeeton,Maloninne Maalen,
Zaalan immettiya birshetha dalggatethaa;
 keehidi karethi xeeliyaba gidikko,Amaarappenne Tigreppe yida
asas nu dugeha Tophphiyan de7iya doonata giddon beettiya
yuusho dummatethay he asaas ayba geetettiyakko malaaleyssa
gidees.
 Nu Goofa asas Aarethoy darotas keehidi malaliya doona gidi
ekkanaw danda7ettees.

37. …Zaaretho
 Gutatho Saynsse
 nam77u gutathota haasayanchati woli-haasaya shaaki
eranaw dandda7iyanne
 nam77u d.d. Doonata haasayanchati woli-haasaya shaaki
eranaw danda7onnayssata shaakidi eranaw xanna7iya
saynsse.
 Issipetetha Gutathotanne
 issi doona giddon medhettiya dummatethati
 kooshen
 qaalanne medhonne go7etetha -timirtten
 qawosa -ooson
-biita utethan
-duussa kifile
 Kilile woy yuusho Gutatho
 Doona dummatetha
 Issi doonape hara doona…

38. 2.2 Nam77u Doona Heerata Shaahonne Gutatho
Dhassata/Isoglosses & Dialect Boundaries
 Dumma dumma heeratan de7iya asa haasayanne gutatho
xeesethan
 He heeratethan gutatho dhassaynne zaway awanekko
karta bolla yafaridi shaakanaw oosettiya malla.
 Ha yafaran issi gutathoy woy doona dummatethay haran
lanxxettiya/mitettiya/ hanotay keehippe daro.

40. Gutatho Doomethanne Sinthe Buussa (The Dialect
Continum)
 Gutathoy issi yuushappe haran sitta shaahoy (sharp breaks)
bessenna
 Nuni Sawla katamappe d.d. dhassata aadhishe (Bulqo
pinishe hayziya Goofatho-Galila pinishe hayziya Goofatho-
Basketo giddon de7iya haasayanchata –Malo pinishe)
hayziya Goofatho.
 Issi asi dhassape dhassa sinthe woy guye biya buussan
isso woy nam77a gidiya doona haasaya dummatetha
shaakees

41.  Mallas, Sawlappe Bulqqo bida asi Sawlan de7iya doona
go7etethara mise woy issi dummatiyaba hayzees
 dummatethay issi doonan beettiya wode nam7i-gutatho
(bidialectal speaking two dialects) gidishin Malo biyaba
gidikko Goofatho xalaala gidenashin hara doonakka
hayzanaw danda7ees (Goofathonne Basketotho/Oydatho)
 Hayssi qassi nam7u-doonawatetha (bilingualism)
dummatetha bessees.

42. 2.3 Dethi Naagida Doona/The Standard Language
 Issi doona wogan kooshetan, qaalatan, qawosatan
maaraynne dethay naagettidi d.d. issipetetha asay
 giddoyiya miishetan dalggara go7etteyssaa
 gaazexaninne maxaafatan xaafettidi keyidayssatanne
 daro timirtte keethatan tamaaretteyssaa guussi.
 daro deretetha dethan heera asa gidin gadey pantta
biirotan go7ettiya doona (official)

43.  Nu dugeha Tophphiyan haasayettiya 52 gidiya heera doonata detha naagisanaw
oosettiya oosuwan 33ti timirtten imettishe de7eyssa gidishin hessatape 14 koyro
doonati kolloje dethan imettishin 7ti qassi dhoqqa timirtte dethatan, guussaykka,
 Wolattato doonay Wolayta Soddon,
 Sidaama Aafu Awaasan,
 Gamothonne Goofatho doonati Arbba Minccen,
 Gedioffa Diillan,Kambbatissa Wachamon inne
 Dawrotho doonay Tarccan
 Kafnoono Mizaaneninne Bonga Yunburssetan imettishe de7ees (Dugeha Kilile
Timirtte Biiro, 2013)

44.  Dethi naagetida doonatethi daro bagga timirtte dethaninne dalgga
kiita aathiya giddoyiya miishetan de7iya go7etetha bessees.
 haasaya doonappe (Spoken language) keehidi xaafettida
doonan(Written language) qaalan, koosheta licethaninne qawosan
qonccettees (Yuule, 2006).
 Nu Goofathora xeelliya wode aynne biirota dethan gidin dalggan
giddoyiya miishetan de7iya go7etetha pacey de7ikkoka tilla woy
baaso woy mayza Goofatho gidi nu haasayeyssatinne xaafeyssati ha
birshethas matattees.

45. 2.4 Issipetetha Teqeta /Social Barriers
 Issipetetha asa doona dummatetha besseyssa gidishin
 Ingiliizetho doonara gasethiya wode Londonen
haasayettiya dethi naagettida Ingiliizetho woy Awroppa
Amerkka Ingiliizetho nne Afirkka Amerkka Ingiliizetho
woy Karetha asa Ingiliizetho geetettidi doona shaahotetha
medhdhida wode qonccettis.
 Dalgga deretetha utetha dummatethay cugata giddon
de7iya katamatan woy yuusho doona gutatho dalggatetha
sinthe efiya wode kurethinne shaakidi issi heerathoy
medhdhettees.
 Hessikka qassi, issipetetha asa doona go7etethan
dummayidi kurethinne iitadan xeelo medhetethi.

46.  Mallas, Dugeha Amerkan beni wode shamo haaroninne d.d. ogetan
bidi uttida karetha Afrika asa bolla beeteyssa
 Ha hanotay nuyssan keehidi dummayonne kuretha meto gididi
beetonna attikokka gutathon dummayidi xeeloy erettidaba
 Mallas, Sawlan issi heeran de7iya Aaretho haasayiya Galila asay/
Goofatho haasayiya Malo asay Goofathuwa iisi haasayiya hanotay
de7iyaba gidikko Goofatho doona haasayanchati xeeliya xeelo
bessees guussi.

47. 2.5 Heera Doona/Vernacular
Language
 Ha qaalay ooso bolla peeshi doomiday giddo laythan
koyrottidi Awroppa heera doonata ziqqa bessi imettiya
doonata (lower prestige)
 dhoqqa bessi de7iya doonatappe geedaron
qonccisanawnne
 oona gida dethi naagettonna ziqqa detha cugatan
haasayettiya doonata kanddon shaaki wothanaw gishe
go7ettida qaala
 Hessappe dendidayssan heera dooni, issi issipetetha
gutathonne ziqqa detha cugatan haasayettiya doona nne
dethi naagettonna woykko dethi naagettida doonatappe
erettiya dummatethi de7eyssata.

48.  Ha doonay Afirkka biitappe ayletethan shamettidi
Amerka gade bida Afirka yeletatas keyida doona
dummatetha sunthaa.
 Ha sunthaa dumma dumma ogetan xeeseyssa gidishin,
 Karethata Engilizetho
 Karethata heera Ingilizetho
 woykko Amerkan heera Ingilizetho
 attikko Ibonikse geetettidi xeesetteyssa gidishin
 erettiya kooshe saynsse, qaala medho saynsse nne meega
qofata medho kanddota oykkees

49.  Heera doonay Kooshe dethan (Pronunciation/sounds of Vernacular
Language)
 Kooshe dethan xeelliya wode nam77u wursetha guttuma shiiqoti de7iya
qaalatan denthon polettishin ha hanotay aadhida wode meega qofata
kooshayon –edin wuriya peeshota bolla meto medhdhees.Iranthasinne achata
giddo medhettiya denddo guttumata deddenaawa kooshetan laamees.
 Dethi Naagettida Inglizetho/SE/BE Afirka Amerka heera Ingilizetho/AAVE
 left lef
 hand han
 i passed the test iced tea
 i pass the tess ice tea
 think tink
 that dat
 Your brother You brother
 test tess/tesses
 cold col’/co’
 bold bowl/bow
 I walked I walk
 He goes he go

50. Heera doona Qawosa (Graamar of Vernacular Language)
 Heera doona qawosa dethan xeelliya wode ubba wode dakko akkaye medhon
eretteyssa gidishin: Mallas,
 He doesn’t know He don’t know nothin
 I am not afraid of ghosts I ain’t afraid of no ghosts
 He never does anything He don’t never do nothing
 Hayssape haray heera doonati ay wodekka qawosan kale peeshota (are/is)
go7ettonna hanotay de7ees
 I did it yesterday I done it yesterday
 I never go there again I ain’t never goin’ there again
 I will ask if Billy can play tomorrow I ax Billy can he play
tomorrow
 You are crazy You ×crazy
 She is working now She ×/be workin now

51.  Ha heera doonati Amerka Ingilizethos heera doona
gidishin soo giddon gallas-gallas gahetethas go7etteespe
attin moode hanotatan go7ettenna.
 issi heeran de7iya gade woykko kilile asan odettiya doona
woykko gutatho
 Nu Tophphiyan Amaarathoy nam77antho gidishin
Goofatho,Gaammotho,Basketotho,Aaretho,Wolaytatho,Da
wrotho,Sidaamotho,Geedi7otho,Kambbatotho,Guragetho,K
onsotho,h.h.m koyro doonaawati pantta koyro doonan
xalaala haasayiya issipetetha hanota bessees.

52.  Gujjidikka, issi erettiya gade asa giddon daro laythatan
ooso bolla pee7ishe gam7ida doona /indigineous/native
language
 Ha doonay, heeran de7iya ubba wode
haasayanchati/ordinary people/wolira soo giddon moode
gidonna besodetan haasayettiya doona
 Dethi naagettonna gutatho woykko issi gaden de7iya
gutatho/native dialect/ geetettidi issi erettida asan woykko
kililen haasayettishe meezetidayssa
 Daro wode dabbo xanxxa doonatanne
 haasayan eretteyssata nne
 issi issipetetha asas minjja shalope attin/endemic/
 mooden xaafettonayssata geetettidi erettoosona.

53. Haasaya Istaylenne Istayle Laamo/Speech Style
and Style-shifting
 Issipetetha asa d.d. bessan shaaki eronne doona go7atetha hanota bessees
 Ay wodekka doona haasayanchata giddon pexo istayley de7i erenna
 Issoy issoy dummatiya doona istayle oykesinne go7ettees.
 Haasaya istayley keehippe shaaketti erettiya oyddu ogeti de7ees:
1. Keehi Moode Go77a /Very Formal use/ Carefull Style-boncho dethan
go77etethinne keehi akeekan wudayessa woykko baaleti bonchetiya
bessataninne h.h.m.
2. Ziqqa Moode Go77a /Less formal use/ Causual Style-doonaa dalgga
asay de7iya bessan timirttey imettiya woden (public lectures)
3. Keehi Moode Gidonna Go77a /Quite Informal use/ Causual Style-
doona didirxxa woligahetethatan go77etethinne laafan wudayeyssa
gidees.
4. Ubbarakka Moode Gidonna Go77a /Extreemely Informal use/-doona
go7etethi giddon keehi xii go77i de7iyabatan hanota, d.d issipetetha,
laytha, nne hara dummatethati hasayanchata giddon de7idayssa
gaason;haasayan gidin xaafon polettiya issi ooso gaasoninne isso woy
bolla gidida haasayanchata giddon shene gaasotan dummatiya istayleti
medhettanaw danda7ees.

54.  Issipetetha asa doona saynsse pilgganchati giddo
kifileti daro wode dhoqqa kifiletakko istayle
laamon keehi akeekan wudayoosona.
 Hara baggara giddo kifileta Moode go7etetha
ubbawodetethi lo77otethas de7iya amo geetettees.
Doonatas Imettiya Besse/Eratethi/Dhoqqatethi
(Prestige)
 Asay d.d. doonatas pantas de7iya giddo
amuwappe dendidi besse immoosona.
 Issipetetha asay ubba wode dhoqqa dethakko
laame medhonne doonas immiya
bessay/eratethay/dhoqqatethay nam77an
shaakettees:

55. *Qoncce dhoqqatethi (Overt Prestige)
- deretethan dhoqqa bessa demo qofan woykko
lo77otethan erettanassaa
-doona laameninne walaketethan erettees
-dethi naagida doona kanddota kaalo bessees
*Geema/qoncce gidonna dhoqqatethi (Covert Prestige)
-issipetetha asay istayle laamonnan pa de7iya asata cuga
yaratetha haasayas/doonas qossan besse immeyssa
-beetonna ogen pa meezetetha laamonnashin haasaya polana
qofan besse immo
-issipetetha asay panta heeran de7iya asaadan haasaya medho.

56.  Qoncce dhoqqatethi Qoncce gidonna dhoqqatethi
 Hayssi Haygi
 I/Iya Ezi/iza
 Medhdhidayssi Medhdhidagi
 Bitaney Uray
 Smart [sma/t] BE NAE Smart [smart]
 War [wa/] BE NAE War [war
 Water [wat/] BE NAE Water [watr]
 Car[ka/] BE NAE car [kar] h.h.m.
Mallas
 Issipetethaa wuday pa heeran de7iya asa haasayappe attin
eretetha qofan gelonnan
 awanikka ay wodekka Wolayti, Basketoynne Oroomoy pa
doona haasayappe keyonnaninne mal7ethonan woykko doonata
walakkonan suure ogetan haasaya medhoosona(Covert Pristige).

57.  2.5 Haasayancharanne Hayzanchara Issipetetha Medho
(Accommodation)
 Haasaya istayle dummatethi haasayanchcha issipetetha kifile (social
class) go77anne haasayaas immettiya wudan xalaala gidonashin
haasayanchchati pantta hayzanchatas bessiya kaha qofa
(Audience design or Speech accommodation).
 nu haasaya istaylenaa nu haasayiya bitaniyakko woy hara bagga
zaariya hiilla
 Issipetetha haahotetha guuxisiya haasaya istayle meezetethan geliya
wode dinxxetha (Convergence) geetettishe
-nu haasayiya issi bitaney go7ettiya haasaya istayledan gina go77etethi.

58.  Mallas: Taraqi: የት ነበርክ እስከ አሁን?
 Garddi: ስብሰባ አዳራሽ ውስጥ ነበርኩኝ፡፡giiko hayssi nam77aykka issi woli aaziya
doonatan haasayan dinxxetiya gishas (Convergence) giidi eranaw danda7oos.
 Doona haasaya dummatethi (Divergence) qassi, haasaya istayley
haasayanchchanne hayzanchcha giddon issipetetha haahotetha medhdhiyaba
gidikko.Ikka wuri dummatiya haasaya istayle go7etethi geetettees.
 Mallas: Gamachoy:ዛሬ አየሩ እንዴት ነው?
 Balaxi: ከፀሃዩ ብርታት የተነሳ እጅግ ያቃጥላል፡፡
 Gamachoy: Aani imbarbaddu... giyaba
 gidikko nam77antho yuusha gahetethan Gamachoninne Balaxa giddon wuri
dummatiya haasaya istayle go77etethi medhettida gishas (issipetetha
haahotetha-(divergence) giidi xeesos.

59. Issibas De7iya Xeelo Doonanne Pokko Qaalata/Register &
Jargon
 Issibas de7iya xeelo Doona (Register)
 issi pana dandda7ida ooso shaahon woy issipetetha
cugatara gakettiyaba
Mallas:*asa shukki pathiya oosotan
*horphile oosota yuushon
* bira ayssaddetara
*miishe bayziya asatara
*muuziqa kaasatan
*pirdanchatara
*kaame laaganchatara
*artte eranchatti kumethi d.d. xeelo doonata
go7ettoosona

60. doorettida qaalata gidishin
- woden woden medhettiya miishetas
- yohotasinne
- ubba wode polettiya oosotan eesotida gahetethi polanaw maadees.
 Issipetetha asa haasaya istayle bolla dummatetha ehiyabatappe
issuwanne
 Issipetetha asa oonatethaara sikettida doona go7etethi.
 Issipetetha asay issi doorettida xeelon (context) eenotethan doona
go7etetha oge.
Mallas: giya giddon, woose keethan, sportte bessan, kaame laago
hiilla loohiso bessatan go7etetha.
 Hessatikka higge detha xeelo doona (legal register)
 ammano xeelo doonanne (religious register)
 doona xeelo doona (linguistic register) geetettidi shaaketti
erettanaw danda7ettees.

61.  Haray qassi issi issi oosotaninne cugatan qorettida qaalata gidin
guussata go7etetha (Jargon) gidishin
 he oosoppenne he cugappe karera de7iya hara asay eranaw
un7ettiyayssata.
 Ammano Gelo/xeelo doonanne (religious register) hayssatas
mallati:
- xooma/goyno/woosa/meecha, h.h.m qaalati issi doonan
ammanora gakettiyaba.
 Higge detha Gelo/xeelo doona (legal register)
- woranzzo/dano/pirdda/shiloote/qasho/markka/giya qaalati issi
higgera gakkettiya iita ooso qoncisos pirda keethati go7ettiya
qaala.

62.  Zal7era gakettiya Gelo/xeelo doonati (Commercial register)
- wodhe/tirppe woy gamma dhayo/kisaara, shamma woy bayza, …
 Doona Gelo/xeelo doona (linguistic register)
– daro wode doona giddo qaala, kooshe, qawosa, haasaya, xaafo,
nabbabo, hayzo h.h.m.
 Nam77atikka (R&J) issipetetha asa doona go7etetha giddon
de7iya hanota qonccisees.
 ha qaalata go7ettethay issi baggara
*deretetha giddon de7o eriseyssanne
*deretethappe karetetha shaakidi qonccisees.

63. Pokkoyiya Qaalata (Slang)
 Issipetetha asa doona go7etethan issipetetha doonaawati ubba wode
meezetidayssata bessan
-yalaga naytinne
-dummatida amora de7iya hara asatan go7ettiya issi issi qaalata,
turatanne guussata bessees.
 Sunthay qoncciseysadan qaalatinne guussati issi issipetethan koyroppe
baasotida dhoqqa detha cuggappe kare baggara beettiya asata
go7etetha bessees.
 Issipetethas keehatethara woykko eenotethara meezetidayssata gididi
 Issipetetha asa duusaadan gidiya gishaw ooratha go7etetha (fashion)
bessees.
 Issipetethappe karen de7eyssatas enta giddo maaran qassi pokkotethan
beetteyssata guussi.
 Pokko qaalati lakkaytota dethan xeelettiya wode issipetethay
ammanon, keeha kiitetethanne diggettida kanddotan koyonayssata
go7etetha bessees.
 Mallas, ne aayi damppo maa giya cashshata, አዛ፣ጠበሳ፣ቺክ፣ዘር
ፎር፣ችከላ፣ፕስ ነው? አይነፋም,ጨብሲ፣በግ ተራ፣ማኛው ፣ …ሽም (ወንድ)h.h.m.

64. Nam77u Doonatappe Medhettiya Doontanne Yarata/Pidgins & Creoles
 Nam77u doonatappe medhetiya doonay (Pidgins) Chaynethon zal7e
geyssappe tal7ettida qaala gidishin
*asay zal7en daro wode beelatethan wolira didirxishe gam7idi issoy
haraa doona eronnan de7ishe bessiya zal7e gahetetha poloosona.
Mallas, Galila asara Sawla asara de7iya hanota xeelanaw
danda7ettees
Ha hanotan nam77apekka me7eretishe medhettiya doonay meezetidi
gam7iya hanoti medhettees.
Santhe giya Goofatho qaala Galila zal7anchati ‘Ekine’ geyssa Goofa
beelati eronna gaason ‘sanche’ gishe gam77ikko ooratha Goofa
yeletati ‘shanche’ gidi meezetiyaba gidikko guussi.

65. Maaletho Oydatho Goofatho
Ekkiyae Ekkiye7o Ekka yaa
Ushshe Ushsho Ushsha
Ucce Ucco Ucca
Lale Lalo Laalla
Ushkke Uzho Uya
Yeeppo Yeefo Yeeho
Nam77u Doonatappe Medhettiya Doontas gitettida qawosaynne
qaala medho saynsse maaray de7enna, qaala dethanikka
keehipe uuga.

66.  Doona yarata (Creoles)
-Nam77u doonatappe medhettiya doonay meezetishe diccidi
issipetetha heeran gahetethas gidin zal7e doona gidiya wode
-Ha hanotay nu Goofathon keehi meezetonayssa gidikkoka
Aaretho doonay Goofathora medhettiya hanotay bessanaw
danda7ees.
 Ha hanotay ubba wode go7etethan akeekettiyaba gidikko he
heeran yelettidi dicciya laafa naytas koyro doonatethan
meezetanaw danda7ettees.
 Ha issipetetha asa doona go7etetha hanotay dethi naagettida
doona qawosa maarara birshethan aynne gakettenna.
Inglizetho mallata
 Suure Ingilizetho: ‘you will go’giya tura
 Ingilizetho doona yaran: by and by you go gidi
go7ettoosona.

67.  Hawaien Tok Pisin geetettiya doona yara haasayanchati: baimbai yu go/bai yu
go/yu bigo/goosona.
 Kumethan doona yarata (creoles) medhos baasoy nam77u doonatappe medhettiya
doonata (pidgins) gidishin
 Alame dethan keehi daro asay doona yara go7eteyssa bessees-daroti ha zal7era
gakettiya oosotan meezetethay dariya gishaw (Yuule, 2006:201-3).
 Nam77u doonatappe aaziya doona medho hanota (pidgization) heedzape
guuxonna doonata koyiya hanota gidishin
 Hessatape issoy haratape bolla gididi daro bessan erettida doona gidiya wodenaa.
Haa mallan hayssape kase denthida mala Chaynna nam77u doonatappe medhettiya
doona Ingilizetho, Japane Tokpisinenne Nayjera nam77u doonatappe medhettiya
Ingilizetho donata gidees.

68. Aarethopenne Goofathoppe medhettiya doona yarata (Creoles)
Aaretho Goofatho 2tho/3tho yeletati Doona Yarata (Creoles)
Ekine santhe sanche sanche
Shenaak zine zhine(Badiron) zhine
? si7a shi7a(Badiron) shi7a
? bayza bayzha(Badiron) bayzha

69. Kaallida Gishaw
Galatays!

70. Shemppo Heedza
Doonas Kaha Xeelonne Oonatetha/Language Attitude &
Identity
3.1 Doonas Kaha Xeelonne Aybatetha
 Kaha xeeloy kaha saynsse pilggetha maaran heedzubata
oykkidi birshettees:
-Kaha akeeko (perception)- buzon medhettiya
didirxxatasinne alames de7iya xeelo
-kaha laame/Gaatha sissa (emotion)-kaha laamey issi asi
kaha xeelora gidida kahan si7ettiya yilo/shene gidees
-kaha kanddon (behaviour) erettees.
 Kaha xeeloy qassi,kaha kanddon zuge geliya hanota
bessees

71.  Doona go7etethi wayisonayssa gididi beettey issi asi
doonasinne haasayanchatas bessiya eenotetha xeeloy
(positive attitude) de7iyaba gidikko
 Doona kaha xeeloy doona haasayanchata bolla bessiya
hanota xalaala gidonnashin harati doona dooro bolla de7iya
hanota kaayanaw (infer/predict) go77eyssa
 Beker (1992) nne Holmes et al.(1993):
 issi dooni de7ida laythan he doonaas de7iya kaha xeeloti
doonay simmi diccanas, kaalliya yeletatas
pinthanas,dhayonnaninne hayqqonan de7anaadan maadees.
 Eenotetha kaha xeeloy dalgga dethan erettonna doona
haasayanchati pantta doona d.d. bessatan go7ettana mela
denthethees.

72. 3.2 Doonas Kaha Xeelonne paaci be7o ogeta/Ways of Testing
Language Attitude
 Doona kaha xeeloy nam77u ogetan paaci be7ettanaw
dandda7ettees:
 Issipetetha oytha xinaaten(Social treatment studies)
-xinaatiyan shiiqiya asa kaha xeelota
*poolisen
*xaafettida miishetan
*giddoyiya miishetas xaafettidabatan
*denthethi ereisoninne hara pulttotappe malla medhon
 Suure tanggotan (Direct measures/evaluation performance)
-xinaatiya zaaranchata
*suure /moode oyshatan doona bolla entas de7iya kaha xeeloy
ay misatiyakko oyshon,
*xuufe oyshotan,
*qaala oyshotaninne
*keethappe keetha yuuyon medhdhiya pilggetha oosotan
(Survey) shaakettees

73. Suure Gidonna Tanggotan (indirect measures/evaluation
performance)
 suure gidonna ogen asaas panttaw odettiya doonaa bolla de7iya akeekaa
woy xeeluwaa qosa/geema ogen demmees.
 paacey oosettiya asay teeppen duuqettida d.d. nabbabettiya odata
(recorded speech) hayzison.
 Oychiya uray/pilgganchay ay koyiyakko hayzanchatape oonikka erey
baawa.
 Qaalan woy doonara haasayan paacci be7oy
 Haa ogiyan issi woy nam77u gutatho haasayiya asata haasaya duuqidi
yexisidi sisoninne asaykka hayzidaappe guye awusi lo77okonne
ekettanaw bessiyako oyshettoosona.
Walaka Tango (Mixed Measure)
- bollara qonccida nam77u ogeta,
*suurenne
*suure gidonna tangota bu7ethan go7ettiya xeelo oge
-beetida qofata tumatetha xaalethans danda7isess.
-nam77aa woligathi go7etethay beetiya demuwas wolqaama
gatey imetteyssanne tumatethas maadees (Labove, 1966).

74. 3.3 Dooninne Oonatethi/Language & Identity
 Oonatethi giya qaalay kaha saynssen taa oone (Who am
I?) yaagiya oyshas imettiya zaarota shiishi qoncciseyssa
 D. d oonatetha shaakoti de7oosona:
 Buzo Oonatethi (Personal identity) geetettiyayssati
-buzuwa laytha,
-mattumatetha,
-ketha asata,
-oosoy nne
-timirttey issi asa buzo oonatetha medhos maadiya
gaasota

75.  Issipetetha Oonatethi (Social Identity)
-kothe oonatethinne issi cugay oonantta bagga gidi
-cugatetha,
-kaha xeelotanne
-sheneta he oonantta baggatetha kaalliya hanota bessees.
 Dabbo Xanxxa Oonatethi (Ethnic Identity)
-issi asa yaratetha besseyssa gididi
-issipetetha cugata giddon kothen shaakettishe
gam77idabata oykees:
*kothe taarike,
*kothe doona,
*alames de7iya era.

76.  Ammano Oonatethi (Religeous Identity)
-issipetetha asay panttana d.d. ammano qommota giddon
-Orttodokise ammanon,
-mishineta ammanon
-Musilimeta ammanon
-Budahan,sharechcho goynnon, eeqatan
-Waqefattaninne h.h.malateyssatan panttana dummayiya
oonatetha.
Hara baggara, doona oonatethi heedzu bessan xeelettees:
Cuga Doona (Group Language)
 cugatas dummatgiya malaatatan erettiya doonata gidishin
 ooso dethan,
 era dethani nne
 duussa dethan de7oosona.
Mallas, pantha nayti issipe de7iyanne oothiya bessan keetha asay
haasayiya doonappe dummatiya ogen go7ettiya hanotati
-aaza, pis new?, chikela,chimcema, dhuleba,chike,
-sekela, mayna,beg tera,h.h.m go7etetha ogetan.

77. Cuganne Buzo Doona (Group & individual language)
-cuganne buzuwa keexanaw danda7ees giya qofaa gidishiin
doonati laamettiya hanotay medhettikokka daro cugati pantta
oonatetha naagisoosona.
-dooni cugas giddoba gidishin entta oonatethas giddoba gididi
doonay laamettiya wode wogay qassi laamettees.
Dooninne Oonatethi issoy hara bolla zempon duussi
(Language and identity integration)
-cuga dooni entta oonatetha medhon woykko keexon gaaso gidees
-cuga oonatethay entta doona kaha xeeloynne cuga doona dooro
bolla issiba ehees.
-doonasinne oonatethas giddon kothe woykko ishatetha
dabbotethi de7ees
-issi doona go7etetha istayleti haasayanchata issipetetha oonatetha
keexanawnne bessanaw maadees.
-Buzon, issipetethaninne dabbo xanxxa oonatethi d.d. hanotatan
haasayanchata gahetetha ogiya bolla laameta ehanaw
dandda7ees guussi.

78. Doona Go7etetha Teqqanaw Danda7iya Oonatetha Gaasota
/Identity Factors Affecting Language Use
 D.d. bati doona dooro bollanne go7etetha bolla laame ehanaw
danda7oosona.
 Issiba giddo haphetha gaason (Domain)
-issi ooso yuushon go7ettiya doona,
-issipe de7iya keetha asa yuushoninne ammano yuushon go7ettiya doonata guussi.
 Sooninne shoorotetha hapheti erettonna doonati aadhon go7ettiya qaada
meddees
 Issi issi soo giddon go7ettiya doonati woy shoorota giddon xaafettidayssati
timirtte keethaninne ooso bessan go7ettiya doonatape dummatees
 koyro doonay(L1) ubba wode soo giddo woykko keetha asa haphetan go7ettiya
doona
 nam77antho doonati (L2) soonne keetha asa haphetape karera go7etteyssa
gidees.

79. Hayzanchata gaasotan (Interlocators)
 doona dooroy hayzanchata gaason dummatethi medhdhanaw
dandda7ees
 issi asa yela asati darotan erettida doonaninne darotan erettonna
doonatan walaketethan gelo.
 Issoy pa dabbotara daro asatan erettida doona go7ettiya asabaa
 Issi mayza gidida asay dalggan erettonna doonatas boncho imo
Doona go7etethi haasayancha laythara(Age)
-cimida keetha asay pantta koyro doona go77ettishin
-yalaga nayti d.d. doonata walakki haasayetethan erettoosona
-hessika enttana ecatethan moodiseyssadan xeelliya gishossa
Doona go7etethi Ooso shaaho mattumatethara(Gender)
 addeti daro wodetan ooso gaasotan karen pee7iya gishatas
maccatape aadho koyro doonape hara doona haasayettana qaaday
daro gidiya hanota
 Maccati daro wode soo giddon pee7iya gishaw koyro doona daridi
go7ettoosona
 hessape denddidayssan enti 2tho nne kare gade kumetha doona
haasaya eratethaykka addetappe ziqqatees.

80. Haasaya/tobba huuphe qofata Gaason (Topic)
-issi issi tobba huuphe qofati issi doonan aadho injjetees.
Mallas, Goofathora cuccumettenaba giya qaala Inglizethoy ‘abstract’,
‘attitude’, ‘emotion’, ‘perception’ ‘ mind’giya kaha saynsse qaalatinne
qofati Goofathoppe keehidi Ingilizethon qonccen paatettiya hanotata
bessees.
Hinde gaden:
-Bengali doonaa keetha asara de7iyabatas go7ettidi
-Ingilizetho doona qassi keehipe timirtte keetha allalletas go7ettoosona.
Nu Tophiyanikkan:
-ziqqa detha doonatan soo giddo allalleta haasayettanaw go7ettoos-Goofatho
doona,
-Amaaratho doona qassi daro biirotaninne Ingilizetho doona gujidi timirtte
oosotara de7iyabatas go7ettoos.
 issi asa doona dooroy issipetetha oonatethabagga gididi issi asi
paas ta hayssa gidi eko gidees.

81. ◦ Issipetetha Asa Duussa Kifile/Shaahota/social class
 giya ikonoomen kothe bessa shaakettiya buzota cuganne
 gina gidida ikonoome woyta demmeyssata gididi
poltikan, ikonoomen, issipetetha dabbo xanxxaninne
h.h.m gaasotan shaakettoosona.
 Eranchati d.d. duussa kifiletan shaakoosona:
 Shaloaawatethan,duretethan,wolqqan,ooson,timirtte
dethan ,kochan.
 Karl Mariksenne Webere geetettiya asay gishe
-buzoti giya ikonoomepe demanaw geedarettiya wode
shaahoy medhettees.
-Issi asa kifile hanoti he uras giya hanota gidees.
-Gina kifile hanota shaahettiya asi gina gidida duussa
qaada shaahettees.

82. Shaloaawati de7iya issipetetha duussa shaahota Weberey
oyddan shaakis:
 Dumma dumma ayfen beetiya miishetan erettiya dhoqqa kifile/the
propertied upper class
 Ayfen beettiya miisheti de7onna ooosanchata/the property less
white-collar- workers class
 Daro wode meezettidi erettida ayseyssatanne
bonchettidayssata/the pretty bourgeoisie
 Kushera goyiya kifileta/the manual working class gidi
shalaawatethanne shalaawape kare hanotethay haraba ubbape
issipetetha kifile medhos keehi inje gidees.
 Ha shaahota gaason dhoqqa giddonne goshan aqiyayssata doona
go7etetha maaran laamey medhettees guussi.

83.  3.6 Dumma Dumma Cugata Giddon Medhettiya
Woligahetetha/Inter-Group Communication
 Dooni ubba wode cuga yaratetha medhdhiyaba gidishin
 dabbo xanxxa oonatetha bessiya maarinne cugata
wolisiketetha minthanawnne sinthe efanaw oge gidees.
 Dooni ubba wode d.d. wogaawata gahetethasikka go77ees
 doonan zempidi asati issi dabbo xanxxa yara gideyssa
shaaki wothanaw haggaazees.
 dooni asaa oonatethay issi dabbotetha xanxxa yaran
gideyssanne d.d. cugata giddon de7iya kothe go7etethas
medhettida issipetetha dhoqqi oothanawnne cugappe kare
baggara de7iya yarata cuga giddope dummayanaw go77a
immees.
 Kumethan, cugata giddon medhettiya woligahetethi d.d.
doona go7ettiya cuga yarata doona sigetethi (negotiation of
language) medho.

84. 3.6.1 Gahetethi eki polo bertte qofa/communication
accommodation theory
 asay daro wode woli-haasaya koxxey enti dossiya asa
 attikko haran dosettanaw de7iya koshshan hanoosona.
 hara asay haasaya wode enttaw ay mela naagetetha
bessiyakko de7iya hanotaa.
 Hara kothetethan eko hanotay buzotinne cugati woli
aazetetha dabbotetha besiya qoncciso hanota
 asata giddon de7iya dummatetha dentho/guuxiso hanota
minthees.
 Mallas issi asi issi lo77obaa hara asape demmanas paas
de7iya issibas gate ciggidi aadhetha doores.

85.  Hessikka kaha kanddon hara misatanaw gishe pas de7iya kaha
kandduwa laamees (convergency towards ).
 doona giddon de7iya darobataninne bessibolatan entara haasayiya asa
kaha kanddotara
-doonatan,
-gutathotan,
-doona cugata giddon de7iya d.d. kanddotan
*haasaya eesotethanne leppatethan,
*haasaya giddoppe qanxon,
*haasaya adussatethan,
*kooshe hanotatara de7iya dummatethatan,
*xeelon,
*som77o biletha hanotan ) gina gidanaw buzoti haniya hiilla.
 Gallosinne harati (1995) gishe, kothe gidida doona istaylen
wolihaasaya kothetethi gahetetha wogayanaw maadees.
 Ay wodekka nunara haasayanchatara gina gidikko i/iya nuna dosana
hanotay medhetteesinne entappe issipetetha woyta demmana danda7a
qaadaykka daro gidees.
 People converge towards those whom they like, they believe others
,respect or have power/

86.  Issi asi pas de7iya kaha kandduwa harayssadan laamanaw
dendetethay guutha gidiya hanota medhdhees (divergency
away from).
 haasayanchati medhdhiya haasayanne enta giddon de7iya
besibolata dummatetha oge gidishin buzoti issuwara
medhettiya haasayaa cuga yaratetha baaso oothidi
issipetetha alamiya cuganinne hara oonatethi oothidi
dummayo.
 Gilsenne Kuplandde geetettida eranchati (1991):
- haasayanchata giddon wolihaasaya kothetethi
dalggatethan issi bolla minthonne
-d. d. xeelon gitettida dooro ogeta medho
-ubba wode som77o-som77ora medhettiya
haasayanchatan polettees.

87. 3.6.2 Doonanne wogata giddon de7iya dabbotethi, mitetethi issipetethi,
kurethinne dummayethi/language & intercultural relations-assimilation,
integration, segregation & separation
 Dooni woga giddon de7iya (sub-component) miishe
 Woga doonanne ubba haphiyabaa (Supper-component)
 Mitetethi (assimilation)
-mitetethi beni wodeppe de7iya cugatanne hara bessatappe yidi
gujettidayssata shiishi oykkidi issi ooratha woginne kaha xeeloti benippe
de7eyssakko walakettiya hanota.
-gade giddon de7eyssatan gidin hara kare gadetappe yiydi uttiya ooratha
gadetan polettees.
 Issi ooratha woga pabaa oothidi meezetethi giya birshethara mise gididi
maadees (assimilation=acculturation).
 He gaason medhettiya lanxxethaninne doona gahetethan gaden gam7ida
woganne doona bolla ooratha woginne ooratha kaha xeeloti beetanaw
dandda7ees.
 lanxxethaninne shiishi eko hanotatan issi ooratha dooni koyro odettishe
gam7ida doonan mitetethi guussi.
 Woga mitetethi eeson woy leppan cugata hanota bolla zempidi laamerettees.
 Ikka hara cugape woykko asape birshethinne issi ba giddo gede gelo
(interpretation and fusion) giya qofa oykees.

88.  Mallas,Goofatho doonay ha detha gakkanape kase
WOGAGODan de7ishe daro yethatan, haasayataninne
Geeshsha Maxaafata tamarso hanotatan Wolaytatho
doonan mitettishe gam77is guussi.
 issi doorettida heeran teqqettidayssa gidonnashin kumetha
alameninne d.d. issipetetha duussa hanotan medhettees.
 Ha hanotay wolqqan suggettida ogeninne leppan leppan
mitetethi medhettanaw dandda7eyssa gidishin
 keehi dalgga bessinne dethi de7iya wogatinne doonati
ziqqa dethata wolqqa sugethan mittiya hanotay
medhettees.
 beten yida asa woginne dooni he gelida biita woganinne
doonan mitetetha

89.  Issi dereppe beten yida asay:
*issipetetha ikkonoome dethan,
*biita utethan,
*nam77antho doona demoninne
*woligiddo eko gelon mitettanaw danda7eyssa
issipetetha saynsse eranchati paattidoosona.
 Galilappe Sawla bete yida asi Sawlan gam77anaw pa
Aaretho doona soo giddon xalaala go7ettishe kare d.d.
bessatan pa doonan mitettidi Goofatho doonan gahetethi
medhon zal77e gidin d.d. oosota ooso.
 Betanchata mitetethi gitettidabaa gidishin panttana ooratha
gaden wuri walakanaw danda7okkona,
 panttaw laatisana shalota ubba dhayanaw danda7oosona.

90.  Issi asi mitettanaw danda7iya koshshay ha bitaney ooratha
woga giddon mitettanaw gizidayssan xalaala gidennashin
dhoqqa dethi de7iya ooratha gadiya waanidi eretanee
giyabati qofettees-kothe duussa wogan qoommetethi.
 Mitetethi betancha doonaa ooratha gade doonanne woga
gaasotan geemmisi aggiya hanota bessishin,
 Phalqqen woligiddo walaketethi (integration) ziqqa doonati
naagettidi kothe duussas injjetanaadan go7etethi.
 Mallas, Galilape Sawla yida Aaretho haasayanchatinne
Goofatho doona haasayanchati qassin Amaaratho doona
haasayanchati wolin issipetethan wolidoona go7ettidi
gahetethi medhon gallassa gallassa duussa sugethi dandda7a
besees.
 “Separation is a situation where groups retain distinct
cultural practices and individuals form social ties only
within groups”.

92. Shemppo Oydda
Doona Lanthetethi/Language Contact
 4.1 Nam7i doonaawanne daro doonaawa issipeteha yarata/Types of bilingual &
multilingual societies
 Nam77i-doonaawatethi (bilingualism) issi doona haasayiya asai pa koyro doona bolla
hara doona heera asape meezetethan gidin timirtte keetha gelidi tamaaron qoncciya
hanota gidishin ha hanotas de7iya go7etetha higgey cugata giddon duussan guussaykka
bessiya maaran haasaya dandda7i kothen shaaketethay waani hanidakko keehi
qonccisiya qofa gidees. Nam77i-doonaawatethi hara nam77i-doonaawatara medhdhiya
lanxxethan (contact) he hayzanchata guye baggannekaha xeeluwa eranappe sinthatidi
mela koode laamo istayle go7ettokona.
 Nam77i-doonaawati koodde laamiyay daro wode kothe go77as medhettida issipetetha
bessees.Gidikkokka, koodde walakkiya asi pa laggiyara woy pa eriya asara koodde
laamiya asi keehippe erettiya ogen hara doonakko laamees/pines; hessikka, issi
doonaawa gidida haasayanchas woy doonas imathe gidida asasa.Mallas, Amerkka
gaden Ingilizetho doona Ingilizetho xalaala haasayiya asas woy Ispanishe doona
Ispanishe yeletas guussi.
 Daro doonaawatethi (multilingualism) hara baggara, kare gadetan,keehippe Ingliize
issipetetha (UK) mata wode xinaateti daro doonaawatethinne dabbo xanxxata ziqqa
dethi doonata (minority language) Ingiliize issipetethan medhettiya bête taarikenne he
kawotethan ziqqa dethi doonatas de7iya timirtte poolise xinaatey (1970 tan) bessiya
mala Ingliizen dumma dumma cugati daro laythatan de7idayssa Dache doona
haasayanchati,Ispeynenne Porchugaale Ayhudeta,Doloha Awroppa betanchata gidin
Arabenne Jarmaane haasayanchati de7idayssa (Alladina nne Edwarddis,1991)
qonccisis.

93.  Bete gaason Hindeti,Paakistaanetinne Bangiladishe,poltika gaasotan Keenappenne
Uganddape goodettida Gujaraati doona haasayanchati gelidayssa qonccisis.Hessati
shiiqoppe attin, daro haasayanchati go7ettiya Ingilizetho doona gidonnashin ziqqa
dethi de7iya doonata go7etethi doomidoosona.Ingiliizey woykko Biritaanay wodes
aqiya keethi woykko duussa bessi gididi daro alameppe shiiqida asati de7iya bessi
gidis.
 Ha pilggetha oosuwas ekettida Ingiliize kumetha asa qooda qoodimaagay
bessiyadan 91 kushetas Ingilizethoy soo giddo doona gidishin 9 kushetas Ingilizetho
gujjidi hara doona haasayanchata,qassi 4 kushetas Ingilizethoy bertte soo giddo
doona gidiyayssa aynne ekkonna woykko eronna asay de7iyayssa shaakis.Doona
dalggatethay(linguistic diversity) ha gaden giddoyiya miishetaninne issipetetha
haggazotan qonccettees.Hessa gishaw kaallidi heedzu ogetan xeelettiya hanota
medhdhis.
 a/ Dabbo xanxxa ziqqa detha doonata (Ethnic group minority languages) metoti
dhoqqa detha doonatan mitetethan bilettanaw bessees giya qofa gidishin,ha qofa
maadiya asay gishe ziqqa detha doonaawati dhoqqa detha doonaawata
istayletaninne doonatan wuri mitettanaw bessees.
 b/ Maatatethan (as a right), ziqqa detha doonati naagettidi de7anaw bessees.
 c/ Heedzantho qofay ziqqa detha doonati heera yarata meeziyanne kaha era
kunthiya miishe gididi koyro doona akeekan gelisonnan xeelettanaw bessees gishin
ha heedzantho daro doonaawatethinne doona dalggatetha xeeloy dumma dumma
xinaatetan kalettidi daro doonaawatethi alame gahetehasinne zal77es,woga
dichas,issipetetha walaketethas keehi maadees gis.Hessa xalaala gidennashin daro
doonaawatethi dumma dumma dabbo xanxxa issipetetha doona cugati lo77o polo
wolira sikettidi de7anadan bertte gaaso gidi issipetetha zarbbetethas,ikonoome
dichas,issoy hara qofa payssadan minthethana mela nne cugata giddon maadetethay
de7anadan maadees gis (Aura nne Wei,2009).

94.  4.6 Koode laame, walakonne tal77e wogata/Code switching, mixing & borrowing
 Koodde laamey (Code switching) oona gida ogiyan nam77anne bolla gidida asay gahetethas
ooso bolla peeshiyayssa gidishin qaalay markkanddo bertte qofappe ekettidayssa gidishin issi
issi wode issi asikka pa buzon kooddedan pas de7iya xuura teqqanaw go7ettees. Koodde
laamey keehi go77iya issipetetha hiilla.Kumethan kaallidi de7iya oyshata xeellishe bana.
 1. Asay aybbis darotappe issi kooodde go7ettanaw doori?
 2. Issi doorettida koodde dooranawnne ooso bolla peeshanaw gaasoti aybee?
 3. Issi kooddeppe hara koodden laamanaw dandda7ey aybee?
 4. Man77u dummatiya kooddeta guye gidin sinthe laamishin/walakkishin go77ettanaw doorey
aybee?
 Koodde laamey haasayanchati darobata oothanadan kiittees: wolqqa demmanaw, kothe go77as
gidida issipetetha qonccisanas gidin nam77u doonatikka go77ettiyaba gidiko gidigiddotetha
demmanaw, oonatetha qonccisanawnne ,h.h.misatiyayssatas go77ees.
 Issipetethay pa doona dooriya wode issi gutatho,istayle/dummatida doona,woykko dummatiya
koodde dooro koshshees.Hessa oonikka teqqanaw dandda7enna .Gidoppe attin, issi asi
koshshida wode issi koodeppe hara doonan laamanaw dandda7ees.Koodde laamiya wode
akkeekan gelisanaw bessiyay dumma dumma dooroti tgumatethan dumma dumma issipetethas
birshethi immiyayssa.Koodde laamey asay cuga dhassata pinnanaw,essanawnne teqqanaw
medhdhiya go7ettiya doona gahetetha hiilla;entaw de7iya maataninne polanaw attonnabatan
woligiddo gahetetha medhdhanaw,dooyanaw woykko laamanaw oothees.Ha hanotay daro wode
hano gidi poliyaba gidennashin woykko asay doona/koodde laamidayssi entaw akeekettonan
(subconscious/instantaneous) medhettiya hanota.
 Mallas, Haasayancha ‘A’,’B’ nne ‘C’ekkiyaba gidikko A Goofatho xalaala haasayancha gidikko
‘B’Goofathonne Ingilizetho haasayeyssa gididi de7ishe A: Taani soo simmanaw keetha asa
biraa yeddana mala odoshsha?
 B: Ne odanaw bessassa ayssi giikko shibbappe keyite gidappe guye yunburssey kathinne aqana
bessa immi erokkona gidi haasayan de7ishin issi Ingilizetho haasayanchchi yidaba gidikko
Goofathora de7iya gahetetha qanxxidi Ingilizethon ‘C’na haasayo doomethinne enti wurssi
simmana gaso ‘A’ eqqi naago doomees. Ha hanotay koodde lame geetettees.

95.  Daro doona pilgganchati yaran yaran paattishe wothida mela koodde laamey
issipetetha heeran gitettida hanota; gaasoykka, dumma dumma dandda7isiya hanotati
de7iyayssape dendidayssan issipetetha xeelonne haasayanchati gaanaw koyidaba
bolla suure doori zemppinaa.Koodde laame meezey ubba bessaninne ubba asan gina
gidishin issi heeran gidikkoka cugape cugan dummatees.
 Koodde laamey doona saynsse kanddo gididi nam77i-doonawa gididda heera asatan
daaro wode polettishe de7iyayssanne haasayanchati woligiddo haasayettishe nam77u
doonata giddon qaaxo hanota bessees.Nam77i-doona haasaya giddon medhettiya
koodde laamey kase woden nam77i doonaawa doona pace haasayadan xeelettees
(Coulmas, 2005); gaaasoykka, gakettonna doona haasaya detha woykko doona
pacetethi, nne guuggepe zaari xeesetha guuxetetha gidi wothidoosona. Nam77i
doonaawata giddon medhettiya doona laamey haasayanchati pantta nam77u-
gahetethan issi yoho bolla wuda demmanaw gishe oothiya meeze gidishin geema
birshetha paceta (pragmatic gap) kunthanas maadees;guussaykka issi issi qonccisoti
issi doonan keehidi go7ettanaw injettiya gishawnne issi issi qaala paceta kunthanas
haasayanchati issi doonan geetettida qofa un77ettonan eranaw dandda7onna attiya
gishaw doona walakan koodde laamey medhetteesinne go77a bolla pee7ees (Myers-
Scotton, 2006).Mallas, Amaarathonne Goofatho haasayanchchati woligiddon
haasayettishe nam77ape isson qaala medho/tillatonna qofi beettiya wode issuwakko
laamees. Koodde laamo hanotay nam77u shaahotan erettiyayssa gidishin:
 Hanota gaason koodde laamo (situational code-switching)-hayzanchata gaason
koodde laamanaw attonaba gidishin haasaya qoppobape dendidayssaninne doona
laamey gakkiya hanotape dendidi laamo.
 Aaqe oda doona laamey (Metaphorical code-switching) qassi issi mala doona
haasayanchata giddon medhettiya doona laame gidishin hayzanchatikka dummatethi
de7onnan tillayanaw koyettida/zaari paattanadan koyettidi eeson koodey laamettees.

96.  Koodde laame simirethoy keehipe ziqqa gididi beetey cima haasayanchatan gidishin paantha naytan
keehipe dhoqqa gidees.
 Issi kilile medhon, heera duussa bessan, issipetetha kifiletan/shaakotaninne ooso gishatan de7iya
haasayancha sima cugati doona tal77anawnne doona laamanaw pantta kothe eenotethi medhanaw
malloosona. Mallas, Kare deretan,Porto Riqa shoorotiya asay NewJersey geetettida gaden issi issi yarati
wallotethan koodde laame istaylenne keehipe dhoqqa gidida doona giddobata tal77en gallassa gallassa
haasayan gidin keehi moode gidida shiiqotanikka go77ettoosona.Hara heeran de7iyayssati qassi pantta
Ispanishe doona xalaala aadhi- aadhi moode hanotatan keehi guutha tal77eninne koodde lame istayleta
moode gidonna haasayatan go7ettishe de7iyayssa qonccisees.Haray qassi,Ingilizethos gita bessi immidi
haasayishe Ispanishe doona woy kooddiya laame istayleta yooga naytaranne panta shooro asara xalaala
haasayettiyayssa qonccisis.
 Doona tal77ey daro wode issi doona giddon de7iya qaalatinne turati haran paattanawnne qonccisanaw
injetonna attiya woden tillatethasinne suuretethas gishe doona haasayanchati tal77oosona. Doona tal77ey
doona giddon de7iya
 qaalata tal77eninne/lexical borrowing/
 -bertte ooso polos go77iya qaalatan/qaala shaahotan/function words/, peeshota, sunthata, sunqqota,
sunbeqotanne peeqota) gasethotanne dabbothota, wode, hanotanne besse qonccisiya peeqo giddobata nne
 qawosa tal77e/structural borrowing-xii gidida kooshe saynsse giddobata, meega qofa medho saynsse
giddobatanne birshethas maadiya qaala woga giddobatan shaakettees.
 Ha hanotay Ingilizethoy daro alame doonatape medhettida hanota gidishin nu Goofathonikka
Wolaytthathope ,mallas cora, alleeqo, doomethi ,allalle, hirayso, bessis, tochis, kayo, gamma, injje, halcho,
h.h.m qaalata tal77idi Goofatho doona giddon go7etethi gidishin haasayanchati mise qaala pa doonan
demmonna attiya wodenne he qaalauy he doonan tillatethas injje gidiya gishas tal77oosona;amaaratho
doonape qassi, gaazexa,
mexeete,iskibirtto,irsaase,salida,choke,jaakette,koote,sahine,burccuqo,distte,pidale,mazgabe,kifile,bira,biro,s
antime, timirtte, taarike, baale, wale, kaso, shuraabe, xuufe, waraqata, luuke, xaaba, dawtare, atare, shaashe,
kalsse, tishertte, sure, caama h.h. misatiya qaalatanne turata tal77en doona medhis guussi.Ingilizethope qassi
tal77ettida doonata xeelliya wode industire, teknolooje, feesbuuke,imeyle, telebizhine, iraadone, mobile,
kompitere, sokondde, ikonoome, poltika,biira, h.h.m

97.  Koodde Laame Yuushon Geetettiya Issi issi Qofata
 Dumma dumma dooona haasayanchati harati koodde laamana mela
bessokkona; hessape gahetethan keehi wodallatetha bessiya gidikkoka
harata doona go7etethay lo77o yaagees.Nam77antho kooddes de7iya eray
koyroyssan un77ettanaw dandda7ees; guussaykka, koodde laamey
koyettenna.Issi issi issipetetha hanotati issi kooddey go77ettana malanne he
nam77antho kooddey ubba haasayanchatan erettiyayssata gididi koyro
kooddey uuga asatan erettiyayssa gidees.
 Issi issi hanotatan koodde lame dandda7ay ekettonnaba gidees.Mallas,
Ingilizetho haasayanchati ubba wode entara haasayettiya asaa erettonna
doonatas besse immi erokkona geetettees.Koodde laamey issi gakettiya
kaari woy yohoy de7onnan yeda haasayanikka medhettanaw dandda7ees.Ha
hanotay qassi meega qofata giddon medhettiya koodde laame woykko
koodde walaka geetettees.Haasayanchatas nam77anne bolla gidida koodde
woykko dooni entaw de7iyaba gidikko pantta doona kanddota aakkisanaw
dandda7oosona.Gahetethan entaw medhettiya metoti waayisonnayssa
gidees;qassikka,keehi waayiseyssa gididi enti gahetethas ay mela xeelo
bessiyakko zemppees.
 Issi hanotan go7ettanaw nu dooriya kooddey harati ay mela nuna
xeelanadan nu koyiya koshsha qonccisees.Koodde laamey issi haasayanchay
issi bagga ogen hara asa gakkanadan oge kiittees, kothetetha medhdheesinne
yedatethanne ubbabas dooyetetha bessees.Gujidikka, koodde laamey issoy
harara hashetetha, guussaykka, issi asi oona gida asas gina gidida guye
taarikey de7ennayssa akeekanayssa bessees.

98. 4.7 Doona Nagiso, Laamenne Hayqo/Language maintenance, shifting & death
 Hayssi issi dooni hara daro bessi gakkida doonan laametethi gidishin, mallas Goofatho dooni
Wolayttathoninne Wolayttatho dooni Goofathon laame hanota bessees.Hara baagara, doona naagisoy aynne
erettida doonara /daro asay haasayettiya doonara lanxxetethi medhettiyaba gidikkoka issi dooni de7ida
laythan gidin aadhiya de7o ubban heera haasayanchati panta doona go7ettishe gam7iya hanota
bessees.Doona laamey beteppe koyro gidin beteppe guye meezetan medhettiya woga gaasona.Gujjidikka
,haa hanotay betonna heeratan medhettiya poltikan,ikonoomeninne issipetetha laametan
medhettees.Hayssas eranchati mallawothidayssa ala, Newzealanden Maori geetettida bessan Ingiliizetho
doona giddoninne Maori doona giddon medhettida doona lanxxetetha gaasona gidishin Ingilizethoy Maori
doonappe aadho wolqqan de7ida gishassa gidoosona.Guussaykka issi haasayanchati aadho wolqqan de7iya
doona go7ettiya hanotay de7iyaba gidikko he doonay naagettana qaaday harayssappe aadhdhees;he gaason
qassi hara doonay leppan-leppan dhayishe baana qaaday dhoqqi gees.
 Tandefelt (1992) an doona laame hanota oyddan shaakis.
 Bagga laame (Partial shift)-heeran wodeppe woden doonay laamettishe buussa hanota
 Kumetha laame (Total shift)-doona laame hanotan aynne guye simmonna hanota
 Gita detha doona laame (Macro-level shift)- kumetha heera asa doona laametethi
 Xii-detha doona laame (Micro-level shift)-buzuwa doona kaha kandduwa laame bessees.
 Clyne (2003)an doona kaha kandduwapenne betanchata giddon woden woden medhettiya doona
laameiyape denddidayssan doona laame nam77an shaakis:
 Yeletata woligiddo doona laame (Intra-generational shift of language)-issi gina gidida yeletata giddon
medhettiya doona lame
 Dumma dumma yeletata giddon medhettiya doona lame (Inter-generational shift of language)-hayssi daro
bessan kothe hanota gidishin doona laamey nam77anthonne heedzantho yeleta gidida betanchata giddon
medhettees.
 Doona laame dethay ubba wode koyro yeleta betanchatappe nam77antho yeletatan dhoqqi giyayssa
qonccisis.Uuga gidida nam77antho yeleta haasayanchati panta koyro doona waani go7ettanekko ubbarakka
tamaari erokkona.

99.  Issi issi doona laame gaasota
 A/ Cuccumettiyanne Deretetha Haahotethatan Gaasota(physical & demographic
dislocation)-hessatikka doona haasayanchati de7iya bessaa, enti wolis ay mala matatethan
de7iyakkonne d.d. laytha haasayanchatas doona eqotati ay mela gaketteysata gidiyakko wuda
wothees.Gujjidikka, qohatinne didirxxan medhettiya medhetetha qohati, guussaykka,
wolqqama biita qaaxo,keehidi adussa wodeta ekkiya koshenne miyabati dhayo hanotati, asa
nayta dom7eti: ola, gaxxappe gaxxa gaso darota wodho,nne mata wode katamata dicha
hanotati daro laythata gam7iya doona laamees oge dooyees;hessikka katama cugati ooratha
issipetetha gitetetha medhdhiyayssanne ha hanotay qassi kare baggara de7iya cuga heera asa
gahetetha dichiya gishassa.Harab aggara, katamappe karera haakidi de7iya cugati panta
issipetetha koshsha alanaw dandda7iyay keehippe panta ziqqa detha doona go7etethana gis
(Fishman,1991 and Holmes,2001).
 B/ Issipetetha Bessa Haahotetha Gaasota (Social dislocation)-hayssi qassi dabbo xanxxa
wogatan oykkettida heera asas sintha duussas haa hanotay keehippe meto gidees.Ziqqa detha
duussi, ziqqa demishata, timirttes gidin woga eqotata demmana hanotay keehippe
teqqettidayssa gidoy issipetetha qoha dhoqqi udees.Timirtte dethan ziqqanne wodala gidida
heera asati de7iya bessan tamaarida bagga xeeloy dariya wode gakkiya qohay dares;he
gaasuwan heera asay pantta heera bolla,woga bollanne doona bolla iita kaha xeelo
ayssosona.Hessape denddidayssan issi issi haasayanchati pantta baaso doona kumethan yeggi
aggidi darotan eketethi de7iya doonakko woykko dhoqqa dethi de7iya doonakko simon
qonccisanaw dandda7oosona.Mallas, Wolaythatho haasayancha issipetetha asay Goofatho
doona haasayanchatakko woy Goofatho doona haasayanchati Wolaythatho haasayancha
issipetethako simo guussi (Fishman,1991).Ha eranchay pa oge bessan qonccisishe pantta
baaso doona haasayanchati hara darotan haasayettiya doona cugata oosota giddon
walakettanappe panttana nagidi pantta baaso doonanne wogas ammanettidayssata gididi
de7anaw attikko qassi ooratha heera asara walakettidi de7anaw qofa qasho koshees gidi ha
nam77anthuwa dooriya hanotay de7ikko doona laamey eeson dalggana mala oge gideyssakka
qonccisis.

100.  C/Woga Haahotetha (Cultural Dislocation)-ha hanotay medhettanaw
danda7ettey issi ubbappe aadhiya ayso cugay hano gidi pa gitatetha pa
woganikka heeran erettanaw gishe poliya hanotan guussi.Mallas, Amaari
beni wode kawotetha oykkida wode Amaaratho dooninne Amaara wogi
dhoqqa dethan besse demida wode guussi.Tigirey kawotetha oykiya wode
Tigire woganne doona dhoqqa detha naagisanaw haniya wode.
 D/ Hara Gaasoti (Other factors)-daro gaasoti issipetetha heeran doona
laame medhdhanaw dandada7ees. Hessatikka, wode-imathatetha gaden
gam7iya wode adussatethinne qaanthatethi gidishin yoga nayti daro wode
bishe bishe panta yela aawatanne aayeta keetha yegi agidi imathatetha
heera asata giddon panttana dandda7idi de7anaw boosona;he wodiyan
ooratha heera asan wallotethan mitettidi entta doonakka ubba wode
go7etethi doomees. Haray cugata wiligiddo gelonne eko hanotata
(Exogamous marriage)-haa hanotay nam77antho yeleta doona
haasayanchatara gakettiyaba gidikko nam77u asaape issoy daro asatan
erettida doona haasayancha heera asa gidiya wode doona laames gidin
doona naagisanaw gita maade immees.Gujan, doonaa bolla de7iya
kumetha eratethi (language proficience)-yela asaa giddon doonaa bolla
de7iya dhoqqa eratethay, doonay gahetethas immiya gate,zal77es,
timirttesinne , ammano eqotati, keetha asa dabbotethati,panta biita asara
de7iya ubba wode gahetethatinne h.h.m bessees.

102. Shemppo Ichasha
Doona Poolisenne Sinthe Qofa Keso/Language Policy & Planning
 5.1 Doona poolisenne halchethi birshetha kaha qofata/Definition of Language
Policy & Planning
 Issi gade kumetha biro doona/ooso doona dooro woykko dummayo ooso polo
wogi
*baaso qawosata (grammars),
*qabimata (dictionaries) nne
*xaafettida moodeeleta (written models)
 koodde medho/koojetha ooson (Codification) dethi naagettida dummatetha
essanaw woykko tokkanaw go7etetha kaallees.
 Dalggiso oosoti (elaborations)-dethi naagettida dummatethi ubba issipetetha duussa
hanotan go7etethas diccishininne he dethaa kaallidi d.d. xaafettida oosoti beeto
doomiya hanotaa kaalliya ooso polo wogay oosettees.
 Ooso bolla peesho ooso polo wogay (implimentation) -detha naagetethaa
go7ettanadan kawotethay malliya hano
 Tabaa gidi eketethi (acceptance)-doona poolisenne sinthe qofa keson wursetha
dethi gidishin
-keehi daro gidida kumetha deretethay detha naagetetha go7etethakko gelidaba gidiya
wodenne
-he doona wuri he gade doona gidi qoppiya hanota;
-hessi issipetetha oonatetha xalaala gidennashin gadetetha oonatetha gidiya ooso polo
woga.

103.  5.2 Daro Doonaawa Gadetas sinthe qofa keso /Planning for
Munltilingual Countries
 Daro doonaawatetha gadetas doona sinthe qofa kesoy wogganne xii geetettidi nam77u ogetan ayssettanaw
dandda7ettees.
 wogga detha doona sinthe qofa kesoy (Macro-level language planning)-gadiya baggara d.d gahetetha qofan
polettiya oosotan denthethees (tasks of national consideration by the state).Mallas, Singapooren geema
birshethi daro doonaawatetha poolise (Pragmatic multilingualism policy of Singapore).
 xii detha doona sinthe qofa kesoy (Micro- level language planning) woli-haasayetethan,buzon doona
meezetethaninne wogga detha doona sinthe qofa keso gaasotan yida hara laametanne eqotatas zaaron
go7etetha buzota doona giigiso bessees.
 Singapoore gadey ginatethi yigettida ogiyan wogganne xii doona sinthe qofa keso ayso polasu; hessan issoy
haras kunthetho gidishin buzuwa dichaas gidin gade keexo qoppobata haggaazees. Singapoorey haa
ginatethi yigettida ogiyan geema daro doonaawatetha birshetha dabbo xanxxatethan buqettida heedzu
miilone asape 77 kushey Chaynetho,15 kushe gidiya asay Malayatho,6 kushe gidiya asay qassi Hinde
yeletatinne 2 kusheti hara dabbo xanxxa gidida birshethatas gididi 20 d.d. gutatho cugati de7ishina.Hokkeyn
geetetti erettiya Dugeha Chaynna gutathoy heeran woy kilile zal77esinne issipetetha keehi maadiya
Baazaara Maalaya doonay hara dabbo xanxxati woligiddo gahetethi ooso dandda7ana mala gididi
haggaazees.Ooso doona gididi Ingilizethoy Singapoore asaa moode dethatan, industireranne ha77i wode
zal77e shaahotan haggaazees.
 Hinden 64 kushe asay Taamile doona haasayanchata gidishin 54 kushetaas he doonay keetha asa (family
level L1) koyro detha doona.Ha doonaa Hinde dabbo xanxxa gidida shaahotethati pantta koyro doona
oothidi meezetonna attikkoka doonay Hinde heera asa beessiya gishaw kumetha Hinde gade ooso/biro detha
doonatethi imettanaw dandda7ettis.21 kushe gidiya Hindeti Ingilizetho doona ubba haphphiya soo giddo
doona (dominant home language) oothidi go7ettishin 15 kushey hara doona guusaykka,
Hindi,Gujarati,Malayalame nne Punjabay geetettiya doonata go7ettiyayssata gidis. Malayati ammanon,
woganinne doonan keehipe shaahettonnayssataa (homogeneous);he gaasuwan 98 kushe gidiya Malayati
pantta doona ubba haphphiya keetha asa doonadan go7ettoosona.

104.  Daro dabbo xanxxatethaninne daro doonaawata medhoy de7iya Singapoores nam77i doonara
gakettiyabati baaso go77a immeyssanne gade keexo oosotara matatethan gakettidayssata:
 A/ Gahetetha walaketethi (Communicative integration) daro doona gahetethas injetethi
medhetethinne ooso bolla peeshshi, daro doonaawatetha poolise ooso bolla meezetethi gidishin
dalgga guyebatape keyida buzoti hiillay woykko ogey wogara oosettana mala ooso bolla pee7iya
kothe ammanetethan gakkanaw dandda7ees.
 B/ Ooratha gadetetha oonatetha dichanaw kawotethas de7iya amota (the government’s
desire to develop a new national identgity)- kawotethaa issipetetha, ikonoomenne woga dicha
gidida kawotetha adussa wode sinthe qofata haggaazeyssata.Singapoore kawotetha geema
birshetha daro doonaawatetha poolisey kiitiyayssa mala oyddu ooso/biro doonati,Maalaya,
Ingilizetho, Mandaara Chaynethonne Taamile ubba issipetethi haphphiyabatan aynne kumetha
ginatethi dandda7ettonayssa gidikkokka ginatethan ammanettanaw besseyssa gididi oyddape
Malaaya doonay he gade doona gididi entta giddope sunthettis.
 Haa gadiyan polettida doona sinthe qofa kesonne poolise hanota nu Tophphiyan xeelliya wode,
mallas d.d.kawotethatan xeelliya wode, beni Zara Yaaqoobappe bidi Amde Xii7one gaso de7iya
Amaarathonne Gi7iize nam77u doonatan Amaarathoy gade doona gidishin Gi7iize doonay
woosa keethatan ammano baaletanne wogata polanaw go77a immishe de7idayssa. 1983 M.Lape
ha xeelliya wode dethi naagettishe biya doonati Tigiretho,Oroomotho,Wolaythatho doonati
pantta kililiyan ooso bolla pee7ishin Amaarathoy kumetha Thophphiyan gade doona gididi
erettis.Wontta paattethan Mandaara Chaynethoy Singapooren de7iya dhoqqa chayna asas koyro
doona gidenna attikkoka taarikenne poltika qofa gaason heera asa bessiya doonatethan (language
that represents the local community) doorettis.Haa doonay Chaynan dalggishe biya giya
gakkanaw zal77e doonadan qaaserethiya dhoqqa made immiya gishaw d.d. ogetan denthethi
eriso oosoti oosettoosona.

105.  Singapoore poolisey Taamile doonay Hinde heera asa bessana mala doorishin
Hinde gade bagga gidiya ubba buzoti Hindeta gididi shaakettidayssati Taamile
doona go77etiya dethan go7ettiyayssa.Ingilizethoy hara baggara, Iisa medho
gidenna doonatape pexo gididi cugata woligiddo dabbotethas gidigiddo dethan
ekettana mala gizzettis.Wolqqan haarancha kawotetha doona gididayssan
Ingilizethoy qassi wallo keyida Singapoore gades ayso oosota doona (administrative
language) gidis.He poolisey dooyanne wodeppe wodiyan laame ehishe de7ana mala
oosettidi Ingilizetho doonaa timirtte oosos,ufayssanas,industiresinne zal77e
laametethas gidana mala udis;gaasoykka,Ingilizethoy dhoqqa detha
timirtten,kumetha alame zal77es,ha77i wode industirenne teknolooje dichaas
qonccen go77ettiya gishassa.
 Kumethan doona sinthe qofa kesoy doonaa, timirttes (1-4,5-8,9-12 anne koyro
digireppe bidi heezdzantho digire gaso) de7iya dethatan dooni waanidi
tamaarsettanawnne tamaarettanaw bessiyakko sinthe qofa keso.Ha7i wode xeelon 1-
4tho detha doona timirtteti heera doonatan imettana malanne Amaarathoynne
Ingilizethoy pana dandda7idi issi issi timirtte qommon imettana mala hanidayssa;5-
8tho detyhatan Ingilizethonne Amaaratho,heera doonappe issoy doona yuushon
gididi hara timirtte qommoti Ingilizethon imetetha;qassi 9-12 tho dethatan
Ingilizethoy kothen imettiya timirtte qommonne kumetha timirtteti Ingilizethon
imetethi gididi issipetetha saynsse shaahon gelida tamaareti Amaarathonne
Ingilizetho attonnaninne kothetethan ekkiyayssa bessees.Dhoqqa timirtte dethatan
(koyro digireppe bidi heezdzantho digire gaso) kumetha timirtteti doona mooden
gelonna attikko Ingilizethon xalaala eko/imetethi bessees.
 Doona giddoyiya miishetas sinthe qofa kesoy (language planning for media) qassi
doona dalgga gahetetha gitetan ,guussaykka,xaafettidi keyiya
miishetan,iraadoonen,telebizhineninne pilmetan waanidi go7ettanaw koshshiyakko
sinthe qofa keso gidees.

106.  5.2.1 Tophphiya Doona Poolise Xomooso
 Tophphiya doona poolisen sinthe qofa d.d. kawotetha kaalethida kaappotara
xeelliyaba gidikko,
 Zara Yaaqoba,Izaana,Kaalebbantinne Aksume kawotetha wodetan Gi7iize
dooni (Ge’eze) beni wode Tophphiya Ortodoxee woosa keethan ammano
wogata poluwan haggaaziya doona gidishin
 Girike doonay = d.d. mithata bolla,
=shuchata bollanne shuchcha keethata/gimbeta/ bolla
(Aksume,Laalibela, Gondore) bollaninne beni wode santimeta bolla
misiletanne xuufeta xaafosinne misilanaw biro doona gididi doorettidayssa
(Drewes,1962 & ብሩክ ትቶ፣-) qonccisis.
 Gi7iize doonay haasayanne xaafo doona gididi 19tho shako laytha gaso
dhoqqa bessi imettidi gam7idayssa
 Minilike wodepe bidi Darge kawotetha gasokka
 Seemetho doona gidida Gi7iizey woosa keethan ammano wogata polo
doonanne taarikera gakettiya dabdabbeta xaafos gididi go77a immishe
gam7is.
 Amaarathoy Tophphiya biiro doona gididi haggazishe gam77is.
 Xaalanethoy,Porchugaalethoy kare gadetara de7iya gahetetha/dipilomaase
oosotas go77iya doona.
 Mata wode 1983 M.L.ppe haa simmin Amaarathoy gadenne biro doona
gidishin hara d.d. kililetan de7iya d.d. doonati pantta haasayanchchatan
 naagettana qaada demmidi de7oosona.

107.  Ha77i wode xeelliyaba gidikko, Ingilizethoy kare gadetara de7iya
gahetethas, timirttes, teknolooje go7etethas gidiya doona gidees.
 Heera doonatappe Tigirethoy, Oroomithey, Sidaamathoy, Wolaythathoy,
Goofathoy, Gaammothoy,Dawrothoy,Kafathoy giddoyiya miishetan, keehipe
heera FM iraadonetaninne Dugeha Telebizhinen Oroomo,Tigire, Sidaamo
telebizhinetan ikonoome,issipetethanne poltika kaha timirtte
dichchasinne lames haggaazo immishe de7ees.
 Amaarathoy kumetha Tophphiya gade biro doona gididayssaninne keehidi
dalgga deretethay go7ettiya doona/the most dominant/majority/mainstream
language/ gidida gaasuwan Tophphiya telebizhinen ,d.d. telebizhinetaninne
iraadone xaabatan aadhdhishe de7ees.
 Xaafettida miishetakka xeelliyaba gidikko d.d. qommo gaazexatinne
mexeeteti, laythan xaafetti keyiya maxaafati kumethi xaafettidi
dharccettoosona. Dumma summa pilmeti, diraamati woykko tiyaatire
shiishoti Amaaratho doonan giigettidi dharccettoosona.Ingilizetho doonay
giddoyiya miiishetan, Tophphiyan oosettiya lo77o oosotanne meezeta
Amaaratho doona eronna issi doonaawatas gidin hara kare gade deretetha
qonccisi erisanaw saate shaahotan aadhishe aadhida wodetan gam77idi
ha77i wode pana dandda7ida xaabatan shiiqo doomettis.Gaazexatanne
mexeetetikka xaafettidi dharccettishe de7ees;haasaya dethan daro bagga
kare gade gahetethas made immees.

108.  5.2.2. Doona poolise gidin sinthe qofa kessanaw dandda7iya
gishaddeta/Stakeholders
 Kawotetha baggara/Government-d.d. kawotetha
bessatan,dhoqqappe bidi ziqqa gakkanaw de7iya kaappota
 Eranchata baggara/Experts-qabalepe bidi pederaale gaso de7iya
*timirtte eqota eranchati,
*doona sinthe qofa kessanchati,
*doonanne woga eqota eranchati,
*doona saynsse eranchati,
*timirtten licida kare gaden de7iya doona eranchati,
*kawo eqotape karera de7iya eqotati,
*issipetetha asa doona saynsse pilgganchati,
*doonanne woga saynsse eranchati,
*issipetetha asanne doona saynsse eranchati bertte gidoosona.
 Issipetetha Asa baggara/Society/Community-koyro doona/aayi
doona/heera doona/ haasayanchati pantta doona naagisoninne kaalliya
yeletas aathon, doona tamaareti pantta koyro doona/aayi doona/heera
doonas qoncce bessa immoninne doona walakay medhettonadan
oothishe

109. 5.3 Doona Detha Naagiso/Language
Standardaization
 deretetha giddon haasayan xalaala erettidi gam77ida doona
kooshen,
qaalaninne
qawosa maaratan doonay naagettidinne gutatho
doonatappe keyidi gizettida dethi naagettida gutatho
dalgga deriya gaathan haasayettana melanne xaafon
ooso bolla pee7ana mala udo.
Doonatas de7iya ginatetha kanddoy naagettidaba gididi
doona haasayettiya heera asa go7etetha dethan beettiya
dummatethati de7oosona.Hayssi buzoppe,haasayancha
heera asappenne ayso kaappotape naagettiya kothe
hashetetha ooso gidishin issi doona haasaya dethape xaafo
dethan moode gidana mala udo.

110.  Doona detha naagisoy dereppe deren,
 deretetha haasaya istaylen,
 ikonoome dichan,
 meezen,
 timirtte dichan,
 pilggetha oosota dichan doona dethan dummatanaw dandda7iyayssa
issi doonas detha naagisanas kumetha
• haasayanchati doonas aawatetha ekkidi kaalethiyaba gidikko;
• doonan go7ettidi dumma dumma maxaafatanne xaafettida giddoyiya
miishetaninne pilggetha oosota xaafiyaba godikko;
• doona dumma dumma giddoyiya miishetan aasonne go7etetthi doomidaba
gidikko;
• doona taarikiya,laameta,haasaya istayleta xuufen gidin haasayan yeletape
yeletakko aathiya oosota minthiyaba gidikko;
• dumma dumma doonatan ha doonay birshettidi woykko qabimati giigidi
de7iya hanotay de7ikkonne
• timirtte keethatan bertte tamaaro tamaarso doona gidikko;
• Doona, ooso doona udidi woden woden moode oothidi go7etetha meeziya
dalggisikko nne
• poolise keson hara doonatara de7iya dabbotethanne dummatetha shaaki
• woson issi doonas dethi naagisanaw dandda7ettees.

111.  doona haasayancha heera asay pantta doona detha naagisanaw
koyiyaba gidikko,
 he doonay oona gida doonatara gina gidiyayssa
 Doonas besse imidi go7etethi,
 doonas poolisey keyana mala oosota ootho,
 entta doonay diccana mala qaada imoninne
 doonas de7iya maatanne polanaw bessiya aawatetha toohuwa
shaakidi dalgga deretetha qonccisi eriso oosoti eqotatappenne
kawotethappe naageteyssata gidees.
 Gidoppe attin, issi doona haasayancha heera asa giddon
*poltika naaqoti,
*oonatetha ddhubbiyabati,
*deretetha dicha hanotati,
*tamaarida asa pacey,
*issi issi dethi naagettida doonatappe medhettiya naaqoti
(domination),
*doona dichas kale gidiya teknolooje muruutata pacatethata
*issipetetha duussa hanotay kumethi doonas dethay
naagettonnadan dhube gidanaw dandda7ees.