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WH I SOL Course Review
- 1. World History ISOL Review
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- 9. Stonehenge in southern England Startedin Neolithic Age: Completed in Bronze Age
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- 12. Scribe • Professional recordkeeper in early civilizations See cuneiform Hammurabi’s Code 1st written Law Code!!
- 13. River Valley Civilizations Egypt,Mesopotamia, India, China
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- 16. River Valley Civilizations Cuneiform– Sumer = 1st writing Hieroglyphics - Egypt Pictograms – Indus Valley Oracle bones – Shang China
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- 21. Christianity Had roots inJudaism Led/founded by Jesus New Testament monotheistic Conflicted with polytheistic Beliefs of Roman Empire
- 22. Hinduism Caste system in religiouslaw Belief in many forms of one deity Belief in reincarnation Ideas of Karma and final goal of Moksha What goes in the center oval?
- 23. Buddhism! Siddhartha Gautama “TheBuddha” Enlightened One Eightfold (8) Path
- 24. Siddhartha Gautama searchesfor Enlightenment
- 27. D - 100 Confucianism Beliefthat humans are good, not bad Code of politeness, still used in China today Ancestor worship Respect for elders What goes in the center box?
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- 29. Persian_________ Empire Tolerance of conquered people Developmentof Imperial bureaucracy Zoroastrianism as a religion Royal Road system What goes on the line?
- 31. Cyrus the Great •1stgreat king of Persian Empire •Ruled subjects with Tolerance •Respected religions of others
- 32. Darius I • Createdimperial bureaucracy •Divided empire into 20 provinces •Established idea of nationalities •Greatest failure = could not conquer Greece
- 33. Darius fails toconquer Greece
- 34. Zoroaster – founderof Persian religion Persian prophet; Founder of Zoroastrianism Good vs. Evil
- 35. Key Concepts ofHebrews, Phoenicians and Persians Hebrews PersiansPhoenicians New religious principle= Monotheism (1 God) Covenant = promise between god and humanity Torah = Holy writings/Religious text Ten Commandments = Guiding principles Moses = lead Hebrews out of Egypt (Exodus) Nation of Israel created shortly after First major sea traders of the Mediterranean Sea. Established many trading colonies throughout Mediterranean region. Created Alphabet = foundation of Western alphabet; spread knowledge & ideas Treatment of conquered people = Tolerance; keep self-rule, culture, religion Persian Religion = Zoroastrianism – Founded by Zoroaster - Persian prophet
- 36. What type ofreligion? Polytheism!
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- 38. Impact of Geographyon Ancient Greece Table of Contents Big Question – How did the geography of Greece shape economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization? Mountains covered 75 % of terrain, separating Greece into small isolated regions. City-states develop. No central government! Scarcity of level land for farming grains caused rivalries between city-states. Rugged, hilly terrain was ideal for growing crops such as grapes and olives. Many deep harbors and calm waters invited sea trade. Overseas trade and travel made easy by many seas, islands, and coastal settlements. Lack of resources and farmland + overpopulation forced Greeks to establish colonies.
- 39. Athens vs. Sparta Twocity-states with very different views Table of Contents Athens Sparta Type of Government Government participation Education and military duty Position of women 5.2 Wkbk Democracy Oligarchy Assembly = All citizens; Assembly passed laws + served as supreme court Council of 500 – randomly chosen - proposed laws Boys – school from age 7-18 •Studied literature, math, drawing, music, & rhetoric •At 18 – served 2 years in military •Strongest Greek navy Girls – no formal ed. •Learned household duties: weaving, baking, child care •No gov’t participation! Council of Elders – proposed laws Assembly – elected officials, voted on issues Ephors – carried out laws; courts 2 kings – commanded military Life revolved around military! •Boys – Age 7, went to military barracks; learned to read, write & use weapons. Soldiers from 20-60 •Strongest Greek army Expected to be healthy & strong = healthy babies •Gymnastics, boxing, wrestling •More personal rights than other women •Still, no gov’t participation
- 40. The Persian Wars Greekcity-states vs. Persian Empire 490 – 479 B.C. Table of Contents Persian War organizer 1st Persian War •Begins with Ionian Revolt 2nd Persian War •Battle of Thermopylae •Battle of Marathon •Battle of Salamis •Battle of Plataea
- 41. What, When, Where? Parthenon,Golden Age Greece
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- 44. The Peloponnesian War Athen’sDelian League vs. Sparta’s Peloponnesian League Table of Contents Notes Delian League Peloponnesian League
- 45. Alexander the Great;Conqueror of the Persian Empire Macedonian Conquest of Greece and the Rise of Alexander the Great Table of Contents Notes
- 46. Back to ConquestMap Back to Notes
- 47. Ptolemy and Geocentric(earth-centered) Theory Hellenistic (Greek-Like) Age Begins with Alexander’s Conquests Law of the Lever Archimedes
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- 50. 50 Roman Republic Patricians & Plebeians Twelve Tables 1st Law Code Punic Wars Romevs. Carthage Pax Romana “Roman Peace” Rise of Christianity Fall of Rome - Invasions Classical Rome
- 51. Roman Mythology What wasthe source of Roman mythology? Roman mythology was based on the Greek polytheistic religion. Used to explain natural phenomena and life events. Romans adopted Greek gods and gave them Latin names. Greek Mythology Website link
- 52. Rome and Carthageprior to Punic Wars
- 53. 2 Consuls •Oversaw gov’t •Commanded army •Eachhad veto power •1 patrician & 1 plebeian •One year terms Senate •Mainly patrician •Controls foreign and financial policies •Advise consuls •Life terms Tribunes •Representatives of the plebeians Citizen Assemblies Government features of the representative Roman Republic Centuriate Assembly •Citizen-soldiers •Select consuls & make laws Tribal Assembly •All other citizens •Elect tribunes, make laws Dictator? Why? •In times of crisis, a dictator could be chosen. •Dictator would have absolute power to make laws & control the army. •Power lasted only 6 months “Twelve Tables” • 1st written law code of Republic! • Written on 12 tablets or “tables” and displayed in the Forum • Established idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law. • Basis for later Roman law! Citizenship = Patrician & Plebeian men, selected foreigners; rights/responsibilities = taxes & military service
- 55. Wars and Dates ResultsActionsCauses 1st Punic War 264- 241 B.C. 3rd Punic War 149 – 146 B.C. 2nd Punic War 218 – 201 B.C. -Carthage expansion/ control of Sicily -Growing power of Rome -Carthage = strong navy, Rome = strong army -Carthage able to blockade Roman troops in Sicily, until Rome strengthens navy. -Rome adds a corvus (bridge) to its ships -This turns sea battles into land battles – Rome’s advantage -The Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca invades Spain with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, & 60 elephants. -He crosses the Alps & invades italy from the north. -Hannibal defeats Roman armies on the Italian Peninsula for 15 years. -Hannibal’s greatest victory was at Cannae – he destroyed the Roman legions. -He could not take city of Rome. -Roman general Scipio attacks Carthage – forces Hannibal to return home. -Scipio defeats Hannibal at Zama. -Carthage is destroyed and burned -People are killed or sold into slavery -Salt is sowed into the soil -Revenge for 1st Punic War -Hannibal (Carthaginian general) invades Spain and conquers Roman ally of Saguntum. -Increasing prosperity of Carthage -Roman hatred and mistrust of Carthage -Rome wins & gains control of Sicily -Carthage must pay huge indemnity (payment for damages) -Rome wins -Carthage gives up all territories including Spain -Pays another indemnity -Signs treaty not to expand, rebuild military, or declare war -Rome controls all of the western Med. The Punic Wars – Rome vs. Carthage
- 56. Republic Spread of slaveryin agricultural system Migration of small farmers into cities High unemployment Civil war over power of Julius Caesar What goes on the line? Causes of decline of the Roman _____________
- 57. Slavery in AncientRome Domestic Servants Source = war captives miners/laborers Failed slave revolt
- 59. Roman civil warbetween Caesar and Pompey Former partners in the 1st Triumvirate Caesar wins! Pompey dies!
- 60. Assassination of JuliusCaesar
- 61. Augustus • 1st Emperorof Rome • 1 of the best emperors • Lived simple life • Built splendid buildings • Created Civil Service • 27 B.C. – A.D. 14
- 62. Pax Romana “Roman Peace” •Provided ideal conditions for travel and the exchange of ideas. • Massive road system allowed for increased travel, commerce and interaction.
- 63. man Roads: Anengineering marvel
- 64. “All roads leadto Rome”
- 65. Contributions of Ancient Rome Architecture Religion Language Literature Art Law Law Classicalexamples of Roman architecture What is Greco-roman culture? What is it often called? Bas-Relief Mosaics Virgil Ovid Tacitus Language of Rome? Adoption by different people = What was the long lasting impact of Rome’s adoption of Christianity? Arches - Aqueducts - Pantheon – Temple to the Gods Coliseum Forum Summarize the 5 important principles of Roman Law What was the long-lasting impact of the Roman Legal system? Medicine Examples of Rome’s Emphasis on Public Health •Public baths •Public water systems •Medical schools New building material?
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- 69. Jesus and theSpread of Christianity Rise of Christianity A.D. 6 - Rome took control of Jewish kingdom of Judea, centered in Jerusalem. Jesus was born around 6-4 B.C. in Bethlehem; raised in Nazareth - Jesus was both a Jew and a Roman subject - Took up trade of carpentry - At 30, Jesus began ministry; for 3 years he preached, taught & healed - His ideas contained ideas from Jewish tradition; monotheism, Ten Commandments - Jesus had 12 disciples; pupils/followers - later called apostles - His message had great appeal to the poor; rejection of wealth and status, and acceptance of everyone A.D. 29 in Jerusalem - Death of Jesus - Jewish priests deny Jesus is messiah; teachings were contempt for God. - The Roman governor Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of challenging authority of Rome - According to Gospels - 3 days later, body was gone, he appeared to followers, then ascended to heaven. - Jesus becomes known as Jesus Christ from Greek Christos meaning “messiah” or “savior”. Followers of teachings = Christians - Christians were persecuted and killed for their beliefs
- 70. Apostles Spread Teachings -Peter, one of the first apostles, spread teaching throughout Palestine and Syria. Cross became symbol of beliefs. - Paul – first opposed Christianity, then had vision of Christ, then accepted beliefs & began teachings. - Paul spread Christianity outside Palestine to Jews and Gentiles “non-Jews” Emperors Contribution to the Spread of Christianity - Constantine in A.D. 313 issued “Edict of Milan” allowing religious freedom; ended persecution of Christians. - Theodosius in A.D. 380 made Christianity the official religion of Roman Empire. Christian Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs - Monotheistic - Trinity = Jesus as father, son, and holy spirit - Life after death - New Testament = accounts and teachings of Jesus & writings of early Christians - Christian doctrine established by early church councils - Pope = head of Christian Church - Bishop = head of all churches in one area - Heresy = any belief or action that questioned the basic teachings of the church. Jewish Rebellions - A.D. 66 Jews in Judea rebelled against Rome. - Jewish fortress of Masada held out until A.D. 73; all committed suicide. - Diaspora = Most Jews were exiled from their homelands.
- 71. Loyalty to theChurch became more important than loyalty to the Emperor. Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity & made it legal Christianity later became the official religion of the Roman Empire The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe The Church becomes a source of moral authority Impact of the Church of Rome in the late Roman Empire
- 72. Western Roman Empire Economy Military Moraldecay Political problems Invasion Cost of defense + devaluation of currency Mercenaries in army, decline of discipline People’s loss of faith in the empire and the family Civil conflict and weak administration Attacks on borders and cities Causes for the decline of the
- 73. I. Classical Indiancivilization began in the Indus River Valley, spread to the Ganges River Valley, and then spread throughout the Indian subcontinent. This spread continued with little interruption because of the geographic location. A. Why were physical geography and location important to the development of Indian civilization? 1. Physical barriers: Himalayas, Hindu Kush & Indian Ocean made invasion difficult 2. Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided migration routes into the Indian subcontinent 3. The Indus & Ganges were most important rivers, for life & spiritual importance. II. Indo-European Aryans migrated into the area, creating a structured society (caste system) and blending their beliefs with those of the indigenous people. A. What impact did the Aryans have on India? 1. Aryans migrated into subcontinent, asserted dominance 2. Brought religion; holy books = Vedas – Vedic religion evolved into Hinduism 3. Established new social order Caste System Caste System
- 74. No Social Mobility! – born& die in same caste
- 75. III. Hinduism wasan important contribution of classical India. A. What are the beliefs of the Hindu religion? 1. No single founder – evolved from Aryan Vedic traditions 2. Interconnectedness of life; Atman = individual soul; & Brahman = world soul 3. Reincarnation – rebirth of soul through many lifetimes 4. Dharma – duties specific to each caste; pride in fulfilling Dharma 5. Karma – all thoughts & actions result in future consequences (good or bad) 6. Moksha – spiritual goal for Hindus; release from cycle of rebirth; join world soul Birth Death RebirthDeath Rebirth Reincarnation
- 76. IV. Hindu Gods A.How did Hindus view their gods? Many incarnations of one god - Brahman 1. Brahma – the Creator 2. Vishnu – the Protector 3. Shiva – the Destroyer IV. Hinduism relied on sacred literature as a foundation of the religion. A. What were the “Sacred Writings” of Hinduism? 1. Vedas = beginning of Hindu religion 2. Upanishads = introduced idea of universal spirit & separation from material world 3. Mahabharata = 106,000 verse epic Indian poem; addressing good & evil; importance of Dharma.
- 77. B. Ashoka -Greatest Mauryan ruler 1. Ashoka adopts Buddhist ideals after witnessing the bloodshed and carnage of war. 2. converted to Buddhism and encouraged righteous living 3. Ashoka saw himself as a father to his people
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- 79. The Golden Ageof the Gupta Empire Advancements metalworking universities mathematicsliteraturepaintings roads architecture sculpture Concept of Zero!
- 80. Three Early ChineseDynasties Zhou, Qin, Han
- 81. I. The ZhouDynasty – 1028 B.C. – 256 B.C. A. The Zhou conquered the last Shang king around 1028 B.C. 1. Zhou rulers claimed the Mandate of Heaven (heaven’s approval) 2. They established a feudal system (feudalism) a. Kings gave land to nobles in exchange for loyalty b. peasants worked land in exchange for protection
- 82. II. Two ChinesePhilosophies Emerge Confucianism “The Analects” Teachings of Confucius “Respect yourself and others will respect you.” Daoism Balance/Harmony with Nature Why do you think there was an effort to find a new governing style?
- 83. II. Two ChinesePhilosophies Emerge A. Confucianism 1. Impact of Confucianism in forming the social order in China a. Belief that humans are good, not bad b. Respect for elders – Filial Piety - http://www.stanford.edu/group/confucian/cgi-bin/blog/?p=149 c. Code of Politeness (still use in Chinese society today) d. Emphasis on education e. Ancestor worship Respect link
- 84. II. Two ChinesePhilosophies Emerge A. Confucianism 2. Five Primary Relationships a. ruler and subject b. father and son c. elder brother and younger brother d. husband and wife e. friend and friend Respect link
- 85. II. Two ChinesePhilosophies Emerge A. Confucianism 3. the Analects a. teachings of Confucius b. Provide guidelines for Confucianism Respect link
- 86. II. Two ChinesePhilosophies Emerge B. Taoism 1. Impact of Taoism in forming Chinese culture and values a. Humility – low view of one’s own importance b. Simple life & inner peace c. Harmony/balance with nature Lao Zi - founder Yin and Yang represent opposites for Confucianism and Taoism.
- 87. III. The QinDynasty – 221 B.C. – 210 B.C. A. Around 221 B.C., the Qin defeat rival kingdoms & unite much of China 1. strong centralized gov’t formed 2. military districts allowed emperor to maintain control 3. Qin Shihuangdi = 1st emperor of China 4. China gets its name from Qin
- 88. B. Qin Shihuangdi– his achievements 1. standardized weights and measures and coinage 2. created uniform writing system 3. constructed Great Wall of China
- 89. C. The GreatWall of China 1. Invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North. 2. Qin built the Great Wall to guard against these invasions 3. Wall extended over 4,000 miles 4. built with forced labor – many died during construction
- 90. D. The Endof the Qin Dynasty 1. Qin Shihuangdi dies in 210 B.C. 2. He is buried with an army of terra cotta (clay) soldiers and horses 3. The dynasty weakens; loses control of country 4. 206 B.C. Han Dynasty comes to power
- 91. IV. The HanDynasty – 206 B.C. – A.D. 220 A. Wudi – The greatest Han ruler 1. He greatly expanded the empire 2. He expanded trade routes to the west known as the Silk Roads a. Silk Roads = Series of trade routes linking China and the Mediterranean cultures & Roman Empire
- 92. 3. He establishedthe Civil Service System – system/tests for selecting most able person for gov’t jobs. 4. The Han Dynasty rivaled the Roman Empire in: a. Size b. Population c. government Taking the Civil Service Exam
- 94. Silk Roads –Connect China to Mediterranean Sea and Roman Empire
- 95. B. Fall ofthe Han Dynasty 1. After Wudi died the dynasty weakened. 2. The Huns eventually overthrew the Han Dynasty
- 96. C. Other contributionsof Classical China 1. invented paper 2. porcelain 3. gun powder 4. wheelbarrow
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- 98. Constantinople Crossroads of trade Easilyfortified site on a peninsula Capital of Byzantine Empire Preserved Greco-Roman culture What is the location being described on the map?
- 99. Constantinople – Capitalof Byzantine Empire Center of Trade
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- 102. Created Law Code– Justinian’s Code Conquered former Roman Lands Rebuilt Constantinople Justinian = Greatest Byzantine Emperor
- 103. “Great Schism” inChristian Church Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodox
- 104. I. Origins ofIslam A. Arabia before Muhammad 1. Arabian Peninsula was dominated by nomadic Bedouin tribes 2. Small communities developed around oases 3. City of Mecca was marketplace and pilgrimage site. 4. Mecca shrine (Kaaba) held hundreds of tribal idols. B. Founder of Islam 1. Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 A.D. 2. Around age 40, Muhammad claimed to have heard voice of the angel Gabriel. 3. Gabriel was delivering the word of god through Muhammad. 4. Muhammad began sharing these new beliefs. C. The Hijrah 1. Leaders of Mecca feared Muhammad's growing power 2. Muhammad & followers escaped to town of Medina 3. This journey is the Hijrah – marks the beginning of Islam
- 105. II. Spread ofIslam A. Muhammad raised an army of followers and returned to capture Mecca. 1. Tribal idols were destroyed; Kaaba rededicated to Allah. 2. Mecca was center of 1st Muslim empire B. Islam eventually spreads through conquest to southwest Asia, North Africa and southern Spain. 1. Expansion made possible by weakened Byzantine and Persian Empires.
- 106. Muhammad = prophet/founder Quran= Holy book Mecca = Holy City Muslim = follower Five Pillars = Guidelines of religion Contributions = Arabic numerals, algebra What is this religion? Islam
- 107. Five Pillars ofIslam Islam F a i t h P r a y e r A l m s F a s t i n g H a j j Only one God + Muhammad is his prophet 5 times/Day Facing Mecca Giving to poor, charity Sunrise- sunset for holy month Ramadan Pilgrimage to Mecca once in life
- 108. Kaaba in Mecca Whatis it? Where is it? Religion? Kaaba Mecca Islam
- 109. Dome of theRock Islamic Shrine in Jerusalem
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- 111. Spread and GeographicInfluence of Islam Spread of Islam - Across Asia & Africa and into Spain - Primarily by military conquests - First Muslim empire = Indus Valley to Spain Geographic Influence on the Origin and spread of Islam - Islam spread along trade routes from Mecca & Medina - Expansion despite great distances, deserts, & mountains - Spread into Fertile Crescent, Iran, & Central Asia because of weak Byzantine & Persian Empires Geographic Influence on the Economic, Social & Political Development -Political unity of 1st Muslim empire short-lived – regional fragmentation -Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands. -Slavery within Islamic lands = not race-based What stopped expansion into W. Europe? How did the Arabic language unite the empire & “facilitate trade”? Similarity to spread of Christianity?
- 112. 4 Turning PointsImpacting the Islamic World A. The Sunni – Shi’a Split divides Muslims 1. Following the assassination of the fourth Caliph – Ali a. Umayyads rise to power b. Many did not recognize Umayyad rule c. Many claimed successor to Ali should be related to Muhammad d. This group was called Shi’a – “party of Ali” e. Others argued caliphs only need to follow example of Muhammad. f. This group was called Sunni - “followers of Muhammad’s example”
- 113. B. Muslim conquestsof Jerusalem and Damsacus 1. Shifted political center of caliphate to Middle East 2. Initiated conflict/tension between Muslims, Christians and Jews 3. Increased conflict with Byzantine Empire
- 114. C. The Battleof Tours Halts Muslim Expansion in Europe 1. Muslim Berbers from North Africa invade Spain a. Berber armies move north to within 100 miles of Paris b. Muslim Berbers were defeated at the Battle of Tours by the Franks led by “Charles the Hammer”. 2. Significance of the battle a. Muslims forced back to southern Spain b. No further Muslim expansion in western Europe.
- 115. D. Islamic CapitalMoves to Baghdad 1. Baghdad, modern Iraq, becomes capital of Abbasid Dynasty a. Central location in Mesopotamia b. Baghdad becomes center of Islamic Golden Age c. Islamic scholars build on Greco-Roman & eastern knowledge. 2. Fall of Bagdad = End of Arab Caliphate a. Mongols conquer Bagdad b. Ends Islamic Golden Age of Bagdad c. Opens region to Turkish control
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- 118. Japan was heavily influenced by Chinaand Korea. Writing Architecture Religion: Buddhism, Confucianism
- 119. Japan’s native religion =Shinto Focus on: • Natural features • Forces of nature • Ancestor worship •Becomes state religion •Added emperor worship Japanese Shinto Shrine
- 120. Japanese Feudal System Vs. EuropeanFeudal System Europe Japan Lords King Knights Code of Chivalry Serfs/Peasants Shogun Daimyo (Feudal lords) Samurai (Soldiers of feudal Japan) Code of Bushido Serfs/Peasants
- 121. Incas in the AndesMts. Mayans on Yucatan Peninsula Aztecs in Central Mexico
- 122. Characteristic Mayans AztecsIncas Dates 250 B.C. – A.D. 900 A.D. 1200 – 1521 A.D. 1438 - 1535 Location Central American rain forest – Yucatan Peninsula Valley in Central Mexico – modern Mexico City Andes Mountains – west coast of South America Represented by Chichen Itza Tenochtitlan – major trade city Cuzco & Machu Picchu Political Style/Rule Independent city-states; ruled by god-kings Emperor – centralized gov’t Emperor – centralized gov’t Economy (Based on?) Agriculture & trade Mainly Maize! Agriculture Mainly Maize! Chinampa agriculture system + Tribute from conquered peoples High-altitude, terrace agriculture; Maize, potatoes & variety of other crops Religion Polytheistic/animistic – ancestor + sun worship pyramids/temples + human sacrifice Polytheistic/animistic; pyramids/temples Ancestor + Sun God Extensive human sacrifice!! Polytheistic/animistic ancestor + sun worship Achievements/ Characteristics Advances = math, calendars, astronomy Most advanced writing! No beast of burden! Mysterious decline Society based on warfare, expansion and tribute! - Calendars - No beast of burden! Conquered by Spanish Extensive road system Linked empire + helped rule Llama for trade/travel & labor Mit’a System – Coerced labor system: all owed labor to the state Conquered by Spanish Major Civilizations of the Western Civilization Characteristics of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan Civilizations
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- 125. Machu Picchu Incan cityin Andes Mts.
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- 127. Self-Sufficient Feudal Manorof the Middle Ages
- 128. Feudal Estate duringMiddle Ages
- 129. Feudalism in theMiddle Ages Social structure Feudalism = Social, economic, & military system of the Middle Ages. •Feudalism is based on the exchange of land for loyalty/protection. How did invasions by the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, & Vikings influence the development of Europe? 1. Manors with castles provided protection from invaders; reinforced feudal system. 2. Trade & towns declined; also reinforced feudal system. King Peasants/Serfs Knights Church Officials Powerful nobles
- 130. Feudal Society During theMiddle Ages Fief SerfsFeudal Obligations Vassal Piece of land granted to a vassal in exchange for loyalty Person receiving a fief from a higher lord/noble Duties required of a vassal in his loyalty to his lord Peasants restricted to a specific manor
- 131. Lords and Vassals •Reading and questions
- 132. How and whydid the Roman Catholic Church grow in importance during the Middle Ages? Roman secular authority declined, while church authority grew. Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman achievements. Missionaries carried Christianity & Latin alphabet to German tribes In 800 A.D. Pope anointed Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor. Priests served religious & social needs of the people. Roman Catholic Church Becomes Unifying Force in Western Europe
- 133. Importance of ChurchScholars During the Middle Ages We were among the very few who could read and write We did our work in monasteries We translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin. We made new medical & scientific knowledge available in Europe We laid the foundation for the rise of Universities in Europe
- 135. Illuminated manuscript ofthe Middle Ages
- 136. Charlemagne “Charles theGreat” The Greatest Ruler of the Middle Ages Charlemagne’s Empire
- 137. The Age Charlemagne“Charles the Great” The Greatest Ruler of the Middle Ages Franks united under Clovis and adopted Christianity – A.D. 511 Charlemagne inherited a strong Frankish kingdom Revives learning throughout his empire! And spreads Christianity. He created a massive European Empire Charlemagne’s Empire divides after his death He is crowned Holy Roman Emperor = to Byzantine Emperors Churches, roads, schools built to unite the empire Power of church established in political life
- 138. Areas of Settlementof Invaders 1. Manors with castles provided protection from invaders; reinforced feudal system. 2. Trade & towns declined; also reinforced feudal system. Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars & Vikings? - Angles & Saxons migrated from continental Europe to England - Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary - Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia, Europe & westward.
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- 141. The Crusades Christians vs.Muslims Fight for Holy Lands/Jerusalem
- 142. Pope Urban callsfor 1st Crusade - 1096
- 143. Leader of SeljukTurks Retakes Jerusalem Crusader States Established after 1st Crusade Video
- 144. The Crusades: Christiansvs. Muslims: A fight for the Holy Land – 1096 - 1270 The Crusades – a series of military expeditions fighting for control of the Middle East “Holy Land” - Christian armies of Europe vs. Muslim armies Key Events of the Crusades - 1093 – Byzantine emperor sends an appeal to the west to help against Muslim Turks. - Pope Urban’s Speech – call for a “Holy War” - Capture of Jerusalem – 1st Crusade - Founding of Crusader States - Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin – leader of Seljuk Turks - Crusaders sack Constantinople – 4th Crusade Effects of the Crusades - weakened the Pope & nobles; strengthened kings Why? - left legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, & Muslims Why? - weakened the Byzantine Empire How? Economic Effects of the Crusades - Increased demand for Middle Eastern products - Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets. - Encouraged use of credit and banking (adopted from Muslims) Why was the 1st Crusade considered the most successful? Use the “Economic” info. to write 1 sentence explaining the connection between the Crusades and the beginning of the Renaissance in Italy
- 145. Crusades Pope Urban’s Speech Capture& loss of Jerusalem Sacking of Constantinople Weakened the Pope and nobles Stimulated trade with Middle East Weakened the Byzantine Empire Effects of the ___________
- 148. The Black Death TheBubonic Plague sweeps through Europe Impact of the Black Death Decline in church influence Decline in population Towns freed from feudal obligations Disruption of trade Scarcity of labor
- 149. The Formation ofEuropean Nation-States in the late Medieval period Pgs. 352-354 England 1. Who invades England in 1066? William the Conqueror 2. Where was he from? Normandy in northern France • What battle was fought for control of England? Battle of Hastings • Who won? William and the Normans • How did this event change the governing of England? William’s control over England laid the foundation for centralized government. King Henry II – 1154-1189 • What new legal idea did King Henry introduce? jury trials • The collection of court rulings became known as what? Common Law • What was the long-term impact of these rulings? This common law was the basis for law in many countries including the U.S. The Magna Carta • What was the most celebrated document in English history? The Magna Carta • Which English king was forced to sign this document in 1215? King John • How did this document impact the king’s power? It limited the king’s powers while guaranteeing basic political rights for individuals. France • Who began the Capetian dynasty in France in 987? Hugh Capet • The Capetians controlled which key city in Northern France? Paris • Eventually the Capetians would grow enough royal power to do what? unite France
- 150. Norman Conquest ofEngland William the Conqueror invades England Battle of Hastings
- 151. The Magna Carta– Signed by King John of England – 1215 •Limited the king’s power •Expanded rights to the individual
- 153. The Hundred YearsWar – pgs. 359-361 1. The Hundred Years War lasted from 1337 to 1453 and involved the two growing nations of England and France. 2. Which new weapon had a significant impact on the battles in this war? Longbow • Who eventually wins this war? France • What new feeling did the war give birth to in both countries? Nationalism; the idea of country with strong central leadership. Joan of Arc unifies the French – pgs. 360-361 • Joan of Arc was a hero for which side in the Hundred Years War? France • She claimed divine voices spoke to her. What did these voices instruct her to do? Drive the English out of France & crown France’s true king. • At which famous battle/siege did Joan of Arc lead the French to victory? Orleans • Joan helps unite the French against the English and turn the tide of the war, but what is her eventual fate? Captured by the English, charged with heresy & burned at the stake
- 154. Hundred Years War– England vs. France
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- 156. Joan of Arc Unifierof France during Hundred Years War
- 157. Russia and Ivanthe Great – 1462-1505 • What would the Russian state become under Ivan III? An empire • Ivan III was the first to begin calling himself what? Czar • Since the 1200s, the Russian states had been controlled by which group of East Asian invaders? Mongols • What does Ivan do in 1480 to give Russia its independence? He refuses to pay the tribute to the Mongols. Bloodless standoff ends in Mongol withdraw. • After this event in 1480, what could the Russian Czars openly pursue? An empire Ivan III – “The Great”
- 158. Spain unified underFerdinand and Isabella “The Catholic Monarchs” 1469 - Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unified Spain through political marriage. - They set out to make Roman Catholicism the dominant religion of Spain. - Their Spanish Inquisition expelled & killed Jews and Muslim Moors from Spain.
- 159. Why does theRenaissance begin in Italy? Economic Concepts: Letters of Credit = expand money supply & expedite trade Economic Concepts: New accounting & bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic Numerals) Florence, Venice & Genoa Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets Florence, Venice & Genoa Served as trade centers for distribution of goods to Northern Europe Florence, Venice & Genoa Were initially independent city-states governed as republics What is the connection between the increased wealth and emergence of the Renaissance in Italy? What event/events (couple centuries before) helped contribute to the advantageous financial position of Florence, Venice, Genoa? How? Renaissance: “Rebirth of classical knowledge; “birth” of the modern world. Renaissance spread from Italy to northern Europe.
- 160. Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance JohannGutenberg Sir Thomas MoreErasmus Merging artistic styles The Medici Family Machiavelli Humanism •The focus on human potential and achievements •Humanists sought to understand classical values •Influenced artists to carry on classical traditions Michelangelo New artistic techniques Realism vernacular Perspective Petrarch – 1304 - 1375 Leonardo da Vinci – 1452 - 1519 - wrote The Prince Supported absolute power of ruler End justifies means Do good if possible; evil if necessary It better to be feared than loved •Powerful family in Florence Italy •Patrons of the arts •Intent on creating centers of commerce, education, & arts “Renaissance Man” Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist, writer Painted Mona Lisa & Last Supper Painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel Sculptor of David “Father of Humanism” Wrote many Italian & Latin sonnets Writing in native language as opposed to Latin •Showing 3 dimensions •Depth of field Depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life; not idealistic 1440 – he creates movable type Then invents the Printing Press 1455 – Gutenberg Bible = 1st full-sized book printed -Literacy & access to books increased Christian humanist writer Famous work = The Praise of Folly Christianity of the heart not ceremony Christian humanist writer Famous work = Utopia An example of the ideal world Free from society’s flaws Mergence of humanist ideas and Christianity Portrayed religious and secular subjects
- 161. The Medici familywere patrons of the arts. Their patronage (support) of the arts helped start the Renaissance.
- 162. Petrarch – “Fatherof Humanism” Perfected the art of writing sonnets in Latin and Italian.
- 163. Niccolo Machiavelli Author ofThe Prince • Absolute power • “End justifies means”
- 164. Leonardo da Vinci’sLast Supper
- 165. da Vinci’s MonaLisa
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- 168. Medieval art =2 dimensional, no depth of field; often religious themes
- 169. Renaissance Art –vivid color, 3 dimensions = perspective
- 170. Sir Thomas More Utopia Christianhumanist writer Famous work = Utopia -An example of the ideal world - Free from society’s flaws Northern Renaissance
- 171. Erasmus The Praise ofFolly Christian humanist writer Famous work = The Praise of Folly **Christianity of the heart, not ceremony Northern Renaissance
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- 174. 174 Gold W. Africa Porcelain Paper Compass Block Printing& paper money Textiles Spices China India Indian Ocean basin Spice Islands
- 175. Silk Roads andIndian Ocean Trade Routes