differentiating between supraventicular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia in wide complex rhythm is always confusing and management is totally different. correct diagnosis will make dramatic difference in patient management.
differentiating between supraventicular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia in wide complex rhythm is always confusing and management is totally different. correct diagnosis will make dramatic difference in patient management.
AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), or atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, is a type of tachycardia (fast rhythm) of the heart. It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), meaning that it originates from a location within the heart above the bundle of His. AV nodal reentrant tachycardia is the most common regular supraventricular tachycardia. It is more common in women than men (approximately 75% of cases occur in females). The main symptom is palpitations. Treatment may be with specific physical maneuvers, medication, or, rarely, synchronized cardioversion. Frequent attacks may require radiofrequency ablation, in which the abnormally conducting tissue in the heart is destroyed.
AVNRT occurs when a reentry circuit forms within or just next to the atrioventricular node. The circuit usually involves two anatomical pathways: the fast pathway and the slow pathway, which are both in the right atrium. The slow pathway (which is usually targeted for ablation) is located inferior and slightly posterior to the AV node, often following the anterior margin of the coronary sinus. The fast pathway is usually located just superior and posterior to the AV node. These pathways are formed from tissue that behaves very much like the AV node, and some authors regard them as part of the AV node.
The fast and slow pathways should not be confused with the accessory pathways that give rise to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome) or atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT). In AVNRT, the fast and slow pathways are located within the right atrium close to or within the AV node and exhibit electrophysiologic properties similar to AV nodal tissue. Accessory pathways that give rise to WPW syndrome and AVRT are located in the atrioventricular valvular rings. They provide a direct connection between the atria and ventricles, and have electrophysiologic properties similar to ventricular myocardium.
AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), or atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, is a type of tachycardia (fast rhythm) of the heart. It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), meaning that it originates from a location within the heart above the bundle of His. AV nodal reentrant tachycardia is the most common regular supraventricular tachycardia. It is more common in women than men (approximately 75% of cases occur in females). The main symptom is palpitations. Treatment may be with specific physical maneuvers, medication, or, rarely, synchronized cardioversion. Frequent attacks may require radiofrequency ablation, in which the abnormally conducting tissue in the heart is destroyed.
AVNRT occurs when a reentry circuit forms within or just next to the atrioventricular node. The circuit usually involves two anatomical pathways: the fast pathway and the slow pathway, which are both in the right atrium. The slow pathway (which is usually targeted for ablation) is located inferior and slightly posterior to the AV node, often following the anterior margin of the coronary sinus. The fast pathway is usually located just superior and posterior to the AV node. These pathways are formed from tissue that behaves very much like the AV node, and some authors regard them as part of the AV node.
The fast and slow pathways should not be confused with the accessory pathways that give rise to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome) or atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT). In AVNRT, the fast and slow pathways are located within the right atrium close to or within the AV node and exhibit electrophysiologic properties similar to AV nodal tissue. Accessory pathways that give rise to WPW syndrome and AVRT are located in the atrioventricular valvular rings. They provide a direct connection between the atria and ventricles, and have electrophysiologic properties similar to ventricular myocardium.
Ventricular tachycardia are difficult to understand. it is classified in to two types. 1. VT in structurally normal heart, 2. VT in heart with structural diseases. I have tried to simplify the VT in structurally normal heart, which may be helpful to many students and learners.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical signal from your heart to check for different heart conditions. Electrodes are placed on your chest to record your heart's electrical signals, which cause your heart to beat. The signals are shown as waves on an attached computer monitor or printer
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. APPROACH TO A WIDE
COMPLEX
TACHYCARDIA
DR.MAKSUD
D-CARD Student
DHAKA MEDICAL COLLEGE
2. APPROACH TO A WIDE
COMPLEX
TACHYCARDIA
DR.MAKSUD
D-CARD Student
DHAKA MEDICAL COLLEGE
3. Definitions
WCT- A rhythm with a rate of ≥ 100/min and QRSd ≥120 ms
VT - A WCT originating below the level of His bundle
SVT – A tachycardia dependent on structures at or above the level
of His bundle
LBBB morphology – QRSd ≥ 120 ms with predominantly negative
terminal deflection in V1
RBBB morphology – QRSd ≥
in V1
120 ms with positive terminal deflection
Miller JM et al. The many manifestations of VT. J Cardiovasc Electrophys 3:88-107,1992
4. Supraventricular tachycardia
With aberrancy in His-Purkinje system
anterograde accessory pathway
bizarre baseline QRS
conduction
entECartefact imbalance
Garner et al, WCT.Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology review 2013;2(1):23-29
5. Supraventricular tachycardia
With aberrancy in His-Purkinje system
anterograde accessory pathway
bizarre baseline QRS
conduction
entECartefact imbalance
Garner et al, WCT.Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology review 2013;2(1):23-29
6. Why to recognize ?
Misdiagnosing VT as SVT IV
deterioration
verapamil or adenosine hemodynamic
Wrongly labelling SVT as VT inappropriate chronic therapy
Assumptions
“WCT in a alert and hemodynamically stable patient must be SVT”
”Patients with VT are always unstable”
7. Misdiagnosing VT as SVT IV
deterioration
verapamil or adenosine hemodynamic
Wrongly labelling SVT as VT inappropriate chronic therapy
a alert
and hemodynamically stable patient must be SVT”
”Patients with VT are always unstable”
9. r
DRUGS AGGRAVATE VT
Sympathomimetics:Noradrenaline,salbutamol,theophylines,
Antiarrythmics:class Ia & Ic
Cardiac glycosides
Antidepressant
Antibiotics
Baerman JM et al. Ann Emerg Med 1987;16:40-3
12. WIDE COMPLEX TACHYCARDIA:ECG
AV dissociation,
QRS morphology
QRS axis in frontal plane
QRS width
Capture beats
Fusion beats
Baerman JM et al. Ann Emerg Med 1987;16:40-3
13. • 69% of VTs had
ms
QRSd > 140
• Antiarrhythmic
nonspecifically
QRSd of a SVT
drugs
widen
may
the
• VT with relatively narrow
more
structural
QRSd (120-140 ms)
likely in pts without
heart disease
Wellens HJJ et al, Value of ECG in WCT. Am J Med 64:27-33,1978
14. • More leftward the axis more likely
the arrhythmia is VT
• Shift in QRS axis of >40 degrees
between the baseline rhythm and
WCT- s/o VT
15. V1 with RBBB pattern
RV does not participate in initial ventricular depolarization
So initial portion of QRS is not affected by RBBB aberration
rSr’, rR’, rsr’ and rSR’ in V1 are consistent with aberration
Monophasic R wave, broad R >30 ms with any terminal negative
highly suggestive of VT
QRS, qR
16. V6 with RBBB pattern
In true RBBB aberration delayed RV activation small ‘s’wave in
V6 (relatively smaller RV mass as compared to LV)
Ventricular activation over LBB qRs, Rs, or RS (R/S >1) in V6
So patterns different from these rS, Qrs, QS, QR, monophasic R wave,
RS with R/S <1 VT
Large ‘S’ wave in V6 during VT RV activation + larger LV activation
propagating away from V6
17. Garner et al, WCT. Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology review 2013;2(1):23-29
18. V1 with LBBB pattern
Normally LBB mediates initial part of ventricular depolarization
during baseline rhythm
Even in the presence of LBBB, there is rapid penetration of LV
His-Purkinje system
Initial forces mediated by RBB are relatively preserved
So LBBB aberration rS, QS in V1
But initial forces narrow ’r’ wave and rapid smooth descent to
nadir of ’S’ wave in QS will be present
So broad ‘r’ waves of rS or QS descent with a slow descent
to nadir of ‘S’ wave > 6o ms s/o VT
19. V6 with LBBB pattern
Typical LBBB initial ’q’ wave in QRS is absent
So RR’ or monophasic R wave is seen during SVT-A
If QR, QS, QrS, Rr’ present s/o VT
20. Garner et al, WCT. Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology review 2013;2(1):23-29
21. Most specific ECG criteria
CompleteAVD in 20-50% of all VTs
Specificity-100%; sensitivity- 20-50%
A/V ratio <1 equally diagnostic of VT
(V>>A)
2:1 retrograde conduction or
Wenckebach- 15 – 20% of VTs
•
•
•
•
•
Clue for AVD- variation in QRS amplitude
during WCT
AF coexisting with VT - difficult to
diagnoseAV dissociation
•
•
24. Fusion beats : hybrid QRS complex due to ventricular
sources
activation from 2 different
Imply the presence ofAV dissociation during WCT
Most frequently observed during relatively slow WCTs
SVTs with aberrancy have RS complex in at least one precordial lead
Precordial RS absent s/o VT
Even if RS complex is present, R wave onset to S wave nadir >100 ms
s/o VT
26. Concordance in precordial
V1 to V6 - Positive or negative concordance
leads
Present only in 20% of all VTs
In most series, divided between positive and negative patterns
Diagnostic of ventricular origin; specificity >90% , low sensitivity
Negative concordance is nearly always VT
Exception: Positive concordance seen in antidromic tachycardia
by LP or LL pathway(1-6% of all WCTs)
mediated
27. Concordance in limb leads
Predominantly negative QRS complexes in leads I, II, III Q
waves during WCT s/o old MI so VT is likely Patients
with post MI VT maintain the baseline Q waves
Exception: Pseudo Q waves seen in AVNRT with retrograde P waves with
aberrancy
VT occurring with a baseline BBB QRS during VT narrower than in
baseline rhythm
< 1% of all VTs
Contralateral BBB during baseline rhythm and WCT s/o VT
28. Vi/Vt ratio
SVT-A only one portion of His-Purkinje system
is blocked
Another portion mediates normal initial
ventricular activation
First part of QRS (Vi) should have rapid voltage
changes as compared to terminal part (Vt)
VT Slow muscle to muscle spread of
activation at the onset of QRS Vt > Vi
Vi/Vt <1 s/o VT
Garner et al, WCT. Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology review 2013;2(1):23-29
30. Sandler and Marriot criteria
Published in 1965
Analyzed 100 PVCs, 50 RBBB aberrancies & 100 fixed RBBBs
1. RB- Identical activation vector = SVT (PPV - 92%)
2. RB- An rSR’ where S crosses baseline = SVT (PPV-91%)
3. RB- Triphasic QRS = SVT (PPV-92%, specificity >90%)
4. RB,LB- Precordial concordance = VT (PPV- 89-100%, specificity-95-100%)
Sandler IA et al, Ventricular ectopy Vs aberration. Circulation 1965;31:551-6
31. Wellens criteria of RBBB
Published in 1978
Simultaneous analysis of ECG and His-bundle electrograms
Analyzed EP proved 70 sustained VT and 70 SVTs with aberrancy
Wellens HJJ et al, Value of ECG in WCT.Am J Med 64:27-33,1978
32. 1. AV dissociation = VT (PPV-100%, specificity- 100% )
2. RB- QRSd >140 ms = VT (PPV-89%,specificity-57-75%)
3. RB- Left axis = VT(PPV-88-94%, if axis > -90, PPV-98%)
4. RB- “Rabbit ears” Rsr’ = VT (PPV-100%)
5. RB- If V1 QRS is triphasic, R:S ratio in V6<1 =VT(PPV-
90%)
33. Kindwall criteria of LBBB
First criteria specific to LBBB WCT
High specificity, PPV >97%, poor sensitivity
Presence of any 1 out 4 indicates VT
1. LB- V1 or V2 with initial R > 30 ms = VT
2. LB- V1 or V2 QRS onset to nadir of S wave
ms = VT
> 60
3. LB- V1 or V2 with notching of S wave downstroke
= VT
4. LB- Any Q in V6 = VT
Kindwall KE et al. Criteria for VT in WC LBBB morphology tachycardias.Am J Cardiol 1988;61:1279-83
34. Brugada criteria
• Published in 1991
• Applicable to all WCT without
limitation to any BBB pattern
• Stepwise fashion
• Stop further analysis if any step
suggests VT
• All 4 steps 98% accuracy
• Only steps 1 & 2 PPV- 81-92%
Brugada P et al. A new approach to the differential diagnosis of WCT. Circulation. 1991;83: 1649-59
35. Brugada criteria
Brugada P et al. A new approach to the differential diagnosis of WCT. Circulation. 1991;83: 1649-59
36. Vereckei
• Published in 2008
criteria for aVR
• Applicable to all WCT without
limitation to any BBB pattern
• From a single lead – aVR
• Stepwise fashion
• Stop further analysis
suggests VT
if any step
Vereckei A et al. New algorithm using only aVR for DD of WCT. Heart rhythm 2008; 5:89-98
37. Pava criteria
Published in 2010
of lead II
PPV- 98%, specificity – 99%
Overall accuracy is 69% in later studies
• Applicable to all WCT without limitation to any BBB pattern
• From a single lead – II
• R wave peak in lead II: Interval from QRS onset to first change
(R or S peak) ≥ 50 ms = VT
in polarity
Pava LF et al. R-wave peak time at D II. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:922-6
38. Garner et al, WCT.Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology review 2013;2(1):23-29
39. Steurer et al. VT vs Pre-excited SVT. Clin Cardiol 1994;17:306-8
50. Take home
AV relationship:
AV dissociation
N
O
message
Step 1:
YES VT
Step 2:
Rightward superior axis
N
O
Vi/Vt ratio >1
VTYES
SVTYES
Step 3:
N
O
Precordial RS pattern
NO
VT Step 4:
E
S
Precordial RS interval >100 ms
N
O
LBBB morphology criteria in V1 for
SVT
YES
Step 5: VT
Step 6: NO
VT
SVT