Issipetetha asa doona saynsse handout edited 2010 2013

IssipetethaAsa Doona Saynsse/Sociolinguistics/ 2010
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Shemppo Issino
Issipetetha Asa Doona Saynsse Aybatetha
Gelo
Ha korssey Issipetetha Asa Doona Saynsse (IADS) geetettidi eretiyayssa gidishin pa gaathan Ichashu
shemppota xaaxidi oykees.Koyro shemppoy issipetetha asa doona saynsse aybatethaanne baaso qofata
(Definitions & Basic concepts of sociolinguistics) bessishin shemppo nam77i doona dummatetha
(Language Variation),shemppo heedzi qassi doona kaha xeelonne oonatetha (Language attitude &
identity), shemppo oyddi doona lanxxetetha (language contact) nne wursethanshemppo ichashi qassi
doona poolisenne sinthe qofa keso (Language policy & Planning) wudayees.
Qoppobata
Ha korssiya tamaaridappe guye loohanchchati:
 Issipetetha asa baaso doona saynsse wogata, gutatho wogatanne doona dummatetha paatoosona;
 Doonadummatethatinne hanotati waanidi daro biitatan laaletiyakko,laam etiyakkonne,kumethan
dhayiyaakko qonccisoosona;
 Dooni issipetethas immiya go77a paatoosona;
 Doonasinne issipetetha asas de7iya dabbotetha, dooni gahetethappe hara aybas maadiyakko
qonccisoosona.
Barketho Oyshata
1. Doonara issipetetha asara waani gaketti?
2. Dooni issipetetha asas immiya go77ati aybinne-aybee?
1.1 Issipetetha Asa Doona Saynse Aybatetha
Dooni ‘Lingua’/doona/iranthi geetettiya Laatine doonappe ekettidayssa gidishin issipetetha asa
dabbotetha minthanaw keehi go7iya miishe gididi oona gida issipetetha asa nayta giddoninne wogatan
de7ees.Dooni gahetetha miishe gididi asay issoy harara gahetethi medhanadan go7ees.I qassi, gahetetha
oge gididi asa naytan xalala oykettees. Alamen 3000-6000 gakkiya doonati ha77i wode asa naytan
haasayettees.Issi yeletay hara kaalliya yeletas panta higgeta, mayzayseta,taariketa,meezetanne wozana
ammanotaathey doonana.Dooni issipetetha heeran(community) issipetetha minthanaw
go77ees.Issipetetha asa doona saynsse eranchati doona giddon issi dummatiya xeelotan/hanotatan
(situations) de7iyabatanne doona go77ettiya issipetetha giddon de7iya dabbotetha zawa, xeelotanne
keehippe koshshiya yarata(elements) shaaki eranaw wudayoosona.Enti gishe Issipetetha asa doona

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saynssey asa nayti doona maarata (rules) dumma dumma (dumma dumma) hanotatan bessiya ogen
go7etetha danda7apaatanas mallees.
Issipetetha asa doona saynssey dooni issipetethas waanidi go7a immiyakko duumma dumma dabbotethi
de7iya timirtte qommota issipe shiishi oykiya pilggetha tashe gididi, issipetetha giddon de7iya doona
dummatethaats, doona darotethatasinne doona medho hanotatas dhoqqa qo77a immees.
Issipetetha asa doona saynssey haasaya laametethinne issipetetha dhassan dhassan shako hanota,
issipetethan polettiya doona haasayancha heera asan de7iya dumma dumma doonati wolira issipe de7o
(co-existance),doonas sinthe qofa keso, naanisonne dumma dumma doonatan haasayettiya issipetethay
gahetethi medhanaw dand 7isiya detha doonata darccetethi, doona meezetethi,doonanne issipetetha
walaketethi, ooso shaahotanne doona dharccetethi, doona yigethinne pirdda imo,nam77i-
doonaawatethanne darodoonaawatethi, doona detha naagiso nne gutatho xinaate oykees.
Buzoti pantaw medhdhiya haasayan haratappe dummatoosona; shaako kifilen woykko cugan,
mattumatetha ooso shaahoninne haasayay medhettiya xeelotan.Mallas, addey maccappe kooshe
lee7otetharanne orddetethara, damidondzati qassi yoga naytappe enta doona go7etethaninne haasayan
dummati erettanaw danda7ettees.
Hessatikka aybee giikko koosheta dooro bolla gathiya laameta, qawosa yarata /grammar/, qaalatara
gakettidi qassi, laytha (age), mattumatetha (sex), timirtte detha (educational background), ooso detha
(occupation), issipetetha ikkonoome shaaho detha (socioeconomic class), kochanne(race), laggetetha
cuga shaaketetha (peer-group identification)bessees.Gujjidikka, doonan go77ettidi laafa nayti issi
issipetetha asa giddon panta yeletethanne entas de7iya bessa nashshoosona. Hara baggaara issipetethay
immiya dhoqqa bessa (social pristige), timirtte, shalonne wolqqa dummatethati haasaya wogata bolla
laame ehanaw danda7ees. Mallas ekkiyaaba gidikko ‘Wolaytato’ doona haasayanchay “Boga boga
hameta!”gikko Goofatho doona haasayanchay “Eeson eeson hamota!”geyssan doona dummatetha
shaaki bessees guussi.
Kumethan, doonara gasethidi hayssadan akeekikko, issipetetha asa doona saynssey issipetetha asanne
doona giddon de7iya dabbotetha bessiyayssa gidiishin daro issipetetha asa doona saynsse eranchati
dumma dumma birshethi immidoosona.

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1.2Issipetetha Asa Doona Saynsse Baaso Qofata
Kaallidi de7iyayssaan he eranchata birshetha xeellana:
Spolsky (2010) gidamela, issipetetha asa doona saynssey diccishe de7iya doona saynssenne issipetetha
saynsse (sociology) tashe gididi buzonne issipetetha doona dummatethata pilggiya saynsse.Gujjidikka,
issipetetha asa doona saynssey doonanne issipetetha, doona dummatetha nne doonatas de7iya xeelota
giddon de7iya oyketethawoykko gaketetha (link) xinaate yaagis.I qassi, doona go7etethasinne doona
go7etethas de7iya issipetetha baasota giddon de7iya dabbotetha bessees.Guussaykka, issipetethay
doona bolla ehiyabata (social factors)nnedooni issipetetha bolla ehiyabata (linguistic factors) wudayees
yagis.Issipetetha asa doona saynssey issi doona haasayiya heera asas/speech community/ issipetetha
go77i de7iya doona hanotata/linguistic features/xinaate gididi ooson qonccettiyayssa (practical) nne
saynsse maaran erettiyayssa (scientific descipline) gididi asay go7ettishe de7iya doona pilggethan
erettees.
Bell (1976) birshida mala, IADSy doonanne woga xanna7iya doona saynssetashe (branch of
Anthropological linguistics) gididi dooninne wogi waani dabbotiyakko nne dumma dumma issipetetha
xeelotan dooni waanidi go7etethan pee7iyakko paaci be7ees yaagis.Hara baggara, IADSydoonasinne
issipetetha gaasota giddon de7iya dabbotetha xanna7ees gishe (Hudson, 1996) birshethi immis.He
gaasotikka, issipetetha shako kifileta (social class), issipetetha buzo laytha(age), issipetetha asa ooso
shaako mattumatetha (geneder),issipetetha asa dabbo xanxxa bagga (ethnicity)bessees.
Van Dijk (2009) immida birshethan qassi, IADSy doonanne doonas de7iya issipetetharanne wogara
de7iya xeelota/socio-cultural/dabbotetha bagga xinaate yaagis.
Issipetetha asa doona saynssey (IADSy) doonas de7iya istaylethonne issipetetha dummatetha xinaate
gishe Wardhaugh (2010) geetettida eranchay birshethi immis.Mallas,Jamaykka issipetetha asa doona
istayle, Afirkkappe bida Amerkka asa istayle,Nijeera issipetetha asa istayle, Tophphiya issipetetha asa
istayle,Goofa issipetetha asa istayle, h.h.m bessees.
Wursethan, Trudgill (2000) immida paatetha xeeliya wode issipetetha asa doona saynssey oona gidanne
ubba issipetetha gaasota, guussaykka, woga ayso maarata (cultural norms), amota (expectations) nne
dooni go7ettiya xeelo ogeta (context on the way lang. is used) xinaate yaagis.
Kumethan, issipetetha asa doona saynssey issi xinaate maara gididi issipetetha cugatanne eqotata
medho saynsse nne doona saynsse giddon de7iya gaketetha/siketetha bessees.Qassikka, doona
go7etethinne issipetetha asay doonas immiya zaarotara de7iya dabbotetha bessees.

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1.3 Issipetetha Asa Doona Saynssey Haratara De7iya Dabbotetha
Issipetetha asa doona saynssey heedzu timirtte qommota woligahetetha dabbotethan sunthettidayssa
gidiishin heyssatikka:
 Issipetetha asa doonanne woga saynsse (Anthropology)-doonanne woga buqura saynssera
de7iya mino dabbotethana
 Issipetetha Saynsse (Sociology)-issipetetha cugatinne eqotata medhon doonas de7iya wolqqa
pilggetha saynssera dabbotethan
 Issipetetha Kaha Saynsse (Social psychology)-asas de7iya xeeloynne asay lo77o woy iita
giidi ekkiyabaata qonccisanaw gidin cugata giddoninne cugatappe kare baggara de7iya
kanddota /behaviours/ waanidi shaahettiyakko xomossees.
1.4 Gitanne Xii gididaIssipetetha Asa Doona Saynsse/Macro & Micro sociolinguistics
Hayssi nam77u ogetan xeelettiya dicha, issipetetha asanne doona shako gidishin Fishman geetettida
doona saynsse eranchay 1972 M.Lan koyro wode erisis.
A. Issipetetha Asa Xii/Guutha Doona Saynsse Baggata/Micro-sociolinguistics
Issipetetha asa xii/guutha doona saynssey gaatha/giddo doona maarata /internal/ shaako.Doona ooso
polo wogati ooson pee7iya hanota bessees.Hessanikka, doona xinaatey issipetetha dabbotetha xeelo
bessishin, doona timirtte qommota,kooshe medho(phonological), qaala medho(morphological) nne
meega qofata medho (syntactical) qawosa maarata grammatical structureshanota baggata wudayees.
Issipetetha asa xii doona saynssey issipetetha asa dumma dumma shaakoti asay medhiya haasaya
waanidi lame ehiyakkonne doona dummatethatinne go7etetha wogati kifile shaakotara, medheta
mattumatethaninne ooson mattumatetha shako hanotatara waanidi gakettiyakko xomoosees.
Gididda gishaw, issipetetha asa doona saynsse xuuntha xeelo/narrow sense gidishin buzo
haasayanchata bolla wuda wothees.
B. Issipetetha Asa Gita Doona Saynsse Baggata/Macro-sociolinguistics
Hayssi keehippe karera de7iya doona maarata(external) nne, doona saynsse ooso polo maara muruuta
gidishin ikka shiiqidanne kothe qofata bessees.Issipetetha asa xinaatey doona dabbotethaninne
issipetetha asa gaasota bolla wuda wothees(the study of society in relation to language):he gaasotikka
qassi, doonasinne gutathos de7iya gahetetha, daro erettonna attida doonata(minority) daaburatanne
minnidi eqo bagga xanna7ees.Gujjidikka, issi cugan nam77i-doonaawatetha dicha minotetha, doona

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go7etetha, doonan xaafiyanne haasayiya heera asa,doona sinthe qofa keso ooso polo woganne diccishe
de7iya gadeta doona detha naagiso, doona kaalethonne dicha,doona gahetetha taariketa,issipetetha
asanne enta wogara de7iya dabbotetha xinaaten erettees.
Hara baggara qassi, issipetetha asa gita doona saynsse baggati doona issipetetha asa saynssen
eretteeshin (sociology of language)issipetetha asanne enta eqotata nne heera asa (community) giddon
medhettiya issipetetha ooso polo maarata, guussaykka, doona dummatetha, gutathonne harata, heera asa
dalggatethan xomooso baggata bessees.Issipetetha asay panta doonan ay oothiyakko,issipetetha kaha
xeelotanne issipetetha giddon beetiya haasaya maarata go7etetha darccetha baggati-doona lame
(language shift),doona giigiso (maintenance), bessiya gujata medho(replacement),gizzo oosota ooso
(delimitation),haasaya gahetetha laameretetha (interaction of speech
communication),h.h.malatiyayssata xomoosees.
Issipetetha asa gita doona saynssey woykko doona issipetetha saynssey (the sociology of language)
nam77u ogera xanna7ettanaw danda7ettees:
B1: Paatettida issipetetha asa doona saynsse (Descriptive sociology of language)
 Ooni dummatethi qonccettiya doona haasayiyakko/xaafiyakko nne
 Oonas, ay wode nne ay baggara giya paatethatan xeelees.Hayssi paatte gidida issipetetha
gaketethaninne cugatan de7iya doona go7etetha maarata bessees.
B2: Laamerettiyaissipetetha asa doona saynsse (Dynamic sociology of language)
 Doona go7etetha issipetetha shiiqotaninne doona bolla de7iya xeelo kanddoti dumma dumma
laame hanotata medhon ay keena oge dooyiyakko/different rates of change in the social
organization of language use and behaviour towards language/
 Issi woden issi mala issipetetha dabbotethatinne cugati waanidinne aybis dumma gididda doona
go7etetha eqotatinne doona xeelo kaha kanddotan gakkanaw danda7iyakko wudayees.

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Shemppo Nam77a
Doona Dummatetha /Language Variation
2.1 Qaalata Xeesetha Hanotanne Issipetetha Asa Doona Gutatho/Accent and Social dialects
Daro wode doona tamarsoy baasoyey issi tamaarey doonaawaadan gahetethi medhdhana wolqqa
(linguistic competence) demmanadaan oosettiya amuwa polanassa; gidoppe attin, oona gida doonawi
pa haasayiya doonan isso gidenna.Oona gida doonas kilile detha gutathinne issipetethan woy
shalon,timirtteninne ooson dummatoosona.Gutathoy beni wode Grike doonan ‘dialektos’geetettiya
qaalappe yidayssa gidiishin ikka “haasaya, doona, gutatho,” hayssikka qassi beetiday dialegesthai
“haasayo” geetettidi erettees.Oona gida nam77u asati issi mala haasayokkona; ikka issi cugan de7idi
issi doona (Goofatho) haasayiya asa giddon shaakanawdanda7isiya dumma dooni beetiyaba gidikko
gutathoganaw danda7ettees.Gutathoy dooona dummatetha gididi issi asi awuppe yidakko woykko
gidiyakko shaaki eranaw danda7iseesHayssi qassi woligiddohaasaya (intercommunication) digganaw
woy meto medhdhanaw danda7enna.
Ha suntha qofa birshethay Biita utethan (Geographically) - kilile gutatho, issipetetha asa guye baggan
(Social background/Social class) - issipetetha asa duussa kifile gutathonne ooso dethan (Occupational)
- ooso detha gutatho geetetidi shaakettees.Kare dereta xeeliyaba gidikko issi Inglizethoy dumma
dumma gadetan dumma dumma kooshetha kaallidi go77ettees.Mallas, Amerka gade Inglizetho,
Ingliize Ingliiizetho, Afrika Ingliiizetho,Hinde Ingliiizetho Amerkan de7iya Afirka asata Ingliiizetho
(Southern British English, Northern British English, Scottish English, Midwest American English, New
England American English, Australian English...) geetettishe doonawatikka shaakettidi
eretoosona.Heyssadanikka issi Goofathoy haasayettiya 6 un woradatan gutatho dummatethata bessanaw
danda7ees guussi.
Gujjidikka, mallas, Amaaratho odettiya asata giddon Goojame Amaaratho, Gondare Amaaratho, Shawa
Amaarathonne Woollo Amaaratho geetettiyabay de7ees.Beni wode kilileppe kililen beettiya gutathoti
kataman gidonna asata haasayan wudayishin issipetetha asa gutathoti katamatan haasayanchchata
wudayees.
Issipetetha asa gasetho wolqqadan dooni issippetethan de7iya cugata issinno oothiyabaata
minthanawnne issi cuga yarata haratappe dummayanaw haggazees.Daro gadetan issipetetha asa
gutathotinne kilile gutathoti de7eyssatappe doomin issi asa haasayappe i/iya awuppe yidakkonne ay
kifile shaahon i/iya moodettiyakko shaakanaw danda7isees.Ubba xeelotan issi asi ayba giyakkonne

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waanidi giyakko giyabaati hanota bolla (situation)kattees.Guussaykka,he woden polettana issipetetha
wolqqan ,issuwas harakko haasaya aatheyssappe de7iya detha (status), issuwas de7iya xeeloninne
(attitude) h.h.malatiyayssan zemppees guussi.
Issipetetha asa gutathoti daro gididi keehippe go77iya doona medhota(forms) oykeyssa gidiishin
haasayanchata detha shaaki eranaw haggaazees.Heyssikka qassi isssipetetha asa shaahon kothen
polettiya nam77u kifileti giddo kifile/Middle class/-daro laytha tamaaridayssatanne kushen
oothonayssatan,ooso kifileti/Working class/-laafa laytha timirtte meezetethi de7iya issipetethatan daro
wode kushiyan oothiyayssata.Haray qassi dhoqqa detha/Upper class/,ziqqa dethanne /lower class/
dhoqqa giddo detha /upper-middile classd/-shalo dethan shaakettidi haasayettiya haasayagutathon
erettees.
Kumethan, doona dummatethas issipetetha gaasoti oyddan shaahettidi xeelettees:
1. Oonanti haasayiyakkonne oonanti oonantas haasayiyakko (macha – azinas, zal7e beeli – zuuyqe
naagancha, ooso kaappoy – oosanchas) guuss (The participants/social distance).
2. Awan woykko awssa issipetetha gelotan woligahetethi /soon, ooso bessan, timirtte keethan/(The
setting/ status).
3. Ayba yuushon haasayettiyakko- markkandetanaw, issipetetha gaasos (The topic/formality)
4. Aybis haasayettiyakko- kaalliya timirtte detha tamaaranas,gade poltika bolla tobbanaas,qofa
laameretanaas,kiita aathanaa (The function/functional)
Doona Gutatho Saynse (Dialectology)
Hayssi issi doona giddon de7iya nam77u gutathota (enta haasayanchatikka woli haasaya shaaki
eranaw danda7eyssatanne) nam77u dumma dumma doonata (enta haasayanchati woli haasaya
shaaki eranaw danda7onnayssata) shaakidi eranaw xanna7iya saynse.Mallas, Dembba Goofa
Bordda issipetetha asa Goofatho giddoninne Malo Kooza issipetetha asa Goofathon de7iya
hanotanne qassi heyssata Galilatho doonara de7iya hanota xinaate ganaw danda7ettees.
Kilile Detha Gutatho (Regional Dialects)
Issipetetha asa doona dabbotetha be7iya wode dalgga yuusho gutatho medhetetha gidishin daro wode
he yuushoppe hara bessan de7iya issipetethas malalo gidees. Hayssa malla ekiya wode,Goofan ‘xade’,
‘mooma’ wula, sulla giya qaalas immiya birshetha Baskeeton,Maloninne Baton,Zaalan immettiya
birshetha dalggatetha;Goofan qassi keehidi karethi xeeliyaba gidikko,Amaarappenne Tigreppe yida
asas nu dugeha Tophphiyan de7iya doonata giddon beetiya yuusho dummatethay he asas ayba

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geetettiyakko malaaleeyssa gidees.Nu Goofa asas Aarethoy darotas keehidi malaliya doona gidi
ekkanaw danda7ettees.
Ha doona hanotan issipetetha asa gutathoy keehippe kooshshethan, qaalataninne dumma dumma doona
maaratann/grammatical or structural aspects, Qawosaninne Meega qofata medho wogan/ erettanaw
danda7ees.
Mallas: Koosha dethan xeeliyaba gidikko nu Goofatho doona giddon Goofan de7iya ussuppun
woradatan:
Sawla/D/G/ Goofa Zaala/U/D/Xahaye Malo kooza
Iisidayssi Iisidayssi Iisidagi
Medhdhidayssi Medhdhidayssi Medhdhidagi
Baqulo Baqulo Baluqo
Odidayssi Odidayssi Odidagi
Yidayssi Yidayssi Yidagi
Bayiyu Waziu Bayiyu
Biiki? Biiki? Banbo?
Iya/I... Iya/I... Iza/ezi...h.h.m.
Qaala dethan xeeliya wode:
Sawla/D/G/ Goofa Zaala/U/D/Xahaye Malo Kooza
Sulla/sotta sotta/Sulla Kaqqa
Yaatidi... Histtidi Yaatidi...
Bayu Waziw Bayu
Balettis Balettis Dogis
Ankees Ankees Sheekees
Hola Hola Tomma

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Ongis makkis wursis
Soo Soo Golle
Qommis Qommis Idimmis
Dumma dumma doona maarata (Qawosa) dethan xeelettiya wode:
Sawla/D/G/ Goofa Zaala/U/D/Xahaye Malo kooza
Qassi ne waanay? Qassi ne waanay? Ma ne waanay?
Hayssi o kushe? Hayssi o kushe? Haygi o kuce? H.h.m.
Doona gutathoy hayssappe qommon wothida qofatappe dummatidi timirtteninne ooso bessan
xeelettiya wode /social dialect on the basis of education and occupation/:
Daron issipetetha asa doona saynsse pilgganchchati gidayssadan, tamaarishe ogiyan qanxida asappe
kollojje gakki tamaarida asa giddon de7iya buzo gutathoy dummatethi medhdhees.
Mallas፡ New Yorke dhoqqa detha asay ‘war’ giya Inglizetho qaalan ‘`r’ giya koosha awanikka
kooshoosona;gidoppe attin, Ingliize giddo kifileti qaala giddoninne wursethan beettiya ‘-r’
kooshokkona woy xeesokkona.Oosancha kifileti xeesoosona (working class).
2.1.2 Issipetetha Asa Shaako Malaatan/Social Markers
Bollan xeellidayssadan [r] daro wode xeessyssatanne xeesonayssata g7iya wode issi asi erin eronna
attin issi issipetetha asa bagga moodettees.Heyssadanikka,
D/Goofa Sawla UDT Zaala Malo Kooza
Iya/I Iya/I Iya/I Iya/I Iza/ Eza
Yaatidi Yaatidi Yaatidi Histidi Yaatidi
Heyssadanikka Heyssadanikka Heyssadanikka Heyssadanikka Heygadanikka h.h.m
dummatanaw danda7ees.
Amaarathon Kambbatissan Tigrethon Gojame Amaarathon

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በመንድ ባማንገድ በመንገድ በመንገድ
እየቀበረ እየቀበራ እየቀበረ እየቀበረ
ከዋናው ካዋናው ከዋናው ከዋናው
መምህራን ማምህራኖች መምህራኖች መምህራኖች
መፍትሄ ማፍትሄ መፍትሄ መፍትሄ
የመስጠት የመስጣት የመስጠት የመስጠት
መቶ ብር ማቶ ብር ሙቶ ብር መቶ ብር
ፍራሽ ፍራሽ ፍራሽ ፍርናሽ
Kooshe wodhetha/ qaala xeesetha/ nne Issipetetha Asa Doona Gutatho (Accent & Dialect)
Oona gida assi dethi naagida gido naagona doona haasayishe kooshayos.Issi issi asayssi qonccen
erettiyayssa gidishin qassi haray keehi laafara erettiya kooshe wodhetha (accent) medhdhees.
Kooshe wodhetha (accent) gutathoppe dummatey
 Kooshe wodhetha/qaala xeesetha (accent) kooshayo hanota (pronunciation) gididi issi asi
issipetetha asa dethaninne yuusho (regional) dethan awuppe yide giidi shaakanaw
danda7isiyayssa gidishin
 Gutathoy qassi qawosa, qaalanne kooshayora de7iyabata qonccisanaw danda7isees.
2.2 Nam77u Doona Heerata Shaahonne Gutatho Dhassata/Isoglosses & Dialect Boundaries
Issi doona hanota biita utetha dhassan beso wogay (Isoglosses) keehidi go7iyanne dumma dumma
heeratan de7iya asa haasayanne gutatho xeesethan, he heeratethan gutatho dhassay woy dirssaynne
zaway (boundaries) awanekko karta bolla yaafaridi shaakanaw oosettiya malla.Ha yafaran issi gutathoy
woy doona dummatethay haran lanxxettiya/mitettiya/ hanotay keehippe daro.

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Fig.1: Dialect Boundaries
Gutatho Doomethanne Sinthe Buussa/Gooshe (The Dialect Continum)
 Hayssi gutathoy issi yuushappe haransitta shaahoy (sharp breaks)bessenayssanneyuushogutathoti
(regional varieties)keehippe gutatho sinthe buusan (Dialect Continum/Chain)qonccoosona.
 Hayssikka nuni Sawla katamappe dumma dumma dhasata aadhishe (Bulqo pinishe hayziya
Goofatho-Galila pinishe hayziya Goofatho-Basketo giddon de7iya haasayanchata –Malo pinishe)
hayziya Goofatho.
 Issi asi dhassape dhassa sinthe woy guye biya buussan isso woy nam77a gidiya doona haasaya
dummatethashaakees.Mallas, Sawlappe Bulqqo bida asi Sawlan de7iya doona go7etethara mise
woy issi dummatiyaba hayzees guussi.
 Ikka dummatethay issi doonan beetiya wode nam7i-gutatho (bidialectal speaking two dialects)
gidishin Malo biyaba gidikko Goofatho xalaala gidenashin hara doonakka hayzanaw danda7ees
(Goofathonne Basketotho/Gezetho).Hayssi qassi nam7u-doonawatetha (bilingualism) dummatetha
bessees.
2.3 Dethi Naagida Doona/The Standard Language
 Doona wogan kooshetan, qaalatan, qawosatan maaraynne dethay naagettidi dumma dumma
issipetetha asay giddoyiya miishetan dalggara go7ettiyayssata, gaazexaninne maxaafatan
xaafettidi keyidayssatanne daro timirtte keethatan tamaarettiyayssata guussi.
 Qassi daro deretetha dethan heera asa gidin gadey pantabiirotan go7ettiya doona (official)
 Dethi naagetida doonatethi daro bagga timirtte dethaninne dalgga kiita aathiya Giddoyiya
miishetan de7iya go7etetha bessees.Ikka qassi haasaya doonappe (Spoken language) keehidi
xaafettida doonan (Written language) qaalan, koosheta liccethaninne qawosan qonccettees
(Yuule, 2006).

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 Nu Goofathora xeeliya wode aynne biirota dethan gidin dalggan Giddoyiya miishetan de7iya
go7etetha paccey de7ikkokka tilla woy baaso woy mayza Goofatho gidi nu haasayiyayssatinne
xaafiyayssati ha birshethas matethees.
 Dethi naagettida doonati qassi kaalliya kanddota kunthees:tillatethi (validity),taarike dethan
eretethi (historical), buzo wallotethi (autonomy) nne detha naagiso maari (standardization)
 Nu dugeha Tophphiyan haasayettiya 52 gidiya heera doonata detha naagisanaw oosettiya
oosuwan 33ti timirtten imettishe de7eyssa gidishin hessatape 14 koyro doonati kolloje dethan
imettishin 7ti qassi dhoqqa timirtte dethatan, guussaykka, Wolattato doonay Wolayta Soddon,
ama Aafu Sida Awaasan,Gamothonne Goofatho doonati Arbba Minccen,Gedioffa
Diillan,Kambbatissa Wachamon inne Dawrotho doonay Tarccan ,Kafnoono Mizaaneninne
Bonga Yunburssetan imettishe de7ees (Dugeha Kilile Timirtte Biiro, 2013).
2.4 Issipetetha Teqeta /Social Barriers
Hayssi issipetetha asa doona dummatetha bessiyayssa gidishin
 Inglizetho doonara gasethiya wode Londonen haasayettiya dethi naagettida Inglizetho woy
Awroppa Amerkka Inglizethonne Afirkka Amerkka Inglizetho woy Karetha asa Inglizetho
geetettidi doona shaahotetha medhdhida wode qonccettis.
 Dalgga deretetha utetha dummatethay (geographical barriers) cugata giddon de7iya katamatan woy
yuusho doona gutatho dalggatetha sinthe efiya wode kurethinne shaakidi issi heerathoy
medhdhettees.
 Hessikka qassi issipetetha asa doona go7etethan dummayidi kurethinne iitadan xeeloy medhetethi.
 Mallas ekiyaba gidikko Dugeha Amerkan beni wode shamo haaroninne dumma dumma ogetan
bidi uttida karetha Afrika asa bolla beetteyssa .Ha hanotay nuyssan keehidi dummayonne kuretha
meto gididi beetona attikokka gutathon dummayidi xeeloy erettidaba
 Ha paatetha qoncce oothanaw koyiyaba gidikko Sawlan issi heeran de7iya Galilatho haasayiya
Aare asay Goofatho iisi haasayiya hanotay de7iyaba gidikko Goofatho doona haasayanchati
xeeliya xeelo bessees guussi.
2.5 Dethi Naagettonna Heera Doona/Vernacular Language
Heera doona giya qaalay dumma dumma ogetan go7ettees.Qaalaykka dethi naagettonnayssanne biro
ooso dethi de7onna doonaqonccisees.Xeetan qoodettiya heera doonati de7oosona.Mallas kare deren
Buang geetettiya doonay Papau ooratha Guynan,, Hindustani geetettiya doonay Hindden inne Bumbar
geetettiya doonay Vaanuaatu, hessatappe daroti xaafettonayssatanne paatettonayssata. Ha qaalay ooso
bolla peeshi doomiday giddo laythan koyrottidi Awroppa heera doonata ziqqa bessi imettiya doonata
(lower prestige) dhoqqa bessi de7iya doonatappe geedaron qonccisanawnne kaaallidi oona gida dethi

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naagettonna ziqqa detha cugatan haasayettiya doonata kanddon shaaki wothanaw gishe go7ettida
qaala.Hessappe dendidayssan heera dooni, issi issipetetha gutathonne ziqqa detha cugatan haasayettiya
doonanne dethi naagettonna woykko dethi naagettida doonatappe erettiya dummatethi de7iyayssata.
Darodoonaawa gidida haasayancha heera asan dumma dumma cugatan haasayettiya daro zarenne
dabbo xanxxata doonay heera doona geetettees. Ha heera doonay darodoonaawa gidida haasayancha
heera asan daro wode koyro doonadan tamaaretteesinne xuunthi gidida moode gidonna go77a
immees.Issi doona heera doona gidi sunthanas heedzu kunthethiyabati de7anas bessees:
 Keehi baaso gidiyay heera dooni doona maari koojettonayssanne dethi naagettona doona
dummatethi (uncodified or unstandardised variety).
 Nam77anthoy he doonay koyro doona dummatethi gididi soon meezettiya maari de7ees.
 Heedzanthoy ha doonay teqettida hanotan go77a immees. Issi issi eranchati dalggisidi birshethi
immishe heera doona guussay issi gade biro ooso doona gidonnayssa goosona. Keehippe laame
ehana birshetha immidayssati 1951gishin, heera dooni, issi dummatiya doona go7ettiya cugan
issipetethan gidin poltikan mitettidi/yedhetidi (dominated) de7iya issi cuga koyro doona
Heera dooni soo giddoninne mata laggetara ubba wode woligahetethi medhanaw maadiya doona
dummatethi. Qassikka, wolimela dabbo xanxxati issipetethinne woykko kothetethi medhanaw maadiya
doona.
Ha doonay Afirkka biitappe ayletethan shamettidi Amerka gade bida Afirka yeletatas keyida doona
dummatetha sunthaa.Ha suntha dumma dumma ogetan xeesiyayssa gidishin,Karethata
Engilizethi,Karethata heera Ingilizetho, woykko Amerkan heera Ingilizetho attikko Ibonikse geetettidi
xeesettiyayssa gidishin erettiya kooshe saynsse,qaala medho saynssenne meega qofata medho kanddota
oykkees.Mallas kaallidi de7iyayssatan heera doona kooshe dethaninne qawosa dethan xeellana:
Heera doonay Koshe dethan (Pronunciation/sounds of Vernacular Language)
Koshe dethan xeelliya wode nam77u wursetha guttuma shiiqoti de7iya qaalatan denthon polettishin ha
hanotayaadhida wode mega qofata kooshayon –ed in wuriya peeshota bolla meto
medhdhees.Iranthasinne achata giddo medhettiya denddo guttumata deddenaawa kooshetan laamees.
Dethi Naagettida Inglizetho/SE/BEAfirka Amerka heera Ingilizetho/AAVE
left lef
hand han
i passed the test iced tea
i pass the tess ice tea
think tink
that dat

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Your brother You brother
test tess/tesses
cold col’/co’
bold bowl/bow
I walked I walk
He goes he go
Heera doona Qawosa (Graamar of Vernacular Language)
Heera doona qawosa dethan xeelliya wode ubba wode dakko akkaye medhon erettiyayssa gidishin:
Mallas
He doesn’t know He don’t know nothin
I am not afraid of ghosts I ain’t afraid of no ghosts
He never does anything He don’t never do nothing
Hayssape hara y heera doonati ay wodekka qawosan kale peeshota (are /is) go7ettonna hanotay
de7iyayssa gidishin kaalliya qaalatan xeellana:
You are crazy You×crazy
She is working now She ×/beworkin now
Hara baggara ha heera doonati Amerka Ingilizethos heera doona gidishin soo giddon gallas-gallas
gahetethas go77etteespe attin moode hanotatan go7ettenna.Heera dooni issi heeran de7iya gade
woykko kilile asan oettiya doona woykko gutatho.Ha hanotay qassi,issi asi nam77antho doonappe
dummatethan pa koyro doonan haasayo bessees.Nu Tophphiya xeelliyaba gidikko Amaarathoy
nam77antho gidishin Goofatho, Gaammotho, Basketotho, Aaretho, Wolaytatho, Dawrotho,
Sidaamotho, Geedi7otho, Kambbatotho, Guragetho, Konsotho, h.h.m koyro doonaawati panta koyro
doonan xalaala haasayiya issipetetha hanota bessees.Gujjidikka, issi erettiya gade asa giddon daro
laythatan ooso bolla pee7ishe gam7ida doona /indigineous/native language.Ha doona heeran de7iya
ubba wode haasayanchati/ordinary people/ wolira soo giddon moode gidonna besodetan haasayettiya
doona gidishin dethi naagettibonna gutatho woykko issi gaden de7iya gutatho /native dialect/ geetettidi
issi erettida asan woykko kililen haasayettishe meezetidayssa.Entikka daro wode dabbo xanxxa
doonatanne daro haasayan erettiyayssata nne issi issipetethas asas minjja shalope attin/endemic/mooden
xaafettonayssata.
2.6 Haasaya Istaylenne Istayle Laamo/Speech Style and Style-shifting
Haasaya istaylenne istayle laamoyissipetetha asa dumma dumma bessan shaaki eronne doona
go77atetha hanota bessees.Haasaya istayley keehippe shaaketti erettiya nam77u ogeti de7ees:

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1. Moode Go77a /Formal use/ Carefull Style-boncho dethan go77etethinne keehi akeekan
wudayessa
2. Moode Gidonna Go77a /Informal use/ Causual Style-doona laggetetha dethan go77etethinne
laafan wudayessa gidees.
Issi asi issuwappe harakko medhdhiya laamey istayle laame (Style-Shifting) geetettees.
Mallas: Waley alga giddon de7ees Maloy giiko (Moode gidonna go77a bessishin)
Ayba gadi? giya wudan D/Goofi oychchikko (Moode go77a bessees).
Amerka Pantha nayti haasayishe: I wanna go/ I gata go.
Hara bagara qassi issi asa maxaafa nababba giiko laafan wudayo gidishin maxaafa giddoppe iss issi
qaala nababbo giyabaa gidikko keehi akeekan wudayon doona go77etethi bessees.
Hayssa issipetetha asa doona saynsse pilgganchati giddo kifileti daro wode dhoqqa kifiletakko istayle
laamon keehi akeekan wudayoosona.Hara baggara giddo kifileta suurego77etetha ubbawodetethi
lo77otethas de7iya amo geetettees.
2.4 Doonatas Imettiya Besse/Eratetha/Dhoqqatetha (Prestige)
Asay dumma dumma doonatas pantas de7iya giddo amoppe dendidi besse immoosona.Issipetetha asay
ubba wode dhoqqa dethakko laame medhonne doonas immiya bessay/eratethay/dhoqqatethay nam77an
shaakettees.Ikka qoncce dhoqqatethinne (Overt Prestige) geema/qoncce gidonna dhoqqatethi (Covert
Prestige)geetettees.Qoncce dhoqqatethi (Overt Prestige) deretethan dhoqqa bessa demo qofan woykko
lo77otethan erettanassa.Hara baggara geema dhoqqatethi (Covert Prestige) issipetetha asay istayle
laamonnan pa de7iya asatan yaratetha cuga haasayaas woy doonaas qossan besse immeysa gidishin
beetona ogen pa meezetetha laamonashin haasaya polana qofan besse immo-issipetetha asay panta
heeran de7iya asadaan doona go7ettiya wode guussi.
Qoncce dhoqqatethi Qoncce gidonna dhoqqatethi
Hayssi Haygi
I/Iya Ezi/iza
Medhdhidayssi Medhdhidagi
Bitaney Uray

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Smart [sma/t]BrE NAE Smart [smart]
War [wa/] BrE NAEWar [war
Water [wat/] BrE NAE Water [watr]
Car[ka/] BrE NAE car [kar] h.h.m.
Mallas: Issipetetha wuday pa heeran de7iya asa haasayappe attin eretetha qofan gelonan guussi-
awanikka ay wodekka Wolaytinne Oroomoy pa doona haasayappe keyonnaninne mal7ethonan
woykko doonata walakkonan suure ogetan haasaya medhoosona.
2.5 Haasayancharanne Hayzanchara Issipetetha Medho (Accommodation)
Haasaya istayle dummatethi haasayanchcha issipetetha kifile (social class) go77anne haasayas
immettiya wudan xalaala gidonashin haasayanchchati panta hayzanchatas bessiya kaha qofa (Audience
design or Speech accommodation).
Hayssi qassi nu haasaya istaylena nu haasayiya bitaniyakko woy hara bagga zaariya hiila.Issipetetha
haahotetha (social distance) guuxisiya haasaya istayle meezetethan geliya wode dinxxetha
(Convergence) geetettishe eretiyayssa gidiishin nu haasayiya issi bitaney go77ettiya haasaya istayledan
gina go77etethi.
Mallas: Taraqi: የየ የየየየ የየየ የየየ?
Garddi: የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየgiiko hayssi nam77aykka issi woli aaziya doonatan
haasayan dinxxetiya gishas (Convergence) giidi eranaw danda7oos.
Doona haasaya dummatethi (Divergence) qassi, haasaya istayley haasayanchchanne hayzanchcha
giddon issipetetha haahotetha medhdhiyaba gidikko.Ikka wuri dummatiya haasaya istayle go7etethi
geetettees.
Mallas: Gamachoy:ዛሬ አየሩ እንዴት ነው?
Balaxi: ከፀሃዩ ብርታት የተነሳ እጅግ ያቃጥላል፡፡
Gamachoy: Aaniimbarbaddu... giyaba
gidikko nam77antho yuusha gahetethan Gamachoninne Balaxa giddon wuri dummatiya haasaya istayle
go77etethi medhettida gishas (issipetetha haahotetha-(divergence) giidi xeesos.

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2.7 Issibas De7iya Gelo/Xeelo Doonanne Pokko Qaalata/Register &Jargon
Issibas de7iya xeelo Doona (Register)
 Issipetetha asa haasaya istayle bolla dummatetha ehiya batappe issuwa gidishin
 Issipetetha asa oonatethaara sikettida doona go7etethi.
 Issipetetha asay issi doorettida gelo/xeelon (context) eenotethan doona go7etetha oge.
 Mallas, giya giddon, woose keethan, sportte bessan kaame laago hiilla loohiso bessatan
go7etetha.
 Enttikka higge detha xeelo doona (legal register)-, ammano xeelo doonanne (religious register)
doona xeelo doona (linguistic register) geetettidi shaaketti erettanaw danda7ettees.
Hayssi medhettanaw baasoy qassi issi issi oosotaninne cugatan qorettida qaalata gidin guussata
go7etetha (Jargon) gidishin he oosoppenne he cugappe karera de7iya hara asay eranaw un7etteyssata.
 Mallas, Ammano xeelo doonanne (religious register) hayssatas malla gideyssati
xooma/goyno/woosa/meecha, h.h.m qaalati issi doonan ammanora gakettiyaba.
 Higge detha xeelo doona (legal register) - woranzzo/dano/pirdda/shiloote/qasho/markka/giya
qaalati issi higgera gakkettiya iita ooso qoncisos pirda keethati go7ettiya qaala.
 Zal7era gakettiya gelo doonati (Commercial register) hayssati wodhe/tirppe woy gamma
mis/kisaara, shamma woy bayza, giya qaalati qassi qaalata go7etetha bessees.
 Doona xeelo doona (linguistic register) – daro wode doona giddo qaala, kooshe, qawosa,
haasaya, xaafo, nabbabo, hayzo h.h.m.Gidiya gishaw nam77atikka issipetetha asa doona
go7etetha giddon de7iya hanota qonccisees.Issipetetha asa giddon ha qaalata go7etethay issi
baggara deretetha giddon de7o eriseyssanne deretethappe karetetha shaakidi qoncisees.
Pokkoyiya Qaalata (Slang)
Hayssi issipetetha asa doona go7etethan issipetetha doonaawati ubba wode meezetidayssata bessan
lakkaytotaninne dummatida amora de7iya hara asatan go7ettiya issi issi qaalata, turatanne guussata
bessees.
 Sunthay qonccisiyadan qaalatinne guussati issipetethan koyroppe baasotida dhoqqa detha
cuggappe karebaggara beet7iya asata go7etetha bessees.
 Issipetethas keehatethara woykko eenotethara meezetidayssata gididi
 Issipetetha asa duusadan gidiya gishaw ooratha go7etetha (fashin) bessees
 Issipetethappe karen de7iyayssatas enta giddo maaran qassi pokkotethan beettiyayssata guussi.

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 Pokko qaalati lakkaytota dethan xeelettiya wode issipetethay ammanon, keeha kiitetethanne
diggettida kanddotan koyonayssata go7etetha bessees.
 Mallas, ne aayi damppo maa giya cashshata, አዛ፣ጠበሳ፣ቺክ፣ዘር ፎር፣ችከላ፣ፕስ ነው? አይነፋም, ጨብሲ፣በግ
ተራ፣ማኛው h.h.m.
2.8 Nam77u Doonatappe Medhettiya Doontanne Yarata/Pidgins & Creoles
Hayssan nam77ubata xeelana.Koyrottidi nam7u doonatappe medhetiya doonay(Pidgins) chaynethon
zal7e geyssappe tal7etida qaala gidishin asay zal7en daro wode beelatethan wolira didirxishe gam7idi
issoy hara doona eronnan de7ishe bessiya zal7e gahetetha poloosona.Mallas, Galila asara Sawla asara
de7iya hanota xeelanaw danda7ettees.Ha hanotan nam7appekka me7eretishe medhettiya doonay
meezetidi gam7iya hanoti medhettees.
 Entas gitettida qawosaynne qaala medho saynsse maaray de7enna, qaala dethanikka keehipe
guutha
Nam7anthoy qassi nam7u doonatappe medhetiya doonay meezetishe diccidi issipetetha heeran
gahetethasinne zal7e doona gidiya wode doona yara (creole) geetetidi qonccees.Ha hanotay nu
Goofathon keehi meezetonayssa gidikkoka Galilathoy Goofathora medhettiya hanotay bessanaw
danda7ees.
Ha hanotay ubba wode go7etethan akeekettiyaba gidikko he heeran yeletidi dicciya laafa naytas koyro
doonatethan meezetanaw danda7ees.Ha issipetetha asa doona go7etetha hanotay dethi naagettida doona
qawosa maarara birshethan aynne gakettenna.Inglizetho mallata ekkiyaba gidikko:
Suure Inglizetho: ‘you will go’ giya tura
Inglizetho doona yaran: by and by you go.
Hawaien Tok Pisin geetettiya doona yara haasayanchati:baimbai yu go/bai yu go/yu bigo/goosona.
Kumethan doona yarata (creole) medhos baasoy nam7u doonatappe medhettiya doona (pidgins)
gidishin alame dethan keehi daro asaydoona yara go7eteyssa bessees-daroti ha zal7era gakettiya
oosotan meezetethay dariya gishaw (Yuule, 2006:201-3). Nam7u doonatappe aaziya doona medho
hanota (pidgization) heedzape guuxonna doonata koyiya hanota gidishin hessatape issoy haratape bolla
gididi daro bessan erettida doona gidiya wodena.Haa mallan hayssape kase denthida mala Chaynna
nam7u doonatappe medhettiya doona Ingilizetho, JapaneTok pisinenne Nayjera nam7u doonatappe
medhettiya Ingilizetho donate gidees.

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Dastaye Buzaaney (2013) IADS xanxxana paace nam77an kooshshe dummatethi gishe bessida
mallatan, Goofa Badiron Baalo woykko Zhaaza geetetiya heeran Galilara gahettiya dhassatho qaalan
kaallidi de7iya dummatethi bessis:
Goofatho Aaretho Aarethoppenne Goofathoppe Beetida Yara
Zine Shenaak zhine (Aarethokka Goofathokka gidenna)
Si7a ? shi7a (Aarethokka Goofathokka gidenna)
Bayza ? bayzha (Aarethokka Goofathokka gidenna)
Santha Ekine Shancha (Aarethokka Goofathokka gidenna)
Mitha gode Misa gode Micha gode
Shemppo Heedza
Doonas Kaha Xeelonne Oonatetha/Language Attitude& Identity
3.1 Doonas Kaha Xeelonne Aybatetha
Kaha xeeloy kaha saynsse pilggetha maaran erettiya qaala gidishinheedzubata oykkidi birshettanaw
danda7ettees: Kaha akeeko (perception), kaha laame (emotion) nne kaha kandon (behaviour)
erettees.Kaha akeekoy issi buzoy medhettiya didirxxatasinne alames de7iya xeelo bessishin kaha
laamey issi asi kaha xeelora gidida kahan si7ettiya yilo/shene gidees.Kaha xeeloy qassi,kaha kanddon
zuge geliya hanota bessees gishe kaha saynsse eranchati wothis.Dumma dumma xaafettida miisheti
qoncciseyssa mala doona go7etethi wayisonayssa gididi beettey issi asi doonasinne haasayanchatas
bessiya eenotetha xeeloy(positive attitude) de7iyaba gidikko yaagees;aybis giikko, doona kaha xeeloy
doona haasayanchata bolla bessiya hanota xalaala gidonnashin harati doona dooro bolla de7iya hanota
kaayanaw (infer/predict) go77eyssa gidiya gishaw he doorwa qohees.
Beker (1992) nne Holmes et al.(1993) gishe doona kaha xeeloy doona laamessinne doona naagisos
(language shift and language maintenance) immiya go77a poxi poxi wothishe : issi dooni de7ida

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laythan he doonas de7iya kaha xeeloti doonay simmi diccanas,kaalliya yeletatas
pinthanas,dhayonnaninne hayqqonan de7anadan maadees.Eenotetha kaha xeeloy dalgga dethan
erettonna doona haasayanchati pantta doona dumma dumma bessatan go7ettana mela denthethees;hessi
qassi,erettida doonati leppan leppan laame medhdhanadan baaxe medhos maadees.
3.2 Doonas Kaha Xeelonne paaci be7o ogeta/Ways of Testing Language Attitude
Doona kaha xeeluwa/akeeka/qofa paaci be7o oosoti pilgethan,shaaki ero dethan, ooso polo dethan,
ooso hiilla shakoninne imotata paacci be7onn eenota(posetive) woy akkaye (negative) gideyssa paaci
be7on poletanaw danda7etteyssata gidishin nam77u ogetan shaakettanaw danda7ettees.Asas issi doona
bolla de7iya kaha xeeluwa/qofa dumma dumma ogetan paacci be7o danda7etteyssa gidishin, asaas
doona bolla de7iya kaha xeelota paaci be7oy issipetetha asa doona saynsse tillayanaw keehi lo77o.Issi
doona haasayiya asaas entta doona bolla de7iya bonchoy, go7etetha wogay,immiya bessay ay melekko
eroy he doonaa sintha buussabaa/dichabaa akeekanaw danda7ettiya gishossa gis (Obiols, 2002).
Bollara qoncisida mela, issi doona bolla issipetetha asas de7iya kaha xeelota oyddu ogetan paaci
be7anaw danda7ettees. Hessatikka:
 Issipetetha Oytha Xinaaten (Social treatment studies) gidishin ha maaran, xinaaten shiiqiya
asa kaha xeelota poolisen, xaafettida miishetan, giddoyiya miishetas xaafettidabatan, denthethi
erisoninne hara pulttotappe malla medhonaa.
 Suure Tanggotan (direct measures/evaluation performance) xinaatiya zaaranchata suure
/moode oyshatan doona bolla entas de7iya kaha xeeloy ay misatiyakko dumma dumma
markando shiisho ogetan oyshon shaakettanaw danda7ettees.Haa moode oyshota oysho ogeti,
xuufe oyshotan,qaala oyshotaninne keethappe keetha yuuyon medhdhiya pilggetha oosotan
shaakettees.
 Suure Gidonna Tanggotan (indirect measures/evaluation performance)-haa ogiyan suure
gidonna ogen asaas panttaw odettiya doonaa bolla de7iya akeekaa woy xeeluwaa qosa/geema
ogen demmees. Guussayka, issi issi wode cimo oge woy qosa oge geetettees. Hessi qassi, aaziso
ogen (Matched Guise)-paacey oosettiya asay (participants) teeppen duuqettida dumma dumma
nabbabettiya odata (recorded speech) hayzoosona.Duuqettidi haasayiya uray nam7i-doonaawa
gididanne guutha haasaya hanota (accent) loythi shaaki haasayiya ase. Kooshe wodhethanne
kessa, leppiya nne minniya bessa shaaki eriya ase guussi.Hayziya assay entti hayzishe de7iya
duuqettidayssi daro asati pantta kayan kayan haasayoosona gidi qoppoosona. Ays gikko,
haasayiya uray walakki walakki haasayiya gishossa. Oychiya uray/pilgganchay ay koyiyakko
hayzanchatape oonikka erey baawa.

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Qaalan woy doonara haasayan paacci be7oy suure gidonna tanggotan ogetappe issuwa gidishin
gutathora gahettidaban daro wode baasoyeyssa gidishin mallas Inglizetho doona bolla ‘British English,
American English’ gaathan de7iya haasaya hanota bessseyssa gidishin Zaalan, Malon, Dembba
Goofan, Uba Debretsehayen de7iya gutatho hanota shako guusssi.Haa ogiyan issi woy nam77u gutatho
haasayiya asata haasaya duuqidi yexisidi sisoninne asaykka hayzidaappe guye awusi lo77okonne
ekettanaw bessiyako oyshettoosona.
 Wursethan, Walaka Tango (Mixed Measure)- haa ogey bollara qonccida nam77u ogeta,
suurenne suure gidonna tangota bu7ethan go7ettiya xeelo oge gidishin hessi qassi beetida qofata
tumatetha xaalethans danda7isess.Suure tangon xalaala gidin suure gidonna ogen beettiya
demuwas imettiya gatey laafa gidiya gishaw nam77aa woligathi go7etethay beetiya demuwas
wolqaama gatey imetteyssanne tumatethas maadees (Labove, 1966:11-12).
3.3 Dooninne Oonatethi/Language & Identity
Ha sima kaaaran oonatethi giya qaalay kaha saynssen taa oone (Who am I?) yaagiya oyshas imettiya
zaarota shiishi qoncciseyssa eranchati paadidoosona.Hessa hanotan be7iya wode dumma dumma
oonatetha shaakoti de7oosona.
A. Buzo Oonatethi (Personal identity) geetettiyayssati buzuwa laytha, mattumatetha, ketha asata,
oosoy nne timirttey issi asa buzo oonatetha medhos maadiya gaasota gidishin,issi asi dummatiya
ufayssi si7etethi, dummatethan ekkiya ufayssi gididi i/iya oothiyabas baaso gididi beettiyabanne
hessi hanonna attikko de7anaw woykko hananaw dandda7ettonnaba gididayssanne issi asan
keehippe xapho yeddidaba gididi laamettanaw dandda7ettonayssa gidiyabatan qonccees.
B. Issipetetha Oonatethi (Social Identity) qassi kothe oonatethinne issi asi oonantta bagga gidi
cugatetha, kaha xeelotanne sheneta he oonantta baggatetha kaalliya hanota bessees.
C. Dabbo Xanxxa Oonatethi (Ethnic Identity) issi asa yaratetha bessiyayssa gididi dabbo xanxxay
issipetetha cugata giddon kothen shaakettishe gam77idabata oykees: kothetaarike, kothe doona,
alames de7iya era.Hessi qassi, woga oonatethara gina gidida hanotan akeekettees.
D. Ammano Oonatethi (Religeous Identity) issipetetha asay panttana dumma dummaammano
qommota giddon, guussaykka,Ortodokise ammanon, mishineta ammanon,Musilimeta ammanon,
Budahan,sharechcho goynnon, eeqtan ,Waqefattaninne h.h.malatiyayssatan panttana dummayiya
oonatetha.Hessata giddoppe dabbo xanxxa, issipetethinne buzo oonatethati daro wode simidi
paatettanaw ,hanotata injetethaninne naaqon laamettanaw gidin issoy harara xaallettiya nne dalgiya
hanotati medhettanaw dandda7etteyssata.
Hayssape bollara kumethan oonatethi dumma dumma shaakotan skaakettidi xeelettidaba gidikko,
doona oonatethi qassi ay melekko heedzu bessan xeelana:

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1. Cuga Doona (Group Language)cugatas dummatgiya malaatatan erettiya doonati gidishin ooso
dethan,era dethanni nne duussa dethan de7oosona.Mallas, pantha nayti issipe de7iyanne oothiya
bessan keetha asay haasayiya doonappe dummatiya ogen go7ettiya hanotati ,aaza, pis new,
chikela,chimcema, dhuleba,chike, sekela,mayna,beg tera,h.h.m ogetan guussi.
2. Cuganne Buzo Doona (Group & individual language) cuganne buzuwa keexanaw dandda7ees giya
qofa gidishiin doonati laamettiya hanotay medhettikokka daro cugati pantta oonatetha
naagisoosona.Guussaykka, dooni cugas giddoba gidi ekkiyaba gidikko, dooni entta oonatethas
giddoba gididi doonay laamettiya wode wogay qassi laamettees.
3. Dooninne Oonatethi issoy hara bolla zempon duussi (Language and identity integration) cuga
dooni enta oonatetha medhon woykko keexon gaaso gidees;qassi cuga oonatethay entta doona kaha
xeeloynne cuga doona daro bolla issiba ehees.Gidida gishaw,doonasinne oonatethas giddon kothe
woykko ishatetha dabbotethi de7ees;gaasoykka, issi doona go7etetha istayleti haasayanchata
issipetetha oonatetha keexanawnne bessanaw maadees.Buzon, issipetethaninne dabbo xanxxa
oonatethi dumma dumma hanotatan haasayanchata gahetetha ogiya bolla laameta ehan aw
dandda7ees guussi.
3.4 Doona Go7etetha Teqqanaw Danda7iya Oonatetha Gaasota/Identity Factors Affecting
Language Use
Dumma dummabati doona dooro bollanne go7etetha bolla laame ehanaw dandda7oosona.Issiba giddo
haphetha gaason, hayzanchata gaasoninne haasaya huuphe qofa gaason.Issuwa issuwa kaallidi
de7iyayssan xeellana:
3.4.1 Issiba giddo haphetha gaason (Domain)-buzonne heera asa doona go7etetha pilggethas
maadiya oge gidishin issi issi dooninne doona dummatethati issi doorettida go77a woy
bessanne issipetethan haasaya poliya issi asa guussaykka, issi ooso yuushon go7ettiya doona,
issipe de7iya keetha asa yuushoninne ammano yuushon go7ettiya doonata guussi.Soonne
shoorotetha hapheti erettonna doonati aadhon go7ettiya qaadi de7ees.Issi issi soo giddon
go7ettiya doonati woy shoorota giddon xaafettidayssati timirtte keethaninne ooso bessan
go7ettiya doonatape dummatees gidi doona haasayanchati gasethoosona.Qassikka,koyro
doonay ubba wode soo giddo woykko keetha asa haphettan go7ettiya doona gidishin
nam77antho doonati soonne keetha asa haphetape Karen go7ettiyayssa gidees.
3.4.2 Hayzanchata gaasotan (Interlocators)doona dooroy hayzanchata gaason dummatethi
medhdhanaw dandda7ees, issi asayela asati darotan erettida doonaninne darotan erettonna

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doonatan walaketethan gelo.Issoy pa dabbotara daro asatan erettida doona go7ettiya asabaa,issi
mayza gidida asasdalggan erettonna doonata boncho imo bessanasinne entta nayti entta koyro
doona naagisidayssan ufayssanaw de7iya hanota.Doona go7etethi qassi,haasayancha
laythara,ooso shaaho mattumatethara gasethanaw dandda7ettees.Haasayanchata laythan
xeelliya wode cimida keetha asay pantta koyro doona go77ettishin yalaga nayti dumma dumma
doonata walakki haasayetethan erettoosona ,hessika qassi enttana ecatethan moodiseyssadan
xeelliya gishossa.Ooso shaaho mattumatethara xeelliya wode addeti daro wodetan ooso
gaasotan karen pee7iya gishatas maccatape aadho koyro doonape hara doona haasayettana
qaaday daro gidees.Maccati daro wode soo giddon pee7iya gishaw koyro doona daridi
go7ettoosona,hessape denddidayssan enti nam77anthonne kare gade kumetha doona haasaya
eratethaykka addetappe ziqqatees.
3.4.3 Haasaya/tobba huuphe qofata Gaason (Topic) medhettiya doona go7ettetha hanotati daro
doonaawata xeelon issi issi tobba huuphe qofati issi doonan aadho injjetees.Mallas, Goofathora
cuccumettenaba giya qaala Inglizethoy ‘abstract’, ‘attitude’, ‘emotion’, ‘perception’‘ mind’giya
kaha saynsse qaalatinne qofati Goofathoppe keehidi Ingilizethon qonccen paatettiya hanotata
bessees. Hessa gishaw Hinde gaden Bengali doonaa keetha asara de7iyabatas go7ettidi
Ingilizetho doona qassi keehipe timirtte keetha allalletas go7ettoosona.Nu Tophphiyanikka
xeeliyaba gidikko ziqqa detha doonatan soo giddo allalleta haasayettanaw goettoos (Goofatho
doona). Amaaratho doona qassi, daro biirotaninne Ingilizetho doona gujidi timirtte oosotara
de7iyabatas go7ettoos.
Duge wodhidi nu heera hanota xeeliyaba gidiko, Goofatho doona timirtes go7ettidi Gezethonne hara
haasayanchata qoodan daro erettonna doonati soo giddoninne issipetetha asay woligahetethi polanaw
go7ettiya hanota akeekan gelisanaw danda7ettees.
Kumethan, issi asa doona dooroy issipetetha oonatethabaga gididi issi asi paas ta hayssa gidi eko
gidees.Koodde laamey qassi issi buzoy nam77i doonaawa gidida asai doona dooro woligiddo
dabbotetha medhdhiyanne meezettiya qoncciso gidishin issi doonape bolla doonatan kothe gididabata
poliya issi cuga haasayanchatas oonatetha qonccisiya malaata gididi beetees.
Lo77o malla gideyssi, Uba Dabrexahayen/Baton, Goofathoy, Gezethoynne Maaletho doonati de7ishin
hessatappe Goofathoy ubbas kothe woligahetetha miishe gididi Gezethoynne Maalethoy aayi doona
woykko koyro doona gidida heeratan he issipetetha asaa cugata woligahetethaas maade immees.
3.5 Issipetetha Asa Duussa Kifile/Shaahota/Social Class
Issipetetha asa duussa shaahoti giya ikonoomen kothe bessa shaakettiya buzota cuganne gina gidida
ikonoome woyta demmeysata gididi poltikan, ikonoomen, issipetetha dabbo xanxaninne h.h.m

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gaasotan shaakettoosona.Issipetetha saynse eranchati dumma dumma duussa kifiletan
shaakoosona.Shalaawatethan,duretethan,wolqqan,ooson,timirtte dethan ,kochan shaakoosona.Karl
Mariksenne Webere geetettiya asay gishe buzoti giya ikonoomepe demanaw gededarettiya wode
shaahoy medhettees.Issi asa kifile hanoti he uras giya hanota gidees.Gina kifile hanota shaahettiya asi
gina gidida duussa qaada shaahettees.Shaloaawati de7iya issipetetha duussa shaahota kaalliyayssadan
Weberey oyddan shaakis.
1. Dumma dumma ayfen beetiya miishetan erettiya dhoqqa kifile/the propertied upper class
2. Ayfen beettiya miisheti de7onna ooosanchata/the property less white- collar- workers class
3. Daro wode meezettidi erettida ayseyssatanne bonchettidayssata/the pretty bourgeoisie
4. Kushera goyiya kifileta/the manual working class gidi shalaawatethanne shalaawape kare
hanotethay haraba ubbape issipetetha kifile medhoos keehi inje gidees.
Ha shaahota gaason dhoqqa giddonne goshan aqiyayssata doona go7etetha maara gishe laamey
medhettees guussi.
3.6 Dumma Dumma Cugata Giddon Medhettiya Woligahetetha/Inter-Group Communication
Dooni ubba wode cuga yaratetha medhdhiyaba gidishin hessikka dabbo xanxxa oonatetha bessiya
maarinne cugata wolisiketetha minthanawnne sinthe efanaw oge gidees.Dooni ubba wode dumma
dumma wogaawata gahetethasikka go77ees; aybis gikko, doonan zempidi asati issi dabbo xanxxa yara
gideyssa shaaki wothanaw haggaazees.Guussaykka, dooni asa oonatethay issi dabbotetha xanxxa yaran
gideyssanne dumma dumma cugata giddon de7iya kothe go7etethas medhettida issipetetha dhoqqi
oothanawnne cugappe kare baggara de7iya yarata cuga giddope dummayanaw go77a immees.
Kumethan, cugata giddon medhettiya woligahetethi dumma dumma doona go7ettiya cuga yarata doona
sigetethi (negotiation of language) medho.
3.6.1 Gahetethi Eki Polo Bertte Qofa/Communication Accommodation Theory
Gahetethi eki polo bertte qofan asay daron wode wolihaasaya koxxey enti dossiya asa attikko haran
dosettanaw de7iya koshshan hanoosona.Gujjidikka hara asay haasaya wode enttaw ay mela naagetetha
bessiyakko de7iya hanotaa.Haraa kothetethan eko hanotaybuzotinne cugatiwoli aazetetha dabbotetha
besiya qoncciso hanota gidishin asata giddon de7iya dummatetha dentho/guuxoiso hanota
minthees.Mallas issi asi issi lo77oba hara asape demmanas paas de7iya issibas gate ciggidi aadhetha
doors.Hessikka kaha kanddon hara misatanaw gishe pas de7iya kaha kandduwa laamees
(convergency).Ha hanotay,isson gidin daro doona giddobatan, doona giddon de7iya darobataninne
bessibolatan entara haasayiya asakaha kanddotara doonatan,gutathotan, doona cugata giddon de7iya
dumma dumma kanddotan (haasaya eesotethanne leppatethan, haasaya giddoppe qanxon,haasaya
adussatethan, kooshe hanotatara de7iya dummatethatan,xeelon, som77o biletha hanotan ) gina gidanaw

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buzoti haniya hiilla. Gidida gishaw Gallosinne harati (1995) gishe, kothe gidida doona istaylen
wolihaasaya kothetethi gahetetha wogayanaw maadees.Ay wodekka nunara haasayanchatara gina
gidikko i/iya nuna dosana hanotay medhetteesinne entappe issipetetha woyta demmana dandda7a
qaadaykka darogidees.
Hara baggara qassi, issi asi pas de7iya kaha kandduwa harayssadan laamanaw dendetethay guutha
gidiya hanota medhdhees (divergency).Hayssi haasayanchati medhdhiya haasayanne enta giddon
de7iya besibolata dummatetha oge gidishin buzoti issuwara medhettiya haasaya cuga yaratetha baaso
oothidi issipetetha alamiya cuganinne hara oonatethi oothidi dummayo.
Gilsenne Kuplandde geetettida eranchati (1991) xaafida mala, haasayanchata giddon wolihaasaya
kothetethi dalggatethan issi bolla minthonne dumma dumma xeelongitettida dooro ogeta medho
gidishin ubba wode som77o-som77ora medhettiya haasayanchatan polettees.
Daro doonata haasayoy daro doonaawata shiiqotan dummatethan go77a immees;hessan haasaya
koodde laamen issi haasayanchi dumma dumma.oonatethata demmanawnne haratara de7iya
woligahetetha koxxana qaada demmees.Nu Issoy isoykka haraas doona haasayan gidin bessibolatan
dumma dumma besodetan, kifile giddon,pirde keethan,zal77e keethataninne bessatan,h.h.malatiya
bessayan woligahetetha koxxoos.
Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) was designed to explain how and why
people reduce and magnify communicative differences among themselves as well as the
social consequences of so doing. Major accommodative strategies include converging
toward or diverging away from another. These can be achieved by a host of verbal and
nonverbal means, including language, syntactic and word choices and modifying one’s
speech rate, pitch, gestures and accent. Generally (as many cognitive and affective
functions are involved), people converge towards those whom they like, respect or have
power, while they nonaccommodate, and even diverge, to underscore the importance of
their personal or social identities to others. Indeed, it is possible to converge on some
communicative features while, simultaneously, diverging on others. Other
accommodative moves include attuning to others’ conversational needs and knowledge,
under- and over-accommodating. CAT claims people will accommodate to where they
believe others to be rather than to where are objectively.
3.6.2 Doonanne wogata giddon de7iya dabbotethi, mitetethi issipetethi, kurethinne
dummayethi/language & intercultural relations-assimilation, integration, segregation &
separation

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Ha qofaa eranaw koyrotidi nam77a birshetha akeekoy keehidi maadees.Dooni woga gaathan haphettiya
(sub-component) asa na7as xalla imettida gahetetha miishe gidishin asa na7yti haasayaninne xaafon pa
qofaa, pa koshshaa, pa amuwa, pa un77a, pa qiiruwa, pa halchuwa, pa oosuwa, pa deuwa, pa taarikiya,
pa woga, pa ammanuwa, pa siiquwa, pa ixxuwa, pa gomiya, pa anjjuwa, pa kaha garssan de7iya qofaa
nne h.h.m haraas odanaw woykko shaakanaw maadees. Doona go7ettidi issipetethay pantta ooso
halchoosona,halchettida oosota poloosona, wolira ooyettoosona, zaaridi giigoosona, issipetethan
yaganoosona, yeekoosona, miicoosona, odettoosona, ar7oosona, woga wothoosona, he wogaa yeletaa
erisoosona, oorathabaa medhoosona, medhdhidi sunthi immoosona, gizzoosona, hayssoosona,
tossoosona, qan7ishoosona, zaaroosonanne woli oyshan paacoosona.
Wogi qasi ubba haphiyabaa (Supper-component) gididi doona gujin, meezeti, ammano wogati, muussa
ushsha, ma7o, kaassa, issipetetha,anjo, woga dhaleti, tamaronne zore wogati,seeranne ayso wogati,
dumma dumma muussanne ushsha miisheti,keetha wogati,goshsha wogati, haaro wogati, minjo
wogatinne h.h.m elata shiishi oykees.
Dooni woga giddon de7iya miishe gidiya maaran wogara gasethidi immiya birshetha xeelliya wode
mitetethi beni wodeppe de7iya cugatanne hara bessatappe yidi gujettidayssata shiishi oykkidi issi
ooratha woginne kaha xeeloti benippe de7eyssakko walakettiya hanota.Mitetethi (assimilation)daro
woden gade giddon de7iyayssatan gidin hara kare gadetappe yiydi uttiya ooratha gadetan polettees;He
gaason medhettiya lanxxethaninne doona gahetethan gaden gam77ida woganne doona bolla ooratha
woginne ooratha kaha xeeloti beetanaw dandda7ees.Issi lanxxethaninne shiishi eko hanotatan issi
ooratha dooni koyro odettishe gam77ida doonan mitetethi guussi. Woga mitetethi eeson woy leppan
cugata hanota bolla zempidi laamerettees.Mitetethi giya qaalay qassi issi oooratha woga pabaa oothidi
meezetethi giya birshethara mise gididi maadees (assimilation=acculturation).Ikka hara cugape woykko
asape birshethinne issi ba giddo gede gelo (interpretation and fusion) giya qofa oykees.
Mallas ekkiyaba gidikko, Goofatho doonay ha detha gakkanape kase WOGAGODan de7ishe daro
yethatan, haasayataninne Geeshsha Maxaafata tamarso hanotatan Wolaytatho doonan mitettishe
gam77is guussi.Doona mitetethay aybis medhetti giiko,issipetethay kothe gidida xinaate gidin kumetha
alame dethan kothen oothanadan issi woga woykko doona bolla xalaala teqettonan polana mala
maadees.Hessi qassi,issi doorettida heeran teqqettidayssa gidonnashin kumetha alameninne dumma
dumma issipetetha duussa hanotan medhettees.Ha hanotay wolqqan suggettida ogeninne leppan leppan
mitetethi medhettanaw dandda7eyssa gidishin keehi dalgga bessinne dethi de7iya wogatinne doonati
ziqqa dethata wolqqa sugethan mittiya hanotay medhettees.

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Haa hanotay doona maaran xeelliya wode beten yida asa woginne dooni he gelida biita woganinne
doonan mitetetha bessees.Hessa maaran Galilappe Sawla bête yida asi Sawlan gam77anaw pa Aaretho
doona soo giddon xalaala go7ettishe kare dumma dumma bessatan pa doonan mitettidi Goofatho
doonan gahetethi medhon zal77e gidin dumma dumma oosota ooso guussi.Betanchata mitetethi
gitettidaba gidishin panttana oorathja gaden wuri walakanaw dandda7okkona,panttawlaatisana shalota
ubba dhayanaw dandda7oosona.Issi dereppe beten yida asay issipetetha ikkonoome dethan,biita
utethan,nam77antho doona demoninne woligiddo eko gelon mitettanaw dandda7eyssa issipetetha
saynsse eranchati paattidoosona.
Issi asi mitettanaw dandda7iya koshshay ha bitaney ooratha woga giddon mitettanaw gizidayssan
xalaala gidennashin dhoqqa dethi de7iya ooratha gadiya waanidi eretanee giyabati qofettees-kothe
duussa wogan qoommetethi.Mitetethi betancha doona ooratha gade doonanne woga gaasotan geemmisi
aggiya hanota bessishin, hessas phalqqen woligiddo walaketethi (integration) ziqqa doonati naagettidi
kothe duussas injetanaadan go7etethi.Mallas, Galilape Sawla yida Aaretho haasayanchatinne Goofatho
doona haasayanchatinne qassi Amaaratho doona haasayanchati wolin issipetethan woli doona go7ettidi
gahetethi medhon gallassa gallassa duussa sugethi dandda7a besees.“Separationis a situation where
groups retain distinct cultural practices and individuals form social ties only within groups”.
Shemppo Oydda
Doona Lanthetethi/Language Contact
4.1 Nam7i doonaawanne daro doonaawa issipeteha yarata/Types of bilingual & multilingual
societies
Nam77i-doonaawatethi (bilingualism) issi doona haasayiya asai pa koyro doona bolla hara doona heera
asape meezetethan gidin timirtte keetha gelidi tamaaron qoncciya hanota gidishin ha hanotas de7iya
go7etetha higgey cugata giddon duussan guussaykka bessiya maaran haasaya dandda7i kothen
shaaketethay waani hanidakko keehi qonccisiya qofa gidees.Nam77i-doonaawatethihara nam77i-
doonaawatara medhdhiya lanxxethan (contact) he hayzanchata guye baggannekaha xeeluwa eranappe
sinthatidi mela koode laamo istayle go7ettokona.
Nam77i-doonaawati koodde laamiyay daro wode kothe go77as medhettida issipetetha
bessees.Gidikkokka, koodde walakkiya asi pa laggiyara woy pa eriya asara koodde laamiya asi
keehippe erettiya ogen hara doonakko laamees/pines; hessikka, issi doonaawagidida haasayanchas woy

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doonas imathe gidida asasa.Mallas, Amerkka gaden Ingilizetho doona Ingilizetho xalaala haasayiya
asas woy Ispanishe doona Ispanishe yeletas guussi.
Daro doonaawatethi (multilingualism) hara baggara,kare gadetan,keehippe Ingliize issipetetha (UK)
mata wode xinaateti daro doonaawatethinne dabbo xanxxata ziqqa dethi doonata (minority language)
Ingiliize issipetethan medhettiya bete taarikenne he kawotethan ziqqa dethi doonatas de7iya timirtte
poolise xinaatey (1970 tan) bessiya mala Ingliizen dumma dumma cugati daro laythatan de7idayssa
Dache doona haasayanchati,Ispeynenne Porchugaale Ayhudeta, Doloha Awroppa betanchata gidin
Arabenne Jarmaane haasayanchati de7idayssa (Alladina nne Edwarddis,1991) qonccisis.
Goofatho doona koyro digire Tamaare gidida Lamma P. nne Ite E. (2013) immida markandwan
paattettidaysa mela nu Goofa heeraa malla ekkiyaba gidikko, Uba Dabre Xahayen de7iya 20
qabaletappe 8 qabaleti Gezze heeran/Pudeha Aari sussa kocha geetettishin:
 Guwaassa, Armma Para, Dima, Worqqa Goha, Ba7i, Gadolla Sombba nne Debre
Xahaye/Senegaale heeratan Aaretho doonaa go7ettoosona.
 Maaletho doonaa Goofatho gutathon (Kencho, Zaaba, Leemo, Gentto heeratan) go7ettoosona.
 Basketotho doonaa (Basketoppe betide asaa, Dime Garo, Basketos zawattiya heeratan)
go7ettoosona.
 Gezetho doonaa (Qorphpha, Sheele Bune, Hoshale, Baalla/Kabbaro geetettiya 4 gadha qabaleta
heeran) go7ettoosona.
 Gamotho doonaanne Goofatho guthara (Garda Martta, Galada, Zeeqa, Shambbaranne Gaamos
zawattiya 4 qabaleta heeratan) go7ettoosona.
 Goofatho doona geeshidi haasayetteysati (ubba haphiya doonadan/domain language/ gididi,
Shaala Sheele, Uba Yala nne Cigina gujidi dalgga deretethan) go7etteysa.
 Amaaratho doonay qassi (ubbas kothen timirteninne biiro doonatethan Bato aysoninne Zaaba
katama heeratan) go77a immiya hanotaa.
Malo Kooza heeratan Goofatho doona daroti haasayetteysa gididi Gezethoy (Shucha Keetha,
Wolaytha, Gayna, Walcha Shaasha, Gaytha, Xiila Bolla, Ele Daabba, Kooza heeratan) ; Basketothoy
(Osha Chikallo, Balxxa, Fira Shuuma, Phircca, Dhafaa,Wobbala Toga, Boorada Kaksha, Maashira,
Gergeda, Jalma, Tata, heeratan); Mendere 1-4 Gamothoy, Amaarathoy, Wolatathoy, Konsothoy,
Derashethoy, h.h.m doonati goshsha biita koshsha bete gaason shiiqida issipetetha asaa doonati; qassi
Laaha kataman, Mayzalo Katamaninne Balxxa Katamatan (Goofathoy, Basketothoy, Amaarathoynne
Gezethoy) daro doonaawatethan gahetetha ooso polisees.
Sawla Kataman, Bulqqo Kataman, Shafito Kataman, Shafe Kataman, Laaha Kataman, Mayzalo
Kataman, Balxxa Kataman xeeliyaba gidiko (Goofathoy, Basketothoy, Aarethoy, Amaarathoy nne

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Gezethoy issipetetha asa daro doonaawatethi) qonccen de7iya hanotaa tilla oothees.Katamatan de7iya
darodoonaawatetha gaasoy issipetetha assay dumma dumma heeratappe shiiqidayssa gishassa;mallas,
Gezetho haasayancha issipetethay Oydappenne Malo Kooza Gezze heeratappe yida gaason,
Basketothoy Basketo Basketotho haasayiya Malo Kooza heeratappe shiiqida gaason, Goofathoy darota
haphphida doonatethan dalgga katama yuushuwan haasayettees, Amaarathoy biron, timirtte kethaninne
daro doonaawati kothe woligiddo gahetethi oothana doonatethan ooso bolla pee7ees.
Bete gaason Hindeti, Paakistaanetinne Bangiladishe, poltika gaasotan Keenappenne Uganddape
goodettida Gujaraati doonaa haasayanchati gelidaysa qonccisis.Hessati shiiqoppe attin, daro
haasayanchati go7ettiya Ingilizetho doonaa gidonnashin ziqqa dethi de7iya doonata go7etethi
doomidoosona.Ingiliizey woykko Biritaanay wodes aqiya keethi woykko duussa bessi gididi daro
alameppe shiiqida asati de7iya bessi gidis.
Ha pilggetha oosuwas ekettida Ingiliize kumetha asa qooda qoodimaagay bessiyadan 91 kushetas
Ingilizethoy soo giddo doona gidishin 9 kushetas Ingilizetho gujjidi hara doona haasayanchata,qassi 4
kushetas Ingilizethoy bertte soo giddo doona gideyssa aynne ekkonna woykko eronna asay de7iyayssa
shaakis.Doona dalggatethay(linguistic diversity) ha gaden giddoyiya miishetaninne issipetetha
haggazotan qonccettees.Hessa gishaw kaallidi heedzu ogetan xeelettiya hanota medhdhis.
a/ Dabbo xanxxa ziqqa detha doonata (Ethnic group minority languages) metoti dhoqqa detha doonatan
mitetethan bilettanaw bessees giya qofa gidishin,ha qofa maadiya asay gishe ziqqa detha doonaawati
dhoqqa detha doonaawata istayletaninne doonatan wuri mitettanaw bessees.
b/ Maatatethan (as a right), ziqqa detha doonati naagettidi de7anaw bessees.
c/ Heedzantho qofay ziqqa detha doonati heera yarata meeziyanne kaha era kunthiya miishe gididi
koyro doona akeekan gelisonnan xeelettanaw bessees gishin ha heedzantho daro doonaawatethinne
doona dalggatetha xeeloy dumma dumma xinaatetan kalettidi daro doonaawatethi alame gahetehasinne
zal77es, woga dichas,issipetetha walaketethas keehi maadees gis.Hessa xalaala gidennashin daro
doonaawatethi dumma dumma dabbo xanxxa issipetetha doona cugati lo77o polo wolira sikettidi
de7anadan bertte gaaso gidi issipetetha zarbbetethas,ikonoome dichas,issoy hara qofa payssadan
minthethana mela nne cugata giddon maadetethay de7anadan maadees gis (Aura nne Wei,2009).
4.2 Nam77i-doona timirtte/Bilingual Education
Timirttey nayta geesheesinne pantta dondzatethan dumma dumma metota panttanan ammanetethan
tookana mela dandda7a immiyabaa. Ha qofa polanaw timirtte hiillay doona bolla katees. Dooni issi
baggara timirttey aadhana oge gidishin hara baggara haratara de7iya laameretetha minthanaw maadiya
miishe gididi tumatethaninne suuretethan shiiqanaw koshshiya qofa dichanaw maadees.Qofinne doona
dabbotethi mela gidennashin kaaletho maara naagiyabaa.Gahetethi doonan poletteyssa gidishin

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markkanddo aaso xalla gidenashin suure doonan kaha qofatanne meezeta kahan cuucumethi,
shaakonne kifilen kifilen dummayo, qofa ammanthonne ammanetethi oykees.Hessa gishaw timirtte
eranchi oothanaw bessiyabay yegelsatethas de7iya suukenne haraas bessiya xeelota dichana oosota
oothidi hessan pashka issipetetha duussa de7ana melanne pantta issipetethas galatisiyaba
oothanadanaa.
Doona tamaarson timirtte qommoti daro wode dethi naagettida doonana.Astamaareti hiillata
tamaarsishe tamaareti bila-xuufenne yegelsatethaas de7iya suukiya markattana mela nne alames
eenotetha xeelo keexanaadana.Gujidikka, eratetha demmana miishe gididi eratetha baasotiya tomirtte
qommota xinaate dichanaw besseyssa.
Nam77i doonaawatethi issi asi dumma dumma gaasotan issoppe bolla doonata go7etetha hanota
gidishin nam77u doonaawatetha timirttey kumetha lalame baggappe bolla gidiya asay nam77i-
doonaawa. Nam77i doona timirttey, timirtte yohota nam77u doonatan, gade doonaninne nam77antho
doona oykees. Gujidikka, nam77u doonata go7etethan tamaareta tamaarisanawnne kumetha timirtte
maara maxaafa baggaa. Nam77i doona timirttey, nam77u doonaawatethas, guussaykka, nam77antho
doona woy kare dere doona eranaw pinthiya oge. Nam77i-doona timirttey dumma dumma ogetan
medhettanaw danda7ees.
 Issoppe harakko pinniya nam77i-doona timirtte (Transitional Bilingual Education)
Hayssi nayta gaden de7iya doonan heedzu laythappe daronna woden tamaareti timirttey oykiya
hisaabe,saynsse, nne deretetha xinaate heeratanIngilizetho tamaarishe kundonnadan xeelanaw koyettidi
polettees.Bertte qofay tamaareta koyro doonay entta xaafo hiillatanne timirtte era demmanaw qaathiya
miishe gididi maadees,aybis giikko,gade doonan tamaarettida hiillati siman nam77antho doonakko
waayisonna pinnanaw dandda7ees.
 Walako/Geliso Nam77i-doona prograame (Immersion Bilingual Programmes)
Ha maaran dumma dumma timirtte qommoti tamaareta nam77antho doonan imetethi gidishin kumetha
tamaareti gade doona gidonna doona (non-native language) kifile giddon geloosona.Kumetha tamaareti
timirtte keethan imettiya nam77antho doonan gelanaw (total immersion), bagga tamaareti timirtte
keethan imettiya nam77antho doonan gelanaw (partial immersion) attikko nam77u oge gelo (dual
immersion) kifile giddon de7iya tamaaretappe baggay koyro doonaawadan he nam77antho doona
haasayiko attida baggay qassi, hessape hara gidees.Daro wode nam77u ogen geloy issi issi cugan
de7iya tamaareti issipe oothishe wolidoona tamaarana mela minthethees.Hessati naagiso/dicho
nam77idoona proograamen (developmental,or maintenance bilingual program),nam77idoonan gelo
prograamen(bilingual immersion program), kare gade doonan gelon(forein language immersion) gidin
yeletappe yeletakko aadhiya doona prograametan (heritage language program) polettanaw dandda7ees.

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Xaaxi waaxiya wode, nam77i doona timirttey nam77antho doona tamaarsora gaketteyssa gidishin
astamaareti dumma dumma doona maarata bollanne ha77i wode doona tamaarso hiillatara erettana
mela oosota polanaw bessees.Hessi qasssi, tamaaretas wudattida xeelo keexana mela maadeesinne
doona tamaarana suukey tamaareta giddon medhettana mela oothees.
4.3 Nam7i-doonaawatethinne Nam7i-doonatappe Medhettiya Doonata Hanota/Bilingualism &
Diglossia
Nam77u matattiya dummatethi qonccisiya issi gade doonata issibola duussa (Diglossia)-deretetha
giddon nam77i matattiya dummatethi de7iya issi gade doonati issibola duussa gisishin issoy haraappe
keehi dhoqqatethi demmidayssa. Doona haasayancha heera asape attin buzuwa kanddo gidenna. Buzoti
nam7i-doonaawa gidanaw dandda7oosona.Issipetethay woykko heera asay issi doona hanota biita
utetha dhassatho beso gidanaw dandda7ees. Hara ogen issi doona hanota biita utetha dhassan beso
wogay issipetetha woykko eqota dethan gakkida nam7i-doonaawatetha gididi nam77aykka heera asaba
qonccisees. Ha hanotay issi doona giddon nam77u dummatiya gutathoti beetishin issoy dethi
naagettidayssa gidishin ammano wogatan, bila-xuufetan, gaazexatan, dalgga markkanddo dharccetha
miishetaninne timirtte oosotas pe7iyayssa gidishin nam77anthoy qassi heeran mooode gidonna ogetan
gahetethi medhanawnne qofa laamerettanaw go77a imees. Nam77u matattiya dummatethi qonccisiya
issi gade doonati issibola duussa wogay xuuntha/dendo/ ogeninne aako ogen go7ettees.Hessadan
xuuntha/dendo/ ogen ha qaala go7ettishin heedzu qofata akeekan gelison gidees:
a. Issi doonan nam77u dummatethi de7iya haasayi (dhoqqa dummatethi de7eyssanne ziqqa dummatethi
de7eyssa) geetettidi heera asa giddon go7ettees/ high or H) variety and low or L/ variety.
b. Issi isso dummatethatikka tilla gidida dummatiya maade immees; qassi dhoqqaynne ziqqay issoy
haraa kunthethanaw dandda7ees.
c. Issi asikka dhoqqa dummatethi de7iya koode ubba wode qofa woligiddo laametethaa
go7ettenna.Nam77u doonati haasayancha heera asaa dumma dumma maades go77a immees, keehippe
issi doonay dhoqqa made (High function) imeyssanne haray ziqqa made (Low function) imeyssa gidiya
wode.Guussaykka, doonata giddon de7iya ooso gisha gidees.Ha dhoqqa made doonati tamaaretteyssata
gidishin ziqqa made doonati soo asappe meezetteyssataa.
Lakkaytoy eranaw dandda7onnaba gidikokka, daro bagga galatey dhoqqa dummatethi de7eyssaa. Kaha
xeelonikka boncho bessa immoosona, aybis giiko dhoqqa dethi de7iya gutatho gidi ekkiya
gishossa.Gaasoykka, dhoqqa dethi de7iya dummatethay qonccettidayssanne mini eqqidayssa
woykkoqabimani gidin qawosa maxaafetan dethi naagettidayssa gishaw. Nam77u matattiya
dummatethi qonccisiya issi gade doonata issibola duussa nne nam77i-doonaawatetha giddon de7iya
dabbotetha minthidi xeelliyaba gidikko gutathonne istayle gidenashin nam77u dumma dumma doonati

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lakkaytoti de7iya bessa kumethi kammeyssaanne keehi dariya lakkaytoti nam77i-doonaawata gidiya
wode guussi.
Mallas:Eggenwil geetettiya Siwuzerlande gaden nam77u dummatiya Jarmaane doonata
go7ettoosona.Issoy Kantone geetettiya Swizee heera Jarmaane gutatho doona gidishin ubba wode
woligiddo qofa laameretethas go7ettishin haray dethi naagettida Jarmanethonne.Ha dethi nnaagettida
Jarmanetho gutathuwa timirtten keehi eriya hanoti de7ikokka ubba wode woligahetethas daro
maadenna.Oduwan gidikko, gaazetha xaafotan, timirtte lekchere oosotan,dere televizhineninne
h.h.melatas go77a immees.
Kumethan, nam77u matattiya dummatethi qonccisiya issi gade doonata issibola duussa hanotaas qulppe
kanddoy, nam77u dummatethi de7iya doonati/kooddeti immiya go77an issoy harape dummatees. Issoy
issi hanotan go77ettiyaba gidikko haray qaassi hara go77a immees guussi.Mallas, dhoqqa dummatethi
de7iya doonay issi moode dethan haasaya medhdhanaasinne lekcheree immanaas,keehippe higge
kessiya paarlama yarata haasayan, poltika haasaya medhdhanaas, iraadoneninne telebizhinen dalgga
zeenata aathanas, nne ginxxota xaafanaas, erettida bila-xuufeta xaafanaas, zeena mexeete gaazexata
oothanaas maadees. Hara baggara, ziqqa dummatethi de7iya doonay ziqqa ooso dethatan de7iya
oosanchatas woy soon haggaaziya oosanchatas kiita aathanaw, daro wode erettiya asatara
haasayettanaw, daroti mezettida kaalerettidi xeelettiyanne walloyiya iraadoone progiraameta,
gaazexatan poltikara gakettiya qoncciso misiletan, mayzaysetara gakettiya bila-xuufe oosotan go77a
immees. Nu Goofatho doona bolla ha hanotay ay misatiyakko ane qofa shiishitee!
4.3 Beni Wode Nam77u Matattiya Dummatethi Qonccisiya Issi Gade Doonata Issibola
Duussi/Classical Diglossia
Hayssi xuunthi, dhoqqa dethi de7iya nne kaattida hanota gidi qonccisis (Ferguson, 1959).Ha doona
hanotay nam7uu doona dummatethati keehi mattattiya dabbotethi de7eyssa gidishina.
4.5 Aakida/Dalgida Nam77i- doonaawatethi/Extended Bilingualism
Aakida nam77i- doonaawatethi issi doona haasayancha heera asa giddon dumma dumma gaasotan issi
asi koyro doonappe hara nam77antho doona meezetetha wodeppe woden gujo.Mallas, Issi Goofa yeloy
Goofatho koyro doona bolla Amaaratho gujidi ero woykko meezetethi gidishin hessa dariso oosoy
darodoonaawatethas baaso gidanaw dandda7ees.
4.6 Koode Laame, Walakonne Tal77e Wogata/Code-switching, Mixing & Borrowing
Koodde laamey (Code switching) nam77anne bolla gidida oona gida doonaawatai gahetethas ooso
bolla peesheyssa gidishin qaalay markkanddo bertte qofappe ekettidayssanne issi issi wode issi asikka
pa buzon kooddedan paas de7iya xuura teqqanaw go7ettees.Koodde laamey keehi go77iya issipetetha
hiilla.Kumethan kaallidi de7iya oyshata xeellishe bana.

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1. Asay aybbis darotappe issi koodde go7ettanaw doori?
2. Issi doorettida koodde dooranawnne ooso bolla peeshanaw gaasoti aybee?
3. Issi kooddeppe hara koodden laamanaw dandda7ey aybee?
4. Man77u dummatiya kooddeta guye gidin sinthe laamishin/walakkishin go77ettanaw doorey aybee?
Koodde laamey haasayanchati darobata oothanadan kiittees: wolqqa demmanaw, kothe go77as gidida
issipetetha qonccisanas gidin nam77u doonatikka go77ettiyaba gidiko gidigiddotetha demmanaw,
oonatetha qonccisanawnne,h.h.misateyssatas go77ees.
Issipetethay pa doona dooriya wode issi gutatho,istayle/dummatida doona,woykko dummatiya koodde
dooro koshshees.Hessa oonikka teqqanaw dandda7enna .Gidoppe attin, issi asi koshshida wode issi
koodeppe hara doonan laamanaw dandda7ees.Koodde laamiya wode akkeekan gelisanaw bessiyay
dumma dumma dooroti tgumatethan dumma dumma issipetethas birshethi immiyayssa.Koodde laamey
asay cuga dhassata pinnanaw,essanawnne teqqanaw medhdhiya go7ettiya doona gahetetha hiilla;entaw
de7iya maataninne polanaw attonnabatan woligiddo gahetetha medhdhanaw,dooyanaw woykko
laamanaw oothees.Ha hanotay daro wode hano gidi poliyaba gidennashin woykko asay doona/koodde
laamidayssi entaw akeekettonan (subconscious/instantaneous) medhettiya hanota.
Mallas, Haasayancha ‘A’,’B’ nne ‘C’ekkiyaba gidikko A Goofatho xalaala haasayancha gidikko
‘B’Goofathonne Ingilizetho haasayeyssa gididi de7ishe A: Taani soo simmanaw keetha asa biraa
yeddana mala odoshsha?
B: Ne odanaw bessassa ayssi giikko shibbappe keyite gidappe guye yunburssey kathinne aqana bessa
immi erokkona gidi haasayan de7ishin issi Ingilizetho haasayanchchi yidaba gidikko Goofathora
de7iya gahetetha qanxxidi Ingilizethon ‘C’na haasayo doomethinne enti wurssi simmana gaso‘A’ eqqi
naago doomees.Ha hanotay koodde lame geetettees.
Daro doona pilgganchati yaran yaran paattishe wothida mela koodde laamey issipetetha heeran gitettida
hanota; gaasoykka, dumma dumma dandda7isiya hanotati de7iyayssape dendidayssan issipetetha
xeelonne haasayanchati gaanaw koyidaba bolla suure doori zemppinaa.Koodde laame meezey ubba
bessaninne ubba asan gina gidishin issi heeran gidikkoka cugape cugan dummatees.
Koodde laamey doona saynsse kanddo gididi nam77i-doonawa gididda heera asatan daaro wode
polettishe de7iyanne haasayanchatiwoligiddo haasayettishe nam77u doonata giddon qaaxo hanota
bessees.Nam77i-doona haasaya giddon medhettiya koodde laamey kase woden nam77i doonaawa
doona pace haasayadan xeelettees (Coulmas, 2005); gaaasoykka, gakettonna doona haasaya detha
woykko doona pacetethi, nne guuggepe zaari xeesetha guuxetetha gidi wothidoosona. Nam77i
doonaawata giddon medhettiya doona laamey haasayanchati pantta nam77u-gahetethan issi yoho bolla
wuda demmanaw gishe oothiya meeze gidishin geema birshetha paceta (pragmatic gap) kunthanas

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maadees;guussaykka issi issi qonccisoti issi doonan keehidi go7ettanaw injettiya gishawnne issi issi
qaala paceta kunthanas haasayanchati issi doonan geetettida qofa un77ettonan eranaw dandda7onna
attiya gishaw doona walakan koodde laamey medhetteesinne go77a bolla pee7ees (Myers-Scotton,
2006).Mallas, Amaarathonne Goofatho haasayanchchati woligiddon haasayettishe nam77ape isson
qaala medho/tillatonna qofi beettiya wode issuwakko laamees.Koodde laamo hanotay nam77u
shaahotan erettiyayssa gidishin:
1. Hanota gaason koodde laamo (situational code-switching)-hayzanchata gaason koodde
laamanaw attonaba gidishin haasaya qoppobape dendidayssaninne doona laamey gakkiya
hanotape dendidi laamo.
2. Aaqe oda doona laamey (Metaphorical code-switching) qassi issi mala doona haasayanchata
giddon medhettiya doona laame gidishin hayzanchatikka dummatethi de7onnan tillayanaw
koyettida/zaari paattanadan koyettidi eeson koodey laamettees.
Koodde laame simirethoy keehipe ziqqa gididi beetey cima haasayanchatan gidishin paantha naytan
keehipe dhoqqa gidees.
Issi kilile medhon, heera duussa bessan, issipetetha kifiletan/shaakotaninne ooso gishatan de7iya
haasayancha sima cugati doona tal77anawnne doona laamanaw pantta kothe eenotethi medhanaw
malloosona. Mallas, Kare deretan,Porto Riqa shoorotiya asay NewJersey geetettida gaden issi issi
yarati wallotethan koodde laame istaylenne keehipe dhoqqa gidida doona giddobata tal77en gallassa
gallassa haasayan gidin keehi moode gidida shiiqotanikka go77ettoosona.Hara heeran de7eyssati qassi
pantta Ispanishe doona xalaala aadhi- aadhi moode hanotatan keehi guutha tal77eninne koodde lame
istayleta moode gidonna haasayatan go7ettishe de7iyayssa qonccisees.Haray qassi,Ingilizethos gita
bessi immidi haasayishe Ispanishe doona woy kooddiya laame istayleta yooga naytaranne panta shooro
asara xalaala haasayetteyssa qonccisis.
Doona tal77ey daro wode issi doona giddon de7iya qaalatinne turati haran paattanawnne qonccisanaw
injetonna attiya woden tillatethasinne suuretethas gishe doona haasayanchati tal77oosona. Doona
tal77ey doona giddon de7iya qaalata tal77eninne/lexical borrowing/-bertte ooso polos go77iya
qaalatan/function words/, peeshota, sunthata, sunqqota, sunbeqotanne peeqota) gasethotanne
dabbothota, wode, hanotanne besse qonccisiya peeqo giddobata nne qawosa tal77e/structural
borrowing-xii gidida kooshe saynsse giddobata (ortographical), meega qofa medho saynsse
giddobatanne birshethas maadiya qaala woga giddobatan (phonological) shaakettees.
Ha hanotay Ingilizethoy daro alame doonatape medhettida hanota gidishin nu Goofathonikka
Wolayttathope ,mallas cora, alleeqo, doomethi, allalle, hirayso, bessis, tochis, kayo, gamma, injje,

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halcho, h.h.m qaalata tal77idi Goofatho doona giddon go7etethi gidishin haasayanchati mise qaala pa
doonan demmonna attiya wodenne he qaalay he doonan tillatethas injje gidiya gishas tal7oosona.
Amaaratho doonape qassi, gaazexa, mexeete, iskibirtto, irsaase, salida, choke, jaakette, koote, sahine,
burccuqo, distte, Zeena, pidale, mazgabe, kifile, bira, biro, santime, timirtte, taarike, baale, wale, kaso,
shuraabe, xuufe, waraqate, luuke, xaaba, dawtare, atare, shaashe, kalsse, tishertte, sure, caama
h.h.misatiya qaalatanne turata tal77en doona medhis guussi.
Ingilizethope qassi tal77ettida doonata xeelliya wode industire, teknolooje, feesbuuke, imeyle,
telebizhine, iraadone, mobile, kompitere, sokondde, ikonoome, poltika, biira, Korona, h.h.m
Koodde Laame Yuushon Geetettiya Issi issi Qofata
Dumma dumma doona haasayanchati harati koodde laamana mela bessokkona; hessape gahetethan
keehi wodallatetha bessiya gidikkoka harata doona go7etethay lo77o yaagees.Nam77antho kooddes
de7iya eray koyroyssan un77ettanaw dandda7ees; guussaykka, koodde laamey koyettenna.Issi issi
issipetetha hanotati issi kooddey go77ettana malanne he nam77antho kooddey ubba haasayanchatan
erettiyayssata gididi koyro kooddey uuga asatan erettiyayssa gidees.
Issi issi hanotatan koodde lame dandda7ay ekettonnaba gidees.Mallas, Ingilizetho haasayanchati ubba
wode entara haasayettiya asaa erettonna doonatas besse immi erokkona geetettees.Koodde laamey issi
gakettiya kaari woy yohoy de7onnan yeda haasayanikka medhettanaw dandda7ees.Ha hanotay qassi
meega qofata giddon medhettiya koodde laame woykko koodde walaka geetettees.Haasayanchatas
nam77anne bolla gidida koodde woykko dooni entaw de7iyaba gidikko pantta doona kanddota
aakkisanaw dandda7oosona.Gahetethan entaw medhettiya metoti waayisonnayssa
gidees;qassikka,keehi waayiseyssa gididi enti gahetethas ay mela xeelo bessiyakko zemppees.
Issi hanotan go7ettanaw nu dooriya kooddey harati ay mela nuna xeelanadan nu koyiya koshsha
qonccisees.Koodde laamey issi haasayanchay issi bagga ogen hara asa gakkanadan oge kiittees,
kothetetha medhdheesinne yedatethanne ubbabas dooyetetha bessees.Gujidikka, koodde laamey issoy
harara hashetetha, guussaykka, issi asi oona gida asas gina gidida guye taarikey de7ennayssa
akeekanayssa bessees.
4.7 Doona Naagiso, Laamenne Hayqo/Language Maintenance, Shifting & Death
Hayssi issi dooni hara daro bessi gakkida doonan laametethi gidishin, mallas Goofatho dooni
Wolaytathoninne Wolaytatho dooni Goofathonlaame hanota bessees.Hara baagara, doona naagisoy
aynne erettida doonara /daro asay haasayettiya doonara lanxxetethi medhettiyaba gidikkoka issi dooni
de7ida laythan gidin aadhiya de7o ubban heera haasayanchati panta doona go7ettishe gam7iya hanota
bessees.Doona laamey beteppe koyro gidin beteppe guye meezetan medhettiya woga

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gaasona.Gujjidikka ,haa hanotay betonna heeratan medhettiya poltikan,ikonoomeninne issipetetha
laametan gidin entta xeelotan medhettees.Hayssas eranchati mallawothidayssa mala, Newzealanden
Maori geetettida bessan Ingiliizetho doona giddoninne Maori doona giddon medhettida doona
lanxxetetha gaasona gidishin Ingilizethoy Maori doonappe aadho wolqqan de7ida gishassa
gidoosona.Guussaykka issi haasayanchati aadho wolqqan de7iya doona go7ettiya hanotay de7iyaba
gidikko he doonay naagettana qaaday harayssappe aadhdhees;he gaason qassi hara doonay leppan-
leppan dhayishe baana qaaday dhoqqi gees.
Tandefelt (1992) an doona laame hanota oydan shaakis.
1. Bagga laame (Partial shift)-heeran wodeppe woden doonay laamettishe buussa hanota
2. Kumetha laame (Total shift)-doona laame hanotan aynne guye simmonna hanota
3. Gita detha doona laame (Macro-level shift)-kumetha heera asa doona laametethi
4. Xii-detha doona laame (Micro-level shift)-buzuwa doona kaha kandduwa laame bessees.
Clyne (2003)an doona kaha kandduwapenne betanchata giddon woden woden medhettiya doona
laamiyape dendidayssan doona laame nam77an shaakis:
1. Yeletata woligiddo doona laame (Intra-generational shift of language)-issi gina gidida yeletata
giddon medhettiya doona laame
2. Dumma dumma yeletata giddon medhettiya doona laame (Inter-generational shift of language)-
hayssi daro bessan kothe hanota gidishin doona laamey nam77anthonne heedzantho yeleta
gidida betanchata giddon medhettees.
Doona laame dethay ubba wode koyro yeleta betanchatappe nam77antho yeletatan dhoqqi geyssa
qonccisis.Uuga gidida nam77antho yeleta haasayanchati panta koyro doona waani go7ettanekko
ubbarakka tamaari erokkona.
Issi issi Doona Laame Gaasota
A/ Cuccumettiyanne Deretetha Haahotethata Gaasota (Physical & Demographic Dislocation)-
hessatikka doona haasayanchati de7iya bessaa, enti wolis ay mala matatethan de7iyakkonne dumma
dumma laytha haasayanchatas doona eqotati ay mala gaketteysata gidiyakko wuda wothees.Gujjidikka,
qohatinne didirxxan medhettiya medhetetha qohati, guussaykka, wolqqama biita qaaxo,keehidi adussa
wodeta ekkiya koshenne miyabati dhayo hanotati, asa nayta dom7eti: ola, gaxxappe gaxxa gaso darota
wodho,nne mata wode katamata dicha hanotati daro laythata gam7iya doona laamees oge
dooyees;hessikka katama cugati ooratha issipetetha gitetetha medhdhiyayssanne ha hanotay qassi kare
baggara de7iya cuga heera asa gahetetha dichiya gishassa.Hara baggara, katamappe karera haakidi
de7iya cugati panta issipetetha koshsha alanaw dandda7iyay keehippe panta ziqqa detha doona
go7etethana gis (Fishman,1991 and Holmes,2001).

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B/ Issipetetha Bessa Haahotetha Gaasota (Social Dislocation)-hayssi qassi dabbo xanxa wogatan
oykettida heera asas sintha duussas haa hanotay keehippe meto gidees.Ziqqa detha duussi, ziqqa
demishata, timirtes gidin woga eqotata demmana hanotay keehippe teqqettidayssa gidoy issipetetha
qoha dhoqqi udees.Timirtte dethan ziqqanne wodala gidida heera asati de7iya bessan tamaarida bagga
xeeloy dariya wode gakkiya qohay dares;he gaasuwan heera asay pantta heera bolla,woga bollanne
doona bolla iita kaha xeelo ayssosona.Hessape denddidayssan issi issi haasayanchati pantta baaso
doona kumethan yeggi aggidi darotan eketethi de7iya doonakko woykko dhoqqa dethi de7iya
doonakko simon qonccisanaw dandda7oosona.Mallas, Wolaythatho haasayancha issipetetha asay
Goofatho doona haasayanchatakko woy Goofatho doona haasayanchati Wolaythatho haasayancha
issipetethako simo guussi (Fishman,1991).Ha eranchay pa oge bessan qonccisishe pantta baaso doona
haasayanchati hara darotan haasayettiya doona cugata oosota giddon walakettanappe panttana nagidi
pantta baaso doonanne wogas ammanettidayssata gididi de7anaw attikko qassi ooratha heera asara
walakettidi de7anaw qofa qasho koshees gidi ha nam77anthuwa dooriya hanotay de7ikko doona
laamey eeson dalggana mala oge gideyssakka qonccisis.
C/Woga Haahotetha (Cultural Dislocation)-ha hanotay medhettanaw dandda7ettey issi ubbappe
aadhiya ayso cugay hano gidi pa gitatetha pa woganikka heeran erettanaw gishe poliya hanotan
guussi.Mallas, Amaari beni wode kawotetha oykkida wode Amaaratho dooninne Amaara wogi dhoqqa
dethan besse demida wode guussi.Tigirey kawotetha oykiya wode Tigire woganne doona dhoqqa detha
naagisanaw haniya wode.
D/ Hara Gaasoti (Other factors)-daro gaasoti issipetetha heeran doona laamemedhdhanaw
dandada7ees.Hessatikka, wode-imathatetha gaden gam7iya wode adussatethinne qaanthatethi gidishin
yooga nayti daro wode bishe bishe panta yela aawatanne aayeta keetha yegi agidi imathatetha heera
asata giddon pantana danda7idi de7anaw boosona;he wodiyan ooratha heera asan wallotethan mitettidi
entta doonakka ubba wode go7etethi doomees. Haray cugata wiligiddo gelonne eko hanotata
(Exogamous marriage)-haa hanotay nam77antho yeleta doona haasayanchatara gakettiyaba gidikko
nam77u asaape issoy daro asatan erettida doona haasayancha heera asa gidiya wode doona laames gidin
doona naagisanaw gita maade immees.Gujan, doonaa bolla de7iya kumetha eratethi (language
proficience)-yela asaa giddon doonaa bolla de7iya dhoqqa eratethay, doonay gahetethas immiya
gate,zal77es, timirtesinne , ammano eqotati, keetha asa dabbotethati,panta biita asara de7iya ubba wode
gahetethatinne h.h.m bessees.

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Shemppo Ichasha
Doona Poolisenne Sinthe Qofa Keso/Language Policy & Planning
5.1 Doona poolisenne halchethi birshetha kaha qofata/Definition of Language Policy & Planning
Daro gadeti daro wode issi doonawaata.He issi doonaa haasayanaw dandda7iya daro asay daro
bessatape shiiqidi uttida Amerkka gadenikka de7oosona.Ingilizetho doonara xeelliya wode haratas ha
hanotay de7enna; aybis gikko, entti daro doona haasayiya heera asa giddon de7iyayssatanne
Ingilizethoy soo giddon koyro doona gidenna gishassa.Hessa gishaw doona sinthe qofa kesoy daro
gadeta kawotetha, higgenne timirtte eqotati gaden haasayanchata dummatetha woykko doona
dummatethati awussa biirotan polettiya oosotas go7ettanaw koshshi gidi sinthe qofa kessanaw
bessees.Mallas, Israeele gaden dalgga deretetha giddon keehidi dalggan go7ettiya doona gidenna
attikkoka, Ibiraaweta (nuyssan Amaaratho)doonay he kumetha gadiyas ooso doona gididi
doorettis.Hinde gaden qassi,Hindii geetettiya doonay doorettis.Hessa xeelliya wode, doona sinthe qofa
keso ooso polo wogi keehi lo77o dhoqqatethi demmanaw dandda7iya daro laythata giddon aadhida
kumetha oykerettida ooso bolla peesho dethi de7iyaba gidikko.Afirkkan Tandzaana gaden Swaahile
doonaa he kumetha gade doona udida hanotay lo77o malla gidees.
Issi gade kumetha biro doona/ooso doona dooro woykko dummayo ooso polo wogi ay wodekka baaso
qawosata (grammars), qabimata (dictionaries) nne xaafettida moodeeleta (written models) koodde
medho/koojetha ooson (Codification) dethi naagettida dummatetha essanaw woykko tokkanaw

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go7etetha kaallees.Dalggiso oosoti (elaborations) qassi dethi naagettida dummatethi, ubba issipetetha
duussa hanotan go7etethas diccishininne he detha kaallidi dumma dumma xaafettida oosoti beeto
doomiya hanotaa kaalliya ooso polo wogay oosettees.Hessape,ooso bolla peesho ooso polo wogay
(implimentation) qassi, daro bagga detha naagetethaa go7ettanadan kawotethay malliya hano gidishin
tabaa gidi eketethi (acceptance) pa baggara doona poolisenne sinthe qofa keson wursetha dethi gidishin
keehi darfo gidida kumetha deretethay detha naagetetha go7etethakko gelidaba gidiya wodenne he
doona wuri he gade doona gidi qoppiya hanota;hessi issipetetha oonatetha xalaala gidennashin
gadetetha oonatetha gidiya ooso polo woga.
Kumethan, doona sinthe qofa kesoy medheta doona laame ooso polo wogan asa nayta zuge gelo
gidishin, doona dharccetethinne doona laaletethinne dhayo hanotara gakettees.
Ha oosoy oyddu ogeta kaalleyssa gidishin:
1. Dooro Ooso (Selection)-dethi naagettida doonatetha dooroy doona detha naagiso oosuwas keehi
wudatteyssa gidishin dumma dumma doona dummatethi de7eyssatappe issi diccanaw koshshiya
doona woykko doona dummatetha dooro guussi.Qassikka, gade haasayanchi de7onna daro
dummatethi de7iya doona medhota dooro.
2. Koode/qaalata medho Ooso (Codification)-doorettida doona dummatethaa qawosa
maxaafetaninne qabimatan daro laythatas koojethi.Guussaykka, he doorettida doona dummatethaas
qawosa baggatanne bertte doona hanotata dethi naagiso gidishin xaafettida miisheta sinthe qofa
keso (Corpus planning). Bertte doona baggata sinthe qofa kesoy (Corpus planning)- hayssi doona
woy doona dummatetha dichanaw koyettidi keyiya doona sinthe qofa gidishin ubba wode doona
detha naagisanaw,guussaykka, issipetetha giddon oona gida doona go77a immana oge gididi
maadees gis (Clyne, 1997).Ha oosoy pidale medho (development of an orthography), ooratha qaala
pulttota dooyo (new sources of vocabulary), qabimata (dictionaries), nnebila-xuufe (literature),
hano gidi dichiya ooratha go77ata issippe shiishi oykethan doonay kawotethan,timirtten inne
zal77en doonaa go77ay dalgganaw dandda7ees giya qofanaa. Ha sinthe qofa keso hanotay
keehippe koshey Indoonesha, Israeele, Finlandee, Hinde, Paakistaane, nne ooratha Guyna Paapau
geetettiya gadetan keyees. Ha nam77u doona sinthe qofa kesoti daro wode issi bolla poletti
wodhees; gaasoykka daro sinthe qofa gizzo oosoti detha laamenne gaatha laameta wolibolla
walakki oykiya gishassa.
3. Doorettida doona dummatethay immiya go77a paate ooso (Elaboration of function)-dethi
naagettida medhoti polanaw dandda7iya dalgga eqota dethaninne xaafo oosotan de7ana go77a

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tillayo.Hessikka, oorathabatan de7iya go77a dalggisonne koshshiya doona miisheti ooratha kaha
qofatanne gelota oykkana mela disho ooso.
4. Dalgga deretethan eenotethi demo (Acceptance) –koshshiya deretethay ha doorettida doona
dummatethay pantta dethi naagettida doonadan/kumetha gade doonadan hano/de7o/ ooso bolla
pee7o gidi eenotetha eko.Doonas de7iya detha dhoqqatetha yuushon he doona bolla de7iya
xeeluwa gizzonne deretethay pantta doorettida doona bolla kumetha ammanetethi oykkanaadan
ooso gidishin doona dethas sinthe qofa keso woykko detha dhoqqatethas sinthe qofa keso sinthe
qofa keso (Status/pristige planning).Doona dethas sinthe qofa kesoy (Status planning)-hayssa mela
doona sinthe qofa kesoy doonwoy doona dummatethi immiya go77anne doonaa go7etanchata
maata laamees. Mallas,dethi naagettonna doonaawati pantta doonan pantta nayta tamaarso
ixxishin, entta doona dethay dhayees. Dooron kawotethay nam77i doonati de7iyaba gidikko
hessatappe issoy xalla dumma dumma go77ata immanadan labettiyaba gidikko, oorathai eratethi
demmida doonay dethi demmees.Doonatanne doonata dummatethi qofettishin detha laameti darfo
wode keehi leppa, qaasikka eeson palamettees.
Cobarrubias getettida eranchay (1983) issi issipetetha doona sinthe qofa keso gizzo ooso medhanaw
denthethiya oyddu shaaho ayso qofata qonccisis:
1. Doona saynssetho maara oyso/mitetethi (Linguistic assimilation/የየየየ የየየየ) -issi
doona go7etanchi awa deretethay oyshettonnan oona gida asi issipetethas ubba haphphiya
doona tamaaranaw bessees giya ammano.Ha hanotay Faransaye gadey pa zawa giddon de7iya
dumma dumma deretethata bolla ooson peeshida poolisey malla gidanawdandda7ees. Amerka
Issipetetha Aysoy (The United States) gaatha baggara, enttakko yida betanchatasinne kare
baggara qassi wolqqan paas oothida Guaminne Philippinesen Amerka Issipetetha Aysoy haarida
laythata ubban timirtte keethati Ingilizetho doonan tamaarisan poolise ooso bolla
peeshidoosona.Hessa melakka, ha poolisiya Puerto Rico geetettiya gaden 1940atan daro bessan
erettanaadan oothidoosona. Doona saynssetho maara oyso/mitetetha oosoti dalggara dumma
dumma hanotan meezetis. Grike gade Meqedoona asa Helenetho poolisenne kase wode
Soobeete Issipetethan Ruusiya doona dalggiso pooliseti lo77o mallata.
2. Doona Darotethi (Linguistic pluralism/የየየየ የየየየየ) -issoppe bolla gidida doonati
eratethi demmana mela ooso gidishin qassikka dumma dumma malata oykees. Hessikka ayso
heerata baasoyeyssata woy buzota baasoyeyssata, attikko qassi nam77a walaka gidanaw
dandda7ees.I qassi, issipetetha giddon kumethi woy bagga gidon, ubba woy bagga gidiya
duussa hanotati issoppe bolla gidida doonatan polettanaw dandda7ettees guussi. Mallas,
Beljeme, Kanaada, Singapoore, Dugeha Afirka, nne Swizerlande gadetan erettees.Nu

ELGo-2086 Page 41
Tophphiya ekkishin Amaaratho, Tigiretho, Oroomotho, Sumaaletho, Afaaretho, Sidaamotho,
Wolaythatho, Gamotho, Goofatho, h.h.misatiya hanota.Dugeha Tophphiya doonata xalla
ekkiyaba gidikko, Sidaamotho, Wolaythatho, Gamotho, Goofatho,Oydatho,
Basketotho,Konthotho, Koyratho,h.h.misateyssati tilla malla gidees.
3. Dethi naagettonna Gade doonatho (Vernacularization/የየየየ ብሄራዊነት) –gade giddon
de7iya doona qoncciso hanota gidishin kumetha gade doona gidi sunthonne ooson peesho
hanota.Mallas, kare gaden, Indooneeshiyan Bahaasa Indooneeshiya doona, Papua ooratha
Guiniyan Tok Pisine doona, Israeelen Ibraawe doona, h.h.misateyssata. Nu Tophphiya xeelon,
daro heera doonati de7iyaba gidikokka Amaarathoy gade doonatethan ooso bolla pee7ishe
de7ees.Dalggibenna guussi.
4. Alame kumetha doonatho (Internationalization/የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ) -gade doona
gidonna (non-indigenous language) ooso doonanne timirttesinne zal77e oosotas dalgga
gahetethi medhisiya doonatethan ooso bolla peesho.Hayssa daro wode nu ereyssa mela Ingiliize
gadeppe karera dumma dumma gadetan haasayettiya Ingilizetho doonay lo77o malla
gidees.Ingilizetho doona kaallidi Paranje doonay, chinethoy ha7i wode kumetha alame dethan
dalgga gahetetha medhdhanaw injje gidees.
Sinthe qofa keso gizzo oosotappe denddidayssan issi dooni dumma dumma dethatappe issuwa oykanaw
cdandda7ees gis (Kloss, 1968).Issi dooni pexo gade doonatethan erettanaw dandda7ees, mallas,
Paranjetho doonay Faransaye gaden, Ingilizethoy Ingiliizeninne Amerka Issipetetha Ayso gadetaninne
Amaaratho doonay Tophphiya gaden.Hessi qassi Xaafettida kawotetha higgetaninne ayso maaratan
gidanaw bessees.Issi issi gadetan nam77anne bolla gidida doonati kumetha gade doona detha
demmanaw dandda7oosona.Mallas, Paranjethonne Ingilizetho doonati Kanaadaninne Kaameruunen;
Paranjetho,Jarmanetho, Xaalanetho, nne Oroomanetho doonati Swizerlande gade doonata gididi
eratetha demidi ooso bolla pee7idayssata.Nu Tophphiyan Amaaratho bolla sinthappe Oroomothoy,
Tigirethoy Wolathathoynne h.h.misayiya doonati gujettiya qaadi medhettishin bollan qonccida hanota
kaallanaw dandda7ees.Issi issi doonati xaafo go77an pee7onnan haasayas, muuzinqasinne heera
gahetethaas xalaala ooso bolla pee7anadan sinthe qofa keson gizzettees.
Doona sinthe qofa keso gizzo oosoti issi gagen de7iya dethai naagettonna doonatan haniyabata
gizzanaw keehi daro oosota oothees (Cobarrubias, 1983). Aadhida daro laythatan dethi naagettonna
doonata go7ettonaadan dhaysonne teqo oosoti gade dethaninne kawotetha ayso maataawata dethan
oosettidayssappe denddidi qoodan daro haasayanchi medhettida doonati hayqqanaadan gaaso gidis;
gidoppe attin, he hanotay shirettidi doonata tookana hanotinne issi dethi naagettonna doona hera
haasayanchati heera asati pantta doona wothidi yeleta pinthana giyaba gidikko Awuropa Zoreta keethay

Issipetetha asa doona saynsse handout edited 2010 2013

Issipetetha asa doona saynsse handout edited 2010 2013

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Issipetetha asa doona saynsse handout edited 2010 2013