BA Senior Essay

1. 1
SHEMPPO ISSO
1. GELO
Ha shemppoy kumethan xaaxi waaxi oykkiday xinaatiya esuwaa,xinaatiya
qonccisuwaa,xinaatiya qoppobaata, xinaatiya go77aa, xinaatiya zawaa, xinatiya
metotanne ooratha qaalata birshshetha gidees.
1.1 Xinaatiya Esuwaa
Asa na7i sa7a bolla issipetethan duussi oykkida wodeppe doommidi issoy issuwaara gahetethi
medhidayssi erettidabaa. Ha gahetetha ogeykka doona go7etethan gidees .Doona go7ettidi
gahetethi medhdhishin oyddu doona hiillata go7ettees.Hessatikka,hayzo,haasaya, nabbabonne
xaafo geetettidi erettoosona.
Hiza xaafoy oyddu doona hiillatappe issuwaa gidishin asa na7i paas de7iya kaha qofaa xuufen
qonccisiya oge gididi erettees. Xaafoy dalgga deretethay qofa laamerettiya miishe
gideyssappe aadhdhidi issipetetha duussaa minthiya oge.Hara baggara xeellishin deretethay
issoy issuwaara som77onne som77o haasayappe kaallidi qofa dalgga deriyaas aathiya hanota.
Ha xaafo hiillaa go7ettidi qopa qonccisiya wode kaallanaas bessiya ogeta bolla dumma
dumma xaafanchchati pantta qopan kalidosona. Solomone (1991:1) ha qofa bolla wothishe
tamaareti xaafo hiilla timirtten loythidi wuda wothidinne issi issi xaafo hiilla giddon beettiya
doona higgetan geeyidi panttas de7iya qofa gallasan gallasan gakkiya duussa hanotata xaafidi
loohoy keehippe koshshees gis.
Hessappe kaallishin,issi asi xuufe xaafishen issi huuphe gidida qofa denthidi issi daassan
shiishanayssi keehippe erettees. Hessa gishinkka, issi denthida qofaa daassan daassan
mooddidi xaafishin qofa issipetethaa,sinth-guye maaraa naagidi gurzzanne siqimettida dalgga
qofaa shiishidi oykkees.Kaallidikka,daassi koyro meega qofata shiiqo gidees. Daassi issi
huuphe qofa kanchche qonccisiya meega qofata issippetethi gididi erettees.Hayssappekka
haraa qassi issi daassi issi denddo meega qofi de7iya guutha xuufe kifile gididi paatetha
qofati he denddo qofaa paatti qonccison dichchanaas geloosona.Ha denddo qofaa
dalggisanaas geliya paatetha qofati issoy issuwaara de7iya issipetethaynne gahetethay

2. 2
naagettidis xaafettees.Hessadanikka, daassas issi mega qofappe haraakko pinnishin maade
qaalata akeekan go7etethan xuufiyas de7iya qofa issipetethaanne giddon de7iya gahetethaa
naagidi xaafanaas dumma dumma gasetho qaalata go7etethay daroppe koshsheyssa gidees.
Qommon denddida qofa bolla gujjishin, daassa xaafishin xaafanchchay suurenne dalgga kaha
oosota oothees.Hessikka, ay wodekka gidin xaafanchchay qonccenne qantha qaalata go7ettidi
daro dalgga kiita aathees. Raymey (1982:2) pa qofaa wothishe,tamaareti panttas koyida xuufe
xaafishe xuufiyaas kaaraa loythidi qofa giddo gelison pantta daassaa xaafanaasinne lo77o
xaafo ogeta medhdhanaas koyrottidi gizzo koshsheyssanne xuufiya giddon shiiqanaw bessiya
kale qofata sinth-guye maara naagidi wothiyabaa gidikko nabbabanchchatara lo77onne suure
gahetathi medhdhoosona gis.
Wurssethan, ha pilggetha kaaraa bolla hayssappe sinthe dumma dumma pilggethati hara
doonatan oosettidosona. Gidikkoka, ha pilggethay kaseyssappe dummatiya ogeti de7ees.Kase
pilggethay oosettikokka ha pilggethay Goofatho doonan pilggettees. Kaallidikka, pilggetha
ogeykka kaseyssappe dummatees. Haray qassi, besota zaari loysoninne koshshonna qofata
gaathappe digon kase pilggethan bilettonna attida metota zaari woocethi ooson bertte gidida
metota kessi beson gideyssi dummatethi bessees.
1.2. Metuwaa Qonccisuwaa
Pilgganchchay ha pilggetha kaaraa bolla xinaate wudidi oothanaas denthida dumma dumma
gaasoti de7oosona. He metotappekka sintha kushe ekkeyssi Bulqqi 2tho detha timirtte keethan
10tho kifile tamaaretas Goofatho doonan daassa xaafo hiilla bolla suuke phooli beettis. Hessa
bolla Heejjey (1988:5) qofa wothishe xaafoy daro waayethiyanne loythidi looho koyiya hiilla
gidishin oonikka pa doonan haasaya dandda7ikkoka xaafo hiillay ziqqa timirtte dethappe
doommidi dhoqqa timirtte detha gakkanaw keehidi xaafos koshshiya higgeta kaaloy
naagettiyaaba gis.
Hessappe kaallishin, daassa xaafo hiilla xinaatey woy pilggethay oosettiya timirtte keetha
dethan xeellishin tamaareti imettiya kaarata bolla daassi xaafishe daroppe xaafo higgiya
naagonnayssinne daroppe xaafos waayettishe timirtte keethan tamarssiya asttamaareti
gam7idayssi meto gididi beettis.Hessappekka haraa ,dumma dumma xuufe paaceta suure
xaafo dandda7onnayssa issi issi markkati mallidosona. Gujjidikka,ha daassa xaafo metuwaa

3. 3
bolla hessappe sinthe pilggethi oosettonnayssinne ha metoy bilettonnabaa gidiya gisho,
tamaaretas de7iya xaafo hiillay diccana mala pilgganchchay ha kaaraa bolla pilggethi
oothanaw koyis.
1.3. Xinaatiya Qoppobaata
1.3.1. Xinaatiya Kumetha Qoppobaa
Ha pilggethaa kumetha qoppobay Bulqqi 2tho detha timirtte keethan 10tho kifile tamaaretas
Goofatho doonan daassa xaafos meto gididabaata shaakkidi eranaassa.
1.3.2.Paatetha Qoppobaata
1.Tamaaretas daassa xaafos de7iya xaafo woga buussas meto gididabaata
shaakkanaassa.
2.Daassa xaafo yarata akeekanaassa.
3.Tamaaretas daassa xaafo wode beettiya Qawosanne qaala dooretha meto bolla made
immanaw bessiya hanotata xomoosanaassa.
4.Asttamaareti tamaaretas daassa xaafo wode issi imettida kara bolla beettiya daassa
xaafo paceta kaallidi maade immiya hanotata yiggi xeellanaassa.
1.4. Xinaatiya Oyshata
1. Tamaareti daassa xaafishe daassa xaafo wogaanne buussa shaakki eroonaa?
2. Tamaareti daassa xaafishe daassa yarata shaakki eroonaa?
3. Tamaaretas daassa xaafo wode qawosenne qaala dooretha metoy ay hanotan
bilettanaas dandda7ii?
4. Asttamaareti tamaareti daassa xaafiya wode beettiya paceta kaallidi issi issi maadeta
immi eroonaa?
1.5. Xinaatiya Go77aa
Ha pilggethay wuridaape guyen metoy shaakettidi erettikko daro bagga go7ettey
tamaaretanne Asttamaareta gidoosona.Tamaareti pantas koyida kaaraa bolla xaafo hiila

4. 4
go7ettidi pantta qofa suure xaafanaas keehidi go77ees. Gujjidikka, tamaareta Goofatho
doonan daro dalgga daassataxaafidi meezetanaas keehidi maaddees.
Haray qassi, Goofatho doona Asttamaareti tamaaretas de7iya xaafo detha shaakki eranaasinne
koshshiya maade tamaaretas immanas oge mallanaw dandda7oosona.Wurssethan, hara wode
ha pilggetha kaaraa bolla pilggethi oothiya pilgganchchatas nam77antho pultto gididi
maaddees.
1.6. Xinaatiya (Metota) Dhubeta
Pilgganchchay ha pilggetha kaaraa bolla pilgetha oothishin dumma dumma metoti gakkanaw
dandda7ees. Hessasikka ha pilggetha oosuwaas maaddiya markka maxaafeta miishe pulttoti
oosuwaas de7iya wode xunthatethinne pilgganchchaas Goofatho doonan pilggethi oothanaas
kase era meeze pace metoti aadhdhi aadhdhidi gakkanaas dandda7ees.
1.7. Xinaatiya Zawaa
Pilgganchchay loythidi wuda wothiday pilggethi oothanaas denddiday Bulqqi nam7antho
detha timirtte keethan tammantho kifile tamaareta daassa xaafo meto bolla xalaala
gidees.xaafoy daro dalgganne walakkettidabaa gidishin hara dumma dumma xaafo metoti
de7ikkoka pilgganchchay daro wuda wothidi pilggethaa oothey tamaareta daassa xaafo meto
bolla xalaala gidees.

5. 5
SHEMPPO NAM77A
2. HARA MARKKA XUUFETA XEELO
2.1 Xaafos De7iya Xapho Qopatanne Daassa Xaafo
Xaafoy dumma dumma malaatata go7ettidinne medhdhidi issi xaafettiya miisheta bolla
xaafidi woso guussi.hessikka kushen pidaleta go7etidi issibaa oothidi beso
mmezegidees.kaallidikka he oothi beso meeziyan pidaleta gasethidi dumma dumma qaalata
qassika qaalata woli gathidi mega qofata xaafo gidishin ha mega qopati kaallidi issi bolla
qawosa wogaa naagidi xaafettishin daassa gididi erettees.Gujjidikka issi daassay xaafettishe
sinth-guye maaraa naagees,dumma dumma gasetho qaalata go7etethaynne daassas de7iya
qopa issipetethay kumethan naagettidi xaafettanaw bessees.ha qommo qofaa dalggan
wothiday (white 1989:10) gidishin Bayreneykka ha denddida qopaa loythidi kalishe daassa
xaafos koyro mega qopata issippe shiishon ,kumetha daassas qopa issipetehaa naagidi
xaafiyaabaa gidikko nu xuufiya nabbabiya asatara suure gidida gahetetha medho xeelonne
gahetethas xaafoy lo77o giddoyiyua miishe gidanaw dandda7ees gis.Ha qommon denddidda
qofappe akeekettey suure wolin shiiqida mega qofati nu xaafida xuufiyan nabbabanchchatara
lo77o gahetethi medhdhana mala ootheyssa . Hessappe kaallidi xuufiyaas de7iya birshshethaa
suure billanaas lo77o wolqqa gidees.Gujjidikka xaafoy hiilla gididi asa nayti qofa
lamerettiyanne eratethi kaxxiya kiita haraas aathanaas aadhdhidikka dumma dumma hanotata
xaafi minjjanaasinne sinthappe aybi hananeekko kaayanaas loythidi go77ees. Kaallidikka asa
nayti loythi haahon de7iya bessatanikka wolis qofa laamerettanaas loythidi maaddeyssi
qonccis. Misatathan Raymey(1983:3) qofa wothishe xaafoy nuuni haratara de7o woga
hanotata laamarettanaasinne asati nu matan de7onnashininne hayzettonnashin wolis qopa
laameretiya haasaya hanota qonccisiya dumma gidida gahetetha oge gis.
Hessa gidiya gisho, xaafoy xaafanchchatappekeehidi kaha qofa oychchiyanne dummatuya
gahetetha hiilla. Gujjidikka Raymey ha qofaa kalishe ay wodekka xaafanchchati xaafishe
warqqate bolla wothanaas koyida ooratha qopaa suure ogen qonccisidi wothanaas bessees.He
xaafettuya qopaykka qoncce gidida qaalatanne suure mega qofata koyi demmidi qoncce
gidida hanotan xaafikko nabbabanchchatasinne xaafanchchatas de7iya dabbotetha minthees.

6. 6
Hessapekka haraa xaafosinne xaafanaappe sinthe qofaas de7iya issippetethaa loythi minthidi
lo77o xaafanchcha oothees gis.
Daassi meega qofatappe kaallidi de7iya doona kifile dethaa.Hessikka, daassi issi ayfe qofa
kanchche qoonccisiyaa meega qofata shiiqo. Hayssappe hara qassi issi denddo meega qofi
de7iya guutha xuufe kifile gididi paatetha qofati he denddo ayfe qofaa paatti qonccison
dichchanaas geloosona. He denddo woy huuphe qofaa dalggisanaas paatetha qofati issoy
issuwaara de7iya issipetethaanne gahetethaa naagon xaafanaas koshshees. Hessadankka,
daassa giddon issi meega qofaappe hara meega qofaakko pinnanaas maade qaalata akeekan
go7etethan xuufiyaa qofa issipetethanne entta giddon de7iyaa gahetethaa naagidi xaafanaas
bessees. Gidida gisho, gasetho qaalata, mallas,gidoppe attin, woy, qassi, hessa gisho,
hanikkoka ,hayssappe , hara baggara qassi, h.h.m. qaalata some ---nne go7ay lo77o xuufe
xaafanaas daro maaddees.Daassa xaafanaas maaddiya kaallodata kaara dooro, qofa
shiisho,qofati maari de7iya hanotan giigiso wode maaran giigiso, issipetethaanne
dummatethaa giigiso koshshees.kaallidikka koyro harxxe xuufiyaa giigiso, simmidi xeelo,
xuufiya qofa issipetetha simmi xeelo, doona woga maara naagidi qawosa , cachcha malaatata
go7a ,wogga pidaleta, go77a h.h.m. zaari xeellidi wurssehan giigidi xaafikko suure daassi
xaafanaas dandda7isees. (pulttoy;Arbba Mince asttamaareta loohosiya kolloje Goofatho
doona moojule 1).

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SHEMPPO HEEDZA
3.XANNA7O OGENNE HIILLA
Ha shemppoy kumethan shiisi oykiday xanna7o ogetanne hiilla,pilggethan issipettiya
deretethata,bessinddo eko oge,bessinddo darotethaanne,markkanddo shiisho miisheta gidees.
3.1. Xanna7o Oge
Pilgganchchay ha pilggethaa oosuwaa oothanaas pa qoppabaadanne doorida kaaraadan
injjetiya xana7o oge dooridi pilggethi oothis. Hessikka hara dumma dumma xanna7o
ogetappe ha pilggethaas qoncciso xanna7o hillaa go7ettidi pilggees.kaallidi shiiqida
markkanddota paydoninne qaala qoncciso hiillan qoodimaagata bolla zemppidi yiggisinne
paattis. 3.2 .Pilggethan Issippettiya Deretethata
Pilgganchchay pa pilggethaas huuphe udida deretethati bulqqi nam77antho detha timirtte
keeha Goofatho doona asttamaaretanne tamaareta gidoosona. Hessappe kaallidi pilggethaas
wuday tammantho kifile tamaareta daassa xaafo bolla meto loythidi woocidi eranaas koyettis.
3.3. Bessinddo Dooro Oge
Pilgganchchay ha pilggetha oothanaas koyiday Bulqqi nam77antho detha timirtte keethan
tammantho kifile tamaareta daassa xaafo bolla gidishin ha pilggethan paas markkanddo
immanaas dandda7iya Goofatho doona asttamaareta dooridi ekkis. Kumethi timirtte keethan
de7iya tamaareta darotethay adde 266 macca 275 kumethan 541 gidees. Hessadanikka
asttamaareta darotethay adde 4 kumethan 4 gidoosona.pilgganchchay ha kumetha 10tho kifile
tamaaretanne asttamaaretape markkanddo immanaw dandda7iya tamaaretanne asttamaareta
gizzidi bessinddo eko hiillan poxi poxi bessinddo eko ogiya go7ettidi pa pilggethaas
markkanddo immiya yarata dooris.
3.3. Bessinddo Darotethaa
Kumethi timirte keethan de7iya 10tho kifile tamaaretappe pilgganchchay markkanddo
shiishanaw 25 tamaareta ekkis. Asttamaareta darotethay adde 2 macca…. Kumethan 2 gidees.
Kumethan bessinddo darotethay 25 tamaaretanne 2 asttamaareta gidees.

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3.4. Markkanddo Shiishiya Miisheta
Pilgganchchay ha pilggethaas markkanddo shiisho maaddiya miisheta ekkishe pilggetha
kaaraara gahetethi de7iyaanne dabbotethi de7iya markkanddo shiisho miisheta
dooris.Gujjidikka, xanno7o qoppobaara matatethi de7iya markkanddo shiishiya miisheta
ekkis.Hessappe denddidayssan kaalliya markkanddo shiisho miisheta go7ettis.
Hessatikka:
 Qaala oyshata
 Xuufe oyshata
 Kifile giddo xomooso
3.4.1. Qaala Oyshata
Qaala oyshay markkanddo shiishiya miishetappe issuwaa gidishin markkanddo shiisho wode
zaaranchchatappe daro ciimma gidida markkata qaalan oychchidi demmanaas
maaddees.Hessappe denddidayssan 4u qaala oyshati oyshettiya Goofatho doona
asttamaaretas Goofatho doonan giigisis.Hessa bollakka qaala oyshay pilgganchchay koyida
markkanddo loyithi woocidi demmana mala maaddiyaanne xuufe oyshatappe dalgga
markkanddo aadhdhon demises. Hessa gisho qaala oyshaa giigisidi oyshettiya yaratappe
ciimmo markkata demmis.
3.4.2. Xuufe Oyshata
Ha pilggethaas pilgganchchay xuufe oyshata giigisidi pa pilggethaas markkanddo immanaw
doorettida yaratas dharccees.hessa gidiya gisho pilgganchchay 10u xuufe oyshata Goofatho
doona tamaaretas Goofatho doonan giigisidi shiishees. Pilgganchchay xuufe oyshata
giigisishe dooyanne gordda ogen giigisidi zaaranchchatas dharccis.
Gidikkokka gordda oyshati daro bagga oykkishin issi issi hanotatan dooya oyshata giigisees
.hessas gaasoykka zaaranchatappe markkanddo wallotethan shiishanaw koyida gishossa.

9. 9
3.4.3. Kifile Giddo Xomooso
Pilgganchchay dumma dumma hanotatan demmida markkanddota tillatethaa geeshshi eranaas
gishe pilggethaa oothiya timirtte keethaa gakkidi pa huuphes kifile giddo gelidi tamaareta
daassa xaafo hanota xomoosees.he xomoosida markkandduwa pa huuphes mazggabidi hara
ogera demmidayssara woli gathi geeddari xeellidi tillatethaa yiggis.
3.5. Markkanddo Paatethinne Birshshethi
Pilgganchchay pa pilggetha oosuwaas dumma dumma pulttotappe shiishida markkanddota
paattishe qaalaninne payddon qonccisis.Hessappe denddidayssan qaala oyshatanne kifile
giddo xomoosota qaalan qonccisishe xuufe oyshata qassi paydon qanccisis.Hessasikka gaasoy
xanna7o ogeninne markkanddo shiisho miisheti panttas koshshiya paatethan gidiya gishossa.
Xuufe oyshata zaarota paydon zaran wothishishin qaala oyshatanne kifile giddo xomosoy
qassi beettida markkanddo mala qaalan paattis.

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SHEMPPO OYDDA
4. MARKKANDDO PAATETHA, BIRSHSHETHANNE DEMOTA
4.1.Markkanddo Paatethanne Birshshetha
Ha shemppon kumethara dumma dumma ogera shiiqida markkanddoti dumma dumma
hanotatan zaraninne yedan paatittidosonanne birshshettidosona.
Zara .1 Tamaareta hanotaa
p.m Kifile dethay Maatumatetha
1. 10tho Adde 17
Macca 8
Gujeta 25
Zara 2. Asttamaareta hanota
p.m laytha Maatumatetha T/ dethaa
1. 10tho Adde 2 Dippoloma 2
Macca - Digire -
Gujeta 2 Gujeta 2
Zara 3.Tamaareta daassa xaafo buussa sshaakkanaas giigida oyshata
p.m Oyshata Ee Akkay
Qooda % Qooda %
1 Daassa xaafishe daassa xaafo buussaa akeekeetii? 9 36 16 64
2 Astamaareti hinttena daassi xaafisii? 15 60 10 40
3 Daassa xaafishe dumma dumma meega qofata go7etteetii? 8 32 17 68

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Qommo zaran oysha1on bolla xeellishin 64% kushe gidiya zaaranchchati gida mala tamaareti
daassa xaafos dhube gididabaatappe issoy daassa xaafishe daassa xaafo buussa akeekidi
eronnayssa markkay malees.hayssappe denddiddayssan daro bagga tamaareti daassa xaafishe
xaafanaappe sinthe daassa xaafo buussaa eronnashin xaafeyssi meto gididayssa bessees.oysha
2an xeellishin 60% kushe gidiya zaaranchchati gida mala asttamaareta daassa xaafiso hanotaa
kalidosona.qassi 40% kushe gideyssati asttamaareti daro wode kifile giddon xaafisos kaara
immidi xaafisokkona gidosona. Ha markkanddoy malliya mala asttamaareti tamaareta dumma
dumma hanotatan daassa xaafiso meeze ootheyssa dalggan bessees.hara baggara guutha qoodi
de7iya tamaareti asttamaareta daassa xaafiso hanotaa bolla daaburi de7ees gishe zaaridosona.
Oysha 3an bolla geetettida mala 68% kushe gidiya zaaranchchati tamaareti daassi xaafishe
dumma dumma meega qofata go7ettidi xaafokkona gidosona. Hara baggara qassi 32%
gideyssati tamaareti daassa xafishe dumma dumma meega qofata go7ettoosona gidosona. Ha
markkanddoy maalliya mala tamaareta daassa xaafos bertte dhube gididi erettiya metoy
tamaareti daassa xaafishe dumma dumma mega qofata go7ettidi daassa xaafonnayssa gidida
mala shiiqida markkay dalggan mallees.
Zara. 4 Tamaareta daassa xaafo dethaa shaakkanaas giigida oyshata
p.m Shiiqida oyshata Ee Akkay
Qooda % Qooda %
4 Daro tamaaretai daassa xaafo dethaa naagidi
xaafii?
11 44 14 56
5 Tamaareti xaafida daassaa asttamaareti kaalli
xeelii?
12 48 13 52
6 Tamaareti daassa xaafishe daassaas de7iya qofa
sinth-guye maaraa naagidi xaafii?
10 40 15 69
Kumethan 25 100%
Qommo zara 2 bolla xeellida mala shiiqida oysha 4an 56% gidiya zaaranchchati daro daro
tamaaretas daassa xaafo dethaa naagidi xaafo hanotay de7onnayssa qonccisishin 44% gidiya
zaaranchchati tamaareti daassa xaafishe xaafo dethaa naagidi xaafiya hanotay de7ees
gidosona. Ha markkanddoy bessiya mala daro tamaaretas daassa xaafos dhube gididay daassa

12. 12
xaafishe xaafo dethaa naagidi xaafonnayssa gidiyaa mala bessees. Qommo zaran oysha 5an
bessiya mala 52%gidiya zaaranchchati wothida mala asttamaareti tamaareti xaafida daassa
kaallidi xeellokona gidosona. Hara baggara qassi 48% gidiyayssati tamaareti xaafida daassa
asttamaareti kaalli xeelloosona gidosona. Ha markkanddoy bessiya mala tamarssiya
asttamaareti ubba tamaareta daassa xaafo hanotaa kaalli xeellonnayssanne koshshiya maade
immonnayssi tamaareta daassa xaafos dhube gidanaw dandda7idayssa beettida markkay
qoncce mallis. Qommo zaran oysha 6an qonccida mala 60% gidiya zaaranchchati tamaareti
daassa xaafishe daassaas de7iya qofa sinth-guye maaraa naagidi xaafokkona gidosona.hara
attida 40% gideysati sinth-guye maaraa naagidi xaafoosona gidisona. Ha shiiqida
markkanddoy malliya mala tamaareta daassa xaafos dhube gididay daassa xaafishe qofa-guye
maaraa naagidi xaafonnayssa gidiya mala shiiqida markkay qonccen mallis.
Zara .5 Tamaareta daassa xaafo meeziya shaakkanaas giigida oyshata
p.m Shiiqida oyshata Ee Akkay
Qooda % Qooda %
7 Daro tamaaretas daassa xaafo meezeynne xaafo
dandda7i de7ii?
8 32 17 68
8 Tamaareti daassa xaafishe dumma dumma cachcha
wogata suure go7ettoonaa?
9 36 16 64
9 Doorettida qaalata go7ettidi daassa xaafo abbey
de7ii?
13 52 12 48
Kumethan 25 100 25 100%
Qommo zaran oysha 7an bessiyaa mala 68%gidiya zaaranchchati daro tamaaretas daassa
xaafo meezeynne dandda7i de7enna gidosona. Hara attida 32% gideyssati qassi tamaaretas
daassa xaafo dandda7inne meezey de7ees gidosona.hanikkoka markkanddoy bessiya mala
daro tamaaretas daassa xaafos dhube gididay hessape sinthe xaafo meezeynne xaafo dandda7i
de7onnayssa gidiya mala shiiqida markkanddoy maallis. Qommo zaran oysha 8an qonccida
mala 64%gidiya zaaranchchati qonccisidayssi tamaareti daassi xaafishe dumma dumma
cachcha wogata go7ettidi daassi xaafonnayssa qonccisidosona. Ha markkay bessiya mala

13. 13
tamaareti daassa xaafishe dumma dumma cachcha malaatata suure go7ettidi daassa
xaafonnayssi keehi dhube gidiya mala markkay dalggan bessees. Qommo zaran oysha 9an
qonccida mala52% gidiya zaaranchchati qonccisiday tamaareti daassa xaafishe doorettida
qaalata go7ettidi xaafo metoy de7enna gidosona. Hara attida 48% gidiya zaaranchchati qassi
tamaareti daassa xaafishin doorettida qaalata go7ettidi xaafo metoy de7ees gidosona. Ha
shiiqida markkanddoy bessiyaa mala daro bagga zaaranchchati tamaaretas daassa xaafo abbey
dhayikkoka qaalata doorao abbey de7eyssa markkay bessees.
4.2.Tamaaretappe shiiqida dooya oyshata paatethi
Shiiqida oysha 10an daassa xaafos dhube gidiyaabaati aybee?geetettidi oyshettida oyshaas
daro baggay woy unddenna kushey gida mala daassa xaafos berttetethan erettiya metoti
tamaareti daassa xaafo buussaa shaakkidi eronnayssa,cachcha wogata shaakki eridi suure
go7ettonnayssa,xaafo wode suure qofa aathanaas dandda7isiya pidaleta balatethi,,xuufiyaas
qofa sinth-guye maaraa naagidi xaafonna atethi,meega qofata suure go7ettidi
xaafonnayssanne garssa kifile dethan tamarssiyaa asttamaareti tamaareta daassa xaafo
hiillanne hanotaa loythidi loohosidi kaalliya kifile dethaa aadhdhana mala udonnayssi
tamaaretas daassa xaafos keehidi dhube gidida mala dalggan qonccisidosona.oysha 11an ha
daassa xaafo meto metuwaa waatidi billanaass dandda7ettii?geetettidi oyshettida oyshaas daro
baggay woy unddenna tamaareti pantta qofaa wothida mala koyrottidi garssa kifile dethaappe
doommidi dhoqqa kifile dethaa gaso dethan dethan moodettida asttamaareti tamaaretas daassa
xaafo kaalloodata loythidi erisoninne woden woden meezeyon kaalli xeellidi koshshiya
maade immanaas bessees gidosona. Hessappe haraa,tamaareti pantta xaafo hillaa dichchanaas
cuga cugan gididi timirtten gooba gidida tamaaretara issippetethan dumma dumma ooosota
xaafon meezetethan minnidi oothikko metuwaa bilanaas dandda7etteyssa paattidi
qonccisidosona.
4.3.Asttamaaretappe shiiqida qaala oyshata paatethaa
Ha qaala oushay nam77u Goofatho doona tamarssiyaa asttamaaretappe shiiqidabaa
gidishin,enttana qassi zaaranchcha A nne B geetettidi sunthettidosona. Hessappe kaallishin
oyshati asttamaaretas kaalliya mala shiiqis.
Zaaranchcha A, zaaro oyshata 1,2,3,4 gidees.

14. 14
Oysha 1, nu timirtte keetha tamaaretas daassa xaafos gita meto gididay Goofatho doonan
kushe xuufen loythidi loohonnayssa, daassa zaafishe qofa issippetetha naagidi xaafonna atetha
meto,qofa sinth-guye maaraa naagidi xaafonna atethi, kaallidi qassi ,dumma dumma gasetho
qaalataanne cachcha wogata suurexaafo wogaa naagidi xaafonna atetha metoy dalggan
phoolidi beettees gis.
Oysha 2, tamaaretas daassa xaafo dandda7i dalggan de7onna attikokka 25% gideyssati xaafo
dandda7oosona. Hara attida daro baggay aykkoka daassa xaafo dandda7enna. Ayis giikko,
daassi guussay meega qofata shiiqo giya odeeppe haraa erokkonna.
Oysha 3,nu timirtte keetha dethan hessappe aadhdhidi Goofatho doona timirtte kifilen nu
tamaareta daassa zaafo loohisonaas dumma dumma zorenne woden woden ootho beso
haggazata immishe gam77ida. Hessatappeka koyrotteyssati, xaafishe pidale balatethape
naagettanayssa, qofa issipetethay de7anayssa, gasetho qaalata suure go7ettanayssa, cachcha
wogata suure go7ettanayssa,kaallidi qassi, issi kaaraa bolla daassa xaafishe denddo qofaa,
paatetha qofatanne gordda qofaa go7etethaa bolla daro dalgga zore woden woden immishe
gam77ida gidosona.
Oysha 4,daassa xaafo metuwaa billanaas koyrottidi garssa kifiletan maxaafeti giigettishe
daassa xaafo meezeynne medhoy kaaxettidi uttanaas bessees. Tamaareti daassi giya suntha
kanchche gidonnashin hanida keena zaafo hiillata eridi kaalliya kifilesgiigettanaas bessees.
Haray qassi, ubba dethan tamarssiyaa asttamaareti tamaareta daassa xaafiso wode kaallidi
kashshiya kale imon loythidi harmme ooso oothanaas bessees gidosona.
Zaaranchcha B zaaro oyshata 1,2,3,4 gidees.
Oysha 1, nu timirtte keetha tamaareti daassi xaafiya wode erettida meto gididabaati, daassi
xaafishe pidale balatethi, qofa sinth-guye maaran liconna atethi, doorettida qaalata go7etonna
xaafo, denddo qofa,paatetha qofanne gordda qofaa suure go7ettonna atetha metoti
beettoosona gidosona
Oysha 2, tamaaretas Goofatho doonan daassa xaafos dandda7i aadhdhi aadhdhidi issi issi
tamaaretas de7ees.hessa gisho dandda7onna tamaareta loohisanaas nuuppe daro gita gidida
kaaloynne maadey keehippe naagettees.

15. 15
Oysha 3, tamaaretas nuuni immishe gam77iday wolqqaama zorenne daassa xaafo wogaabaa
dalggan zaari zaaridi qoncisethaninne issiwaa issuwaa loythidi harmmen gidees.
Oysha 4,ha tamaareta daassa xaafo hiillaa meto billanaas ha77ika hayssappe qommon
qonccida mala daassa xaafo wogaanne xaafo hiillaabaa loythidi tamarssona gidishin, issi
kaaraa bolla denddo qofaa, paatetha qofatanne wurssethangordda qofaa bolla waatidi
xaafaneekko dalggan oothi besotanne hara dumma dumma wodetan imon lame ehanaas
dandda7ettees gidisona.
4.4.Asttamaareta qaala oyshata birshshethaa
Pilgganchchay qaala oyshatan zaaranchchatappe demmida zaaruwaa geeddaridi xeellidi
issinno gidida woy wolis matatethi de7iyaa zaarota issi bolla xaaxi waaxidi paatethaas
birshshethi immishin kaalliyaa mala gidees.koyro zaaruwaa bolla zaaranchchati immida
zaaruwaa xeellishin nam77atikka immida qofay issi mala hessa gishin,tamaareta daassa
xaafos dhube gidiyabaati, qofa sinth-guye maaraa naagidi xaafonna atetha meto,xaafishe
pidale balatetha meto, qofa issippetetha naagidi xaafonna ixo meto geyssati keehippe dalggan
qonccidosona.
Nam77antho detan tamaaretas daassa xaafo dethaa bolla de7iyaa meezeynne dandda7aa bolla
immida zaarota xeellishin nam77u zaaranchchati immida qofay issi mala gidees.hessika,
kumetha tamaareta daassaxaafo dandda7okkona gaanaas dandda7ettonna ixxikokka paydon
guutha gideyssati xaafoosona. Hara attida daro kushetas aynne daassa xaafo dandda7inne
meezey de7onnayssa markkanddoy dalggan bessees.haray, asttamaaretappe imettida kale
oosota bolla gidishin, hessatikka zaaranchchatappe demmida markkay keehidi issi mala
gideyssi erettis. Hessatikka, zaaranchchati immida mala issinno gidiya qaalatanne turata
gidishin,hessikka woden woden kaalonne wolqqaama kale imo geyssa gidees. Hayssi bessey
asttamaareti tamaareta daassa xaafon loohisanaas daro wode zorishe gam77idayssa bessees.
Wurssethan,xeellishin ubba zaaranchchati immida qofay keehidi matanne issi mala gidees.
Hessikka, ha tamaareta daassa xaafo meto billanaas koyikko koyrottidi garssa kifile dethaappe
doommodi tamarssiya asttamaareti loythidi kaalonne koshshiya daassa xaafo ogeta shaakiso,
hessika, denddo qofata paatetha qopatanne gordda qofan daassa xaafo hiillaa zaari zaaridi
harmmenne yooshe koshsheyssa markkay bessees. Ha markkay mallida mala ubba dethan

16. 16
de7iya Goofatho doona asttamaareti pantta gishuwaa polanaas besseyssa akeekanaas
dandda7ettees.
Zara .6 Kifile giddo xomoosos giigida yiggi be7o pormmaate
p.m Be7ettiya oosota Dhoqqa giddotho ziqqa Ubbara
ziqqa
1 Tamaaretas daassa xaafos de7iyaa era meezeynne
xaafo buussa kaalo dethay
X
2 Tamaareta daassa xaafo meeziya bolla asttamaareta
kaaloynne maade imoy
X
3 Tamaareti daassa xaafihse dumma dumma meega
qofata go7etetha hanotay
X
4 Tamaareti issi imettida kaaraa bolla daassi xaafidi
meezatana mala asttamaarey enttas giiga gidida
kaara dooridi xaafiso hanotay
X
5 Tamaareti daassi xaafishe daassa xaafo dethaa
naagidi xaafo hanotay
X
6 Tamaareti issi kaaraa bolla daassi xaafishe denddo
qofaa suure xaafo dethay
X
7 Tamaaretas daassa xaafos de7iyaa suukeynne
denddetethay
X
8 Tamaareti daassi xaafishe gasetho qaalatanne
dumma dumma cachcha wogata suure go7etetha
hanotay
X
9 Asttamaarey kifile giddon issi kaaraa bolla daassi
xaafisishin daro tamaaretas de7iya xaafo
dandda7aynne kale koyiya tamaareta dethay
haratara geeddarishin
X

17. 17
4.5.Kifile giddo xomooson beettida markkanddo birshshethaa
Pilgganchchay pilggethaa oothiya timirttekeethaa gikkidi tamaareta daassa xaafo hanotaanne
xaafo hiillaa kifile giddo gelidi pa yiggi be7o hanotaan xeellida markkaa hayssappe qommo
zaraan xomoosanaas dandda7ida mala tamaaretas daassa xaafos de7iya era meezeynne daassa
xaafo buussa ero dethay keehidi ziqqa gididayss dalggan xomoosis. Kaallidi asttamaarey
tamaaretas immishe gam77ida kaaloynne tamaareti daassa xaafishin gakkidi maade imon
suure giigiso dethaynne tamaareti issi imettida kaaraa bolla daassi xaafishe dumma dumma
daassa xaafo dethata naagidi xaafiya hanotay goddotho gideyssa dalggan markkay mallida
mala akeekis. Wurssethan, gasetho qaalata go7etethay,denddo qofaa suure xaafo metoy,
tamaaretas daassa xaafos de7iya denddetethay, cachcha wogata suure go7ettidi xaafo hanotay
goddotho gidishin kifile giddon asttamaarey isi kaaraa bolla daassa xaafisishin tamaaretas
de7iya mezeynne kale koyiya tamaareta haratar geeddarishin dhoqqa gididayssa xomooso
oosuwan tillayanaas dandda7etttis.
4.6.Pilggethan Beettida Demota
Kumethi ha pilggetha oosuwan pilgganchchay dumma dumma ogera shiishidi paattidaanne
birshshida markkandduwaappe kaalliya demota shaakkidi wothanaas dandda7is.
1. Tamaareti daassa xaafos de7iya xaafo buussanne daassa yarata shaakkidi eronnayssa.
2. Dumma dumma meega qofatanne gasethota go7etidi daassa xaafonnayssa.
3. Daassa xaafishe qofa issipetethanne sinth-guye maaraa naagidi xaafonnayssa.
4. Suure qawosa wogaa naagidinne dumma dumma cachcha wogata bessiya maaran
go7ettonnayssa.
5. Wurssethan, ubba dethan moodettidi tamarssiya asttamaareti tamaareta daassa xaafo
dethaa shaakki eridi koshshiya kaalonne beettiya paceta bolla kale immonnayssa
gidiya mala markkandduwaappe demmanaas dandda7is. Hessa gidiya gisho, beettida
markkay mallida mala qommon qonccida demoti tamaareta daassa xaafos bertte meto
gididayssata gidi pilgganchchay gizzanaas dandda7is.

18. 18
SHEMPPO ICHCHASHA
5 KUUSHSHANNE HARATAS OGE BESO
5.1. Kuushsha
Ha pilggethay kumethan xaaxi waaxi oykkiday Bulqqi 2tho detha timirtte keethan 10tho kifile
tamaareta daassa xaafos dhube gididabaata shaakkidi eranaas gidishin, pilgganchchay ha
tamaareta daassa xaafo bolla beettiya metota shaakkidi eranaas dumma dumma xann7o
ogetappe pa pilggetha kaaraaranne qoppobaatara maatatethi de7iya xanna7o ogiyaa dooridi
pilggethaa oothis. Hessikka qoncciso xanna7o ogiyaa gidees.,.Markkanddo shiisho
miishetikk,qaala oyashata, xuufe oyshatanne kifile giddo xomooso gidishin, markkanddo ha
shiisho miishetara shiishanaas kumetha deretethaappe bessinddota gizzidi bessinddo eko
hanotaa go7ettidi poxi poxidi dooro ogiyan markkanddo immiya yarata doori ekkidi
markkanddota dumma dumma ogetara shiishis. Ha dumma dumma ogetara beettida
markkanddota paydoninne qaalan woy walakan markkanddo paatethinne birshshetha ogiyaa
go7ettidi markkanddo shiisho miishetan demmida markkanddota paattisinne
birshshis.Wurssethan,paatethaappenne birshshethaappe demmida bertte metota shaakkidi
demote issuwaa issuwaa paattidi wothis. Kumethan,pilgganchchay demmida markkay bessida
mala tamaareta bollanne asttamaareta bolla beettiya paceti tamaareti suure gidida daassa xaafo
dandda7onna mala udanaas dandda7idayssa beettida markkaa bolla zemppidi gizzanaas
dandda7is.
5.2 Haratas Oge Beso
Ha pilggethaa demoti mallida mala pilggethay oosettiya timirtte keethan tamaareta daassa
xaafos dhube gididabaati shaakettanaas dandda7idosona. Hessa gidiya gisho, ha shaakettida
metoti wodey imettonnashin eeson bilettanaas bessoosona. Eeson bilettonna attikko tamaareti
dhuma hemethi hemettiya gishonne ha timirtte keethaa sunthaa gujjidikka, tamarssiya
asttamaareta daaburssay coo ogen attanaas dandda7ees. Hessa akeeka giddo gelison;
1.Tamarssiyaa asttamaareti tamaareta daassa xaafo hiillaa gujjanaas kase oothishe
gam77idayssappe aadhon qamma gallasi kaalonne zoren dumma dumma oothi besota imon
loohisanaasinne kalanaas bessees.

19. 19
2.Tamaaretikka asttamaareti bessida ogiyan kaallidinne issoy issuwaara meeze laameretethan
koshshiyaanne suure gidida xaafo wogaanne maaraa akeekidi kaallanaas bessees.
3.Timirtte keetha ayso kaappoti tamaareta daassa xaafo hiillaa bolla dummatiya kaalonne
asttamaaretara wolla issippe gidon eeson lame ehanaas qamma gallasi daaburssisinne salethis
goonnashin oothanaas bessees.
4.Hara baggara qassi, kumethan timirtte keethaa kaalonne maade immiya oosanchchati
minotethan ooson ha timirtte keethaa hra timirtte keetha tamaaretara geeddarettiya tamaare
udanaasinne ha timirtte keethaa sunthaa minotethan xeegisiya tamaareta gidana mala woden
wodeninne akeekan xaalidi issipetethan oothanaas bessees.

20. 20
Markka Maxaafeta
 Halliso,Z nne Abara, T.(2001).Goofatho Doona Moojule Arbba Mincce
asttamaareta loohisiya kolloje.Arbba Mincce
 Bayrene, D.(1988). Xaafo Hiilla Tamarsso. Uk; longgene attamon
 Heejje,T.(1988). Xaafo Hiilla. Londdoone; okispordde yunbberssite attamon
 Raymes,A. (1982). Xaafo Hiilla Tekinike.londdoone;makimaalinaas attamon
 Reyde,J.(1982). Xaafo Hiilla Bussa. Piraktike attamon
 Solomone, G.(1991). Xaafoy Tamaarsso Hiillas.Addisaaba; Addisaaba yunbberssite
attamon
 White,R.(1985). Inggiliizetho Asttamaareta Kushe Maxaafe. Londdoone; tomaas
nelssenenne sons attamon

21. 21
GUJA QONCCISO 1 Tamaaretas giigida oysho
Arbba Mincce Yunbberssite Deretetha Saynssenne Asa Allalliya
kollojjen Goofatho doona timirtte kifile
Hayssi timirtte pilggetha oosos giigida tamaaretan kumiya xuufe oyshata
Bonchchettida Tamaaretoo:
Hayssi Bulqqi nam77antho detha timirtte keethan tammantho kifile tamaareta
Goofatho doona timirtten daassa xaafo hiilla bolla pilggethaa oothanaas shiiqida
oyshata gidees. Hessa gidiya gisho imettida oyshatas suure zaaro kaatti
nabbabidi immana mala bonchchora shoobbays.
Tamaareta guye baggaa laytha………… matumatethaa
adde………….macca……………… kifiley………………
Kaallooda;Hayssappe garssan shiiqida oyshatas suure zaaruwaa akeekidaappe
guyen zaaruwaa oykkida pidaliya bolla gertto yafara xaaxite. Haray hintte
sunthaa xaafo koshshenna.
1.Daassa xaafishe daassa xaafo buussaa akeeketii? A/Ee B/Akkay
2.Asttamaareti hinttena daassi xaafisii? A/ Ee B/Akay
3.Daassi xaafishe dumma dumma meega qofata go7etteetii? A/Ee B/ Akkay
4.Daro tamaareti daassa xaafo dethaa naagidi xaafii? A/Ee B/Akkay

22. 22
5.Tamaareti xaafida daassaa asttamaareti kaalli xeelli? A/Ee B/Akkay
6. Tamaareti daassa xaafishe qofa sinth guye maaraa naagidi xaafii?
A/Ee B/ Akkay
7.Daro tamaaretas daassa xaafo meezeynne dandda7i de7ii? A/Ee B/ Akkay
8 Daassa xaafishe dumma dumma cachcha wogata go7etteetii? A/Ee B/ Akkay
9.Doorettida qaalata go7ettidi daassa xaafo abbey de7ii? A/Ee B/Akkay
10.Tamaareti daassa suure xaafonna mala dhube gidiyabata
paattite……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………
11.Ha daassa xaafo metuwa billanaas ay oothiko lo77o gidi hintte qoppiyaako
qanthan
qonccisite…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Hintte Immida Zaaruwas Keehada
Galatays!!

23. 23
GUJA QONCCISO 2 Asttamaaretas giigida oysho
Arbba Mincce Yunbbersite Deretetha Saynssenne Asaa Allalliya
Kollojjen Tophphiya Doonatanne Bila Xuufe Macaran Goofatho
Doona Timirtte Kifile
Timirtte pilggethas giigida asttamaaretan kumiya qaala oysha
Bonchchettida Asttamaaretoo;
Hayssi Bulqqi nam77antho detha timirtte keethan tammantho kifile tamaareta Goofatho
doonan timirtten daassa xaafo hiillaa bolla pilggetha oosos giigida oyshota gidees.
Asttamaareta guye bagga Laytha…………….Matumatetha
adde…………..macca……………timirtte dethay
Dippilooma………………….Digire……………Masttere………………..Tamarssiya
kifiley…………..
Hintte oyshettiya oyshotas suure zaaro immana mala bonchchora shoobbays.
1.Hintte kifile giddon tamaareta daassa xaafisishin daassa xaafos meto gidi qoppiyaabati
aybee?
2.Hamaareta daassa xaafos kase erameezeynne dandda7i de7ii?
3.Tamaareta daassa xaafo meto billanaas hintteppe koshshiya made immi ereetii?
4.Ha tamaareta daassa xaafo hiilla metuwaa waatidi billanaas dandda7ettees gidi qoppeetti?

24. 24
GUJA QONCCISO 3
Kifile giddo xomoosos giigida yiggi be7o pormmaate
p.m Be7ettiya oosota Dhoqqa giddotho ziqqa Ubbara
ziqqa
1 Tamaaretas daassa xaafos de7iyaa era meezeynne
xaafo buussa kaalo dethay
2 Tamaareta daassa xaafo meeziya bolla asttamaareta
kaaloynne maade imoy
3 Tamaareti daassa xaafihse dumma dumma meega
qofata go7etetha hanotay
4 Tamaareti issi imettida kaaraa bolla daassi daassi
xaafidi meezatana mala asttamaarey enttas giiga
gidida kaara dooridi xaafiso hanotay
5 Tamaareti daassi xaafishe daassa xaafo dethaa
naagidi xaafo hanotay
6 Tamaareti issi kaaraa bolla daassi xaafishe denddo
qofaa suure xaafo dethay
7 Tamaaretas daassa xaafos de7iyaa suukeynne
denddetethay
8 Tamaareti daassi xaafishe gasetho qaalatanne
dumma dumma cachcha wogata suure go7etetha
hanotay
9 Asttamaarey kifile giddon issi kaaraa bolla daassi
xaafisishin daro tamaaretas de7iya xaafo
dandda7aynne kale koyiya tamaareta dethay
haratara geeddarishin