differentiating between supraventicular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia in wide complex rhythm is always confusing and management is totally different. correct diagnosis will make dramatic difference in patient management.
2. Definitions
WCT- A rhythm with a rate of ≥ 100/min and QRSd ≥120 ms
VT - A WCT originating below the level of His bundle
SVT - A tachycardia dependent on structures at or above the level
of His bundle
LBBB morphology – QRSd ≥ 120 ms with predominantly negative
terminal deflection in V1
RBBB morphology – QRSd ≥ 120 ms with positive terminal deflection
in V1
2
Miller JM et al. The many manifestations of VT. J Cardiovasc Electrophys 3:88-107,1992
3. WCT- Differential Diagnosis
Ventricular tachycardia (80%)
Supraventricular tachycardia
With aberrancy in His-Purkinje system
With anterograde accessory pathway conduction
With bizarre baseline QRS
Drug or electrolyte imbalance
Ventricular pacing
ECG artefact
Garner et al, WCT. Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology review 2013;2(1):23-29
3
4. Why to recognize ?
Misdiagnosing VT as SVT IV verapamil or adenosine hemodynamic
deterioration
Wrongly labelling SVT as VT inappropriate chronic therapy
Assumptions
“WCT in a alert and hemodynamically stable patient must be SVT”❌
”Patients with VT are always unstable”❌
4
5. History & examination
H/O Prior MI (98% PPV for VT)
H/O CHF (100% PPV for VT)
H/O Recent angina (100% PPV for VT)
Age > 35 years (92% sensitivity for VT)
Variable S1 (s/o VT)
Cannon ’a’ waves (favours VT)
5
Baerman JM et al. Ann Emerg Med 1987;16:40-3
6. • 69% of VTs had QRSd > 140
ms
• Antiarrhythmic drugs may
nonspecifically widen the
QRSd of a SVT
• VT with relatively narrow
QRSd (120-140 ms) more
likely in pts without structural
heart disease
6
Wellens HJJ et al, Value of ECG in WCT. Am J Med 64:27-33,1978
7. • More leftward the axis more likely
the arrhythmia is VT
• Shift in QRS axis of >40 degrees
between the baseline rhythm and
WCT- s/o VT
7
8. V1 with RBBB pattern
RV does not participate in initial ventricular depolarization
So initial portion of QRS is not affected by RBBB aberration
rSr’, rR’, rsr’ and rSR’ in V1 are consistent with aberration
Monophasic R wave, broad R >30 ms with any terminal negative QRS, qR
highly suggestive of VT
8
9. V6 with RBBB pattern
In true RBBB aberration delayed RV activation small ‘s’ wave in
V6 (relatively smaller RV mass as compared to LV)
Ventricular activation over LBB qRs, Rs, or RS (R/S >1) in V6
So patterns different from these rS, Qrs, QS, QR, monophasic R wave,
RS with R/S <1 VT
Large ‘S’ wave in V6 during VT RV activation + larger LV activation
propagating away from V6
9
11. V1 with LBBB pattern
Normally LBB mediates initial part of ventricular depolarization
during baseline rhythm
Even in the presence of LBBB, there is rapid penetration of LV
His-Purkinje system
Initial forces mediated by RBB are relatively preserved
So LBBB aberration rS, QS in V1
But initial forces narrow ’r’ wave and rapid smooth descent to
nadir of ’S’ wave in QS will be present
So broad ‘r’ waves of rS or QS descent with a slow descent
to nadir of ‘S’ wave > 6o ms s/o VT
11
12. V6 with LBBB pattern
Typical LBBB initial ’q’ wave in QRS is absent
So RR’ or monophasic R wave is seen during SVT-A
If QR, QS, QrS, Rr’ present s/o VT
12
14. • Most specific ECG criteria
• Complete AVD in 20-50% of all VTs
• Specificity-100%; sensitivity- 20-50%
• A/V ratio <1 equally diagnostic of VT
(V>>A)
• 2:1 retrograde conduction or
Wenckebach- 15 – 20% of VTs
• Clue for AVD- variation in QRS amplitude
during WCT
• AF coexisting with VT - difficult to
diagnose AV dissociation
14
15. Fusion beats : hybrid QRS complex due to ventricular activation from 2 different
sources
Imply the presence of AV dissociation during WCT
Most frequently observed during relatively slow WCTs
SVTs with aberrancy have RS complex in at least one precordial lead
Precordial RS absent s/o VT
Even if RS complex is present, R wave onset to S wave nadir >100 ms
s/o VT
15
16. Concordance in precordial leads
V1 to V6 - Positive or negative concordance
Present only in 20% of all VTs
In most series, divided between positive and negative patterns
Diagnostic of ventricular origin; specificity >90% , low sensitivity
Negative concordance is nearly always VT
Exception: Positive concordance seen in antidromic tachycardia mediated
by LP or LL pathway(1-6% of all WCTs)
16
17. Concordance in limb leads
Predominantly negative QRS complexes in leads I, II, III
Q waves during WCT s/o old MI so VT is likely
Patients with post MI VT maintain the baseline Q waves
Exception: Pseudo Q waves seen in AVNRT with retrograde P waves with
aberrancy
VT occurring with a baseline BBB QRS during VT narrower than in
baseline rhythm
< 1% of all VTs
Contralateral BBB during baseline rhythm and WCT s/o VT
17
18. Vi/Vt ratio
SVT-A only one portion of His-Purkinje system
is blocked
Another portion mediates normal initial
ventricular activation
First part of QRS (Vi) should have rapid voltage
changes as compared to terminal part (Vt)
VT Slow muscle to muscle spread of
activation at the onset of QRS Vt > Vi
Vi/Vt <1 s/o VT
18
Garner et al, WCT. Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology review 2013;2(1):23-29
20. Sandler and Marriot criteria
Published in 1965
Analyzed 100 PVCs, 50 RBBB aberrancies & 100 fixed RBBBs
1. RB- Identical activation vector = SVT (PPV - 92%)
2. RB- An rSR’ where S crosses baseline = SVT (PPV-91%)
3. RB- Triphasic QRS = SVT (PPV-92%, specificity >90%)
4. RB,LB- Precordial concordance = VT (PPV- 89-100%, specificity-95-100%)
20
Sandler IA et al, Ventricular ectopy Vs aberration. Circulation 1965;31:551-6
21. Wellens criteria of RBBB
Published in 1978
Simultaneous analysis of ECG and His-bundle electrograms
Analyzed EP proved 70 sustained VT and 70 SVTs with aberrancy
21
Wellens HJJ et al, Value of ECG in WCT. Am J Med 64:27-33,1978
22. 1. AV dissociation = VT (PPV-100%, specificity- 100% )
2. RB- QRSd >140 ms = VT (PPV-89%,specificity-57-75%)
3. RB- Left axis = VT(PPV-88-94%, if axis > -90, PPV-98%)
4. RB- “Rabbit ears” Rsr’ = VT (PPV-100%)
5. RB- If V1 QRS is triphasic, R:S ratio in V6<1 =VT(PPV-
90%)
22
23. Kindwall criteria of LBBB
First criteria specific to LBBB WCT
High specificity, PPV >97%, poor sensitivity
Presence of any 1 out 4 indicates VT
1. LB- V1 or V2 with initial R > 30 ms = VT
2. LB- V1 or V2 QRS onset to nadir of S wave > 60
ms = VT
3. LB- V1 or V2 with notching of S wave downstroke
= VT
4. LB- Any Q in V6 = VT
23
Kindwall KE et al. Criteria for VT in WC LBBB morphology tachycardias. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:1279-83
24. Brugada criteria
• Published in 1991
• Applicable to all WCT without
limitation to any BBB pattern
• Stepwise fashion
• Stop further analysis if any step
suggests VT
• All 4 steps 98% accuracy
• Only steps 1 & 2 PPV- 81-92%
24
Brugada P et al. A new approach to the differential diagnosis of WCT. Circulation. 1991;83: 1649-59
25. Vereckei criteria for aVR
• Published in 2008
• Applicable to all WCT without
limitation to any BBB pattern
• From a single lead – aVR
• Stepwise fashion
• Stop further analysis if any step
suggests VT
25
Vereckei A et al. New algorithm using only aVR for DD of WCT. Heart rhythm 2008; 5:89-98
26. Pava criteria of lead II
Published in 2010
PPV- 98%, specificity – 99%
Overall accuracy is 69% in later studies
• Applicable to all WCT without limitation to any BBB pattern
• From a single lead – II
• R wave peak in lead II: Interval from QRS onset to first change in polarity
(R or S peak) ≥ 50 ms = VT
26
Pava LF et al. R-wave peak time at D II. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:922-6
27. Griffith algorithm
Each ECG is analyzed for V1 and V6 criteria consistent with aberration
If the criteria for aberration are not found, VT is assumed
Good sensitivity, poor specificity
Drawback: RVOT tachycardias as misclassified as SVT by this algorithm
27
Griffith MJ et al. Ventricular tachycardia as default diagnosis in broad complex tachycardia. Lancet 1994;343:386-8
33. Take home message
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Step 6:
33
AV relationship:
AV dissociation YES VT
N
O
Rightward superior axis
YES VT
N
O
Vi/Vt ratio >1 YES SVT
Precordial RS pattern
Precordial RS interval >100 ms
LBBB morphology criteria in V1 for
SVT
N
O
Y
E
S
N
O
NO
VT
VT
VTNO
SVT
YES
Differentiate it from FROG SIGN of AVNRT- retrograde P wave occurs early in systole when the AV ring is still positioned backwards towards the atria
In VT- retrograde conduction occurs later in systole when the AV ring has moved towards the apex which enlarges the atria and minimizes backflow
Because QRSd with LBBB aberrancy is slightly longer than with RBBB, this criterion has been modified such that for RBBB it is >140 ms and for LBBB IT IS >160 ms
True LAFB- axis is from -30 to -90; in true LPFB axis is +110 to +150
So this leaves the quadrant of -90 to +180 cannot be achieved by any combination of BBB and fascicular block
(Before 2nd point)LBBB would be expected to cause a change from the initial vector of ventricular depolarization during basline rhythm; BUT THIS IS NOT WHAT IT HAPPENS
This is another way of describing rightward superior axis which is already very much suggestive of VT
Last point RBBB in baseline rhythm and LBBB during WCT points VT as the diagnosis
Concept: With aberration, Ventricular activation during first portion of QRS is mediated by His-Purkinje system
Wheras in VT His-Purkinje system is engaged later in the QRS complex
If the initial 20 ms of the QRS are same in sinus rhythm and WCT, SVT is favoured by 20:1
Presence of such rSR’ in RBBB WCT favours SVT by atleast 11:1
4. An unusual triphasic V1 with the left R wave taller than the right and the S wave not crossing the baseline invariably associated with VT
65/F, H/O chest pain x 2 days
Recurrent palpitations, associated with presyncope, 2 episodes in last 2 months treated with DC cardioversion