X-Ray Crystallography and Derivation of Braggs's law
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This document provides an overview of x-ray diffraction, including how x-rays are produced, Bragg's law which describes x-ray diffraction, different x-ray diffraction methods like rotating crystal technique and powder diffraction, types of crystals, and applications of x-ray diffraction like material identification and particle size determination. It contains sections on the production of x-rays, Bragg's law, rotating crystal technique, x-ray powder diffraction, types of crystals, and applications of x-ray diffraction.
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X-ray diffraction is a non-destructive technique used to identify crystalline materials by analyzing the scattering pattern of X-rays hitting a sample. Crystalline materials consist of atoms arranged in a regular repeating pattern that causes X-rays to diffract in specific directions. The diffraction pattern is compared to known patterns to determine the sample's structure and composition. X-ray diffraction is used in fields like solid-state physics, biophysics, and chemistry to study materials at the atomic scale.
X - RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE
X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic structure of crystals. It involves firing X-rays at a crystal and measuring the scattering pattern, which can reveal the positions of atoms within the crystal. Key apparatus include an X-ray source, filters and monochromators to produce a single wavelength beam, a diffractometer to rotate the crystal and detector, and an X-ray detector. The procedure involves growing crystals, collecting diffraction data, solving the crystal structure through methods like molecular replacement, and refining the structural model. X-ray crystallography is used to study biological molecules and materials that form crystals.
Dipti_X ray crystallography (1).pptx
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their crystallographic disorder, and various other information.
X-ray Crystallography & Its Applications in Proteomics
X-ray crystallography is a technique that uses X-rays to determine the atomic structure of crystals. It involves crystallizing molecules and bombarding them with X-rays, which produce a diffraction pattern. This pattern is used to deduce the molecular structure. X-ray crystallography has many applications in proteomics, including determining protein structures, studying protein interactions, and elucidating enzyme catalysis mechanisms. It provides atomic-level insights that advance understanding of protein function.
XRAY DIFFRACTION (XRD).pptx
This document discusses X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. It begins by introducing X-ray techniques including X-ray absorption, diffraction, and fluorescence. Bragg's law is then explained, relating the diffraction pattern to the distance between atomic layers in a crystal. The key methods of Laue, rotating crystal, and powder diffraction are described. The powder method is useful for polycrystalline samples, producing a continuous diffraction pattern. Advantages include low cost and convenience, while disadvantages include weak interaction with lighter elements.
XRD
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a technique used to analyze the atomic and molecular structure of materials. It works by directing a beam of X-rays at a crystalline sample; the X-rays cause the atoms in the sample to diffract according to Bragg's law. This allows researchers to determine the sample's crystal structure, including properties like interplanar spacing. XRD is a common non-destructive characterization method in materials science, as it can identify unknown materials and analyze properties like grain size and stress levels. The document provides details on how XRD works, how X-rays are produced, Bragg's law, and experimental techniques like the Laue, rotating crystal, and powder methods.
X ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. When a beam of X-rays hits a crystal, the crystal causes the beam to diffract into specific directions. From this diffraction pattern, the electron density within the crystal can be determined, allowing the mean positions of atoms to be found. Bragg's law relates the angles and wavelengths of incident and diffracted X-ray beams to the spacing of crystal planes. X-ray crystallography instruments consist of an X-ray source, wavelength selector, sample holder, and detector. This technique is used in applications such as determining protein and viral structures, material science, and polymer characterization.
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X-Ray Crystallography and Derivation of Braggs's law
- 1. Prepared By: Shihab Patel M.Pharm 1st Sem Q.A. Guided By: Dr. Falguni Tandel Head-Q.A. Department Parul Institute Of Pharmacy, Quality Assurance Department, Parul University.
- 2. CONTENTS: •Production Of X Rays •Different X Ray Methods • Bragg‘s Law •Rotating Crystal Technique •X Ray Powder Technique •Types Of Crystals •Applications Of X-ray Diffraction. 26 February 2018 2
- 3. Production of X rays: 3
- 4. Picture Depicting An X-ray Tube Diagrammatic Representation of an X-ray Tube 26 February 2018 4
- 5. 26 February 2018 5
- 6. METHODS OF X-RAY ANALYSIS XES- X ray Emission Spectroscopy AES- Auger Emission Spectroscopy XFS- X ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy ESCA- Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis X ray Absorption X ray Diffraction 6
- 7. BRAGG’S LAW: Figure : Diffraction Of X Rays From A Set Of Crystal Planes. Equation: mλ=2d⋅sinθ m is the order of diffraction, λ is the wavelength of x-rays, and moving electrons, protons and neutrons, d is the spacing between the planes in the atomic lattice and θ is the angle between the incident ray and the scattering planes. 26 February 2018 7
- 8. 26 February 2018 8
- 9. ROTATING CRYSTAL TECHNIQUE In the rotating crystal method, a single crystal is mounted with an axis normal to a monochromatic x-ray beam. A cylindrical film is placed around it and the crystal is rotated about the chosen axis. As the crystal rotates, sets of lattice planes will at some point make the correct Bragg angle for the monochromatic incident beam, and at tha point a diffracted beam will be formed. 9
- 10. X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION 26 February 2018
- 11. Crystalline materials are characterized by orderly periodic arrangements of atoms. Parallel planes of atoms intersecting the unit cell are used to define directions and distances in a crystals. Diffraction occurs when each object in a periodic array scatters radiation coherently, producing constructive interference at specific angle. X-ray Diffraction Every crystalline substance would scatter the crystals in its own unique diffraction pattern. 26 February 2018 11
- 12. TYPES OF CRYSTALS Crystal Grouped by Lattices (Shape) •Cubic or Isometric •Tetragonal •Orthorhombic •Hexagonal •Trigonal •Triclinic •Monoclinic Crystals Grouped by Properties •Covalent Crystals •Metallic Crystals •Ionic Crystals •Molecular Crystals 26 February 2018 12
- 13. Applications of X-ray diffraction • Identification of single phase materials: Minerals, Chemical Compounds, etc. • Identification of multiple phases in microcrystalline mixtures such as Rocks. • Determine crystalline shape and size of substance. • Particle size determination by spot counting method. 26 February 2018 13
- 14. • K. Shinoda and Yoshio Waseda, X-Ray Diffraction Crystallography: Introduction, Examples and Solved Problems REFERENCES • Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Edition. Page: 341-349 26 February 2018 14
- 15. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- Willard Page: 342 In November 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen (rinken) discovered X-rays while working at the University of Wurzburg, Germany.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_bZCA7tlFQ
- Willard Page no: 341
- Willard page: 349 Goniometer- Instrument for measuring angles. In order to scan the emission spec. of specimen, goniometer is used and rotated through desired angular region. Bragg's law is the result of experiments derived by physicist Sir William Lawrence Bragg in 1912.