The document discusses several factors that contributed to the decline and revival of European cities during the Middle Ages. Factors that led to urban decline included Viking invasions, the Black Death plague, a decline in agricultural production due to warfare and early feudalism, and the Little Ice Age. Factors that contributed to urban revival included the end of invasions, safer transportation enabling trade and commerce, warmer temperatures between 800-1300 CE which increased agricultural production and population, and a larger available labor force. The document prompts the reader to analyze and evaluate which factors were most significant in causing urban decline and revival.

1. European Middle Ages

2. Critical Intro
• Create a rough timeline of key Byzantine
events.

3. Critical Intro
• SAQ Practice: Go APE
• Identify and explain 2 influences of the
Byzantine Empire on early Russia.

4. Critical Intro
• Analyze similarities and differences between
the Vikings and the Huns.

5. Critical Intro
• Use the following words in a cohesive paragraph.
• Germanic tribes
• Muslims
• Franks
• France
• Charlemagne
• Fall of Rome
• Charles Martel
• Clovis
• Missi Dominici
• Christianity
• Iberia

6. DBQ Prompt
• Analyze the motivations and impacts
of the Crusades.

8. Divided Empire around300 C.E.

9. I. Byzantine Empire – 476 – 1453 (see text questions)
A. Remaining Roman Empire
B. Combined trad. sources of power & legitimacy w/innovation
1. Traditional = patriarchy, religion, land-owning elites
2. Innovations
a. New methods of taxation
b. tributary systems
c. Adaptation of religious institution
d. Codified legal system– Justinian’s Code

10. Emperor Justinian = Last hope for Roman Empire

11. I. Byzantine Empire – 476 – 1453 (see text questions)
C. Significant influence on Russia
1. Writing
2. Religion
3. Trade
4. Architecture

12. Impacts of the Byzantine Empire
on Russia?

13. I. Byzantine Empire – 476 – 1453 (see text questions)
D. Weakened by Crusades
1. Territorial losses
2. Economic losses – rise of Italian states
3. Continued threat by Muslim Turks

14. I. Byzantine Empire – 476 – 1453 (see text questions)
E. Fall of Constantinople
1. Ottoman Turks expand into SE Europe
2. 1453 – Ottoman Turks capture Byzantine capital
3. Byzantine Empires ends
4. Ottoman Empire exists until end of WW I.

17. Critical Intro
• Describe how the expansion of the Byzantine
Empire would have facilitated Trans-Eurasian
trade and communication.

18. European Middle Ages
I. Clear Trends
A. 500-1000 = political decentralization and backwardness
B. Emerged from ruins of Roman Empire
C. Similar to Japan and Africa in political development
1. Fragmented, kingdom-based rule

21. C

25. D. Decline of Urban Areas – Why? (See handout)
1. Impact of Vikings, Magyar & Muslim invasions
a. Disrupted development
b. Protection was valued
c. Gave rise to feudalism and the Manorial system

26. European Middle Ages
D. Decline of Urban Areas – Why?
2. Disease/plagues – people avoided population centers

27. European Middle Ages
D. Decline of Urban Areas – Why?
3. Decline of ag. prod.
a. Over cultivation
b. Lack of organized labor force
c. Little Ice Age!
- Reduced temps.
- Disrupted/dramatic weather patterns

28. II. Feudalism and Manor System
A. Origins of feudalism
1. Inability to create centralized rule
2. Need for protection and localized control
3. Based on reciprocal economic obligations
B. Timeline of Feudalism
1. 800 – feudalism expands to cover wider area
2. 900 – Regional lords evolve into Feudal monarchs
3. 1066 – William conquers England = feudalism + central gov’t
4. 1200 – origins of limited and rep. gov’t

31. VII. Impact of Crusades (1095-1291)
A. Short-term, short-lived victory in Jerusalem
1. City regained by Turk Saladin
B. Long-Term = Contact with other civs.
1. Made Europeans aware of riches they could acquire/control
2. Increased demand, consumption, & production

32. C. Two Italian City-States Emerge as Economic Leaders
1. Venice & Genoa – benefitted from transporting knights &
trade goods
2. Become economic powerhouses!
a. Lead banking and Renaissance movement
b. European towns grew in response
c. Use of money spread

33. European Middle Ages
Labor in the Middle Ages
A. Feudal system emerges – 2 main labor sources
1. Coerced labor – bound in servitude as property
a. Serfs and slaves
2. Free peasants = paid rent or labor services to lord
B. Rise of Craftsman Guilds
1. Guild – association of artisans or merchants who control the
practice of their craft in a particular town.
2. Masons, carpenters, carvers etc.

35. The Lollipop Guild

36. High Middle Ages: 1000-1500 = General revival in Europe
1. More defined nations - France, England, Spain, Russia
2. Stronger economy
a. Trade increases
- Hanseatic League
- Black Sea trade
- Through central Europe
b. Pop. Increases
c. Revival of Cities!

37. Hanseatic League

38. High Middle Ages – 1000 – 1500
3. New Ag. Techniques = increased production
a. Moldboard plow + 3-field system
b. Horse collar! – horse could plow twice as much
c. Demand for trade; & towns grew

40. Medieval Church
A. Most stable institution of Middle Ages
1. Main source of intellectual activity
B. Christian Orders Developed
1. Benedictines – monastic life
2. Franciscans & Dominicans – called for return to simplicity
and poverty of early church.
- Appalled by heresy within church

41. VI. Steps to Centralized Government
A. Rise of Limited Gov’t (limits on power of king) based on =
1. Magna Carta (1215) – Eng. doc. signed by King John
guaranteeing rights of nobility - expanded to others later
2. Parliaments (Eng. 1295)– gave nobility & clergy a voice
3. Hundred Years War (1337-1453) – Solidified nationhood
of Eng. & Fr.

42. The Vikings
“Terror from the North”

45. Viking Expansion

46. The Crusades

47. Pope Urban calls for 1st Crusade -
1096

48. The rise of
worker’s guilds

49. 1.Define and identify purpose of the “Hansas”.
2.Define the Hanseatic League.
3.Main trade routes?
4.Why was the league so popular with
European rulers?

50. Critical Intro:
How does the system based on
guild membership compare to
the modern capitalistic
economic system?

51. 4. Intellectual Movements
a. Increased interest in learning from past & present societies
b. Rise of universities
c. Synthesis of faith and reason
• Thomas Aquinas– high point of scholasticism’
Summas
• Sought to reconcile faith & reason
5. Emergence of concept = Europe as single civilization
a. Joined by common heritage and Christian rel.

52. B. Catholic Church – Limited centralized power
1. Weakened power of feudal kings
2. Means of authority =
a. Canon Law – rules of behavior set by church
b. Excommunication – separated from church
c. Interdict – Excomm. all in a ruler’s realm

53. C. Impacts
1. As pol. power increased; friction between Kings and Popes
2. Other limiting factor to cent. power = Indep. enjoyed by
nobility
3. Holy Roman Empire demonstrates power of church
a. German confederation crowned by Pope

54. V. Kings Gain Power during High Middle Ages
A. Increasing land through wars and marriage
B. Extended power through greater wealth
1. Enabled monarchs to hire soldiers and officials
2. Reduced dependence on vassals

55. D. Artistic Developments of Late Middle Ages
1. Vernacular languages (common people’s oral language)
a. Italian; Dante’s Divine Comedy
b. English; Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
c. Before; most in Latin
2. Gothic Cathedrals = Most impressive Medieval art form
a. Combined many art forms

56. E. By 1300s; art & culture taking shape in Italy as Renaissance

57. II. England in the High Middle Ages
A. 1066 – Norman conquest of England establishes
feudal monarchy in England.
B. 1215 – King John forced to sign Magna Carta
1. Limited king’s power
C. 1295 – 1st English Parliament
1. Law beginning to be determined by king in
consultation with reps.

58. III. The Capetian Monarchs Build a French Kingdom
A. Capetian dynasty established in 987 – No real power
over most of France.
B. King Philip II (1180-1223)gained power and land from
England
C. 1302 – Estates General (French Parliament) was born
1. Bringing together reps. From 3 estates or classes
a. Clergy = 1st Estate
b. Nobles = 2nd Estate
c. Townspeople = 3rd Estate
D. Feudal Monarchy in England vs. France
1. 1066 Norman conquest of England establishes a feudal
monarchy in England much more rapidly than occurs in
France.

60. 1. Draw in cities
and trade routes
representing the
Hanseatic League.
2. Annotate the map
with information from
pp. 220-21, describing
how “the Black Death
moved along trade and
military routes.”

61. Effects of the Crusades
Foremost among the effects of the Crusades was the final fatal weakening of the Byzantine Empire. The Crusades failed to recover Anatolia from the Turks, and the sack of
Constantinople in 1204 destroyed Byzantium as a first rate power. Henceforth, it would exist only as a convenience to the Turks. Initially it served as a buffer state against the Turks.
By the late 1300's the Byzantines were encouraging the Turks to invade the Balkans to create a buffer to protect the Byzantines from rival Europeans. For a while longer Byzantium
was useful to the Turks as a point of contact with the West; when it had outlived its usefulness, they took it in 1453.
Perhaps the most significant effect of the Crusades was a vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans. For every European who went on a Crusade (let alone the
minuscule fraction who returned) there were hundreds who knew someone who had gone, or who had seen the Crusaders march by. Palestine was no longer a quasi-mythical place that
people knew only from Bible readings in church; it was a real place where real people went. Once Crusader kingdoms, however fragile, were set up in Palestine, they traded with their
kin in Europe, sending finished goods to Europe and importing raw materials. The result was a stimulus to Mediterranean trade. The need to transfer large sums of money for troops and
supplies led to development of banking and accounting techniques. If the combatants in the Crusades came mostly from France, Germany and England, the middlemen tended to be
merchants from northern Italy. The Crusades launched the economic dominance of cities like Genoa and Venice. The financial burdens of the Crusades, coupled with the need to
borrow money to finance them, weakened the power of the nobility and strengthened the merchant classes and the independence of cities.
A number of cultural institutions we think of as characteristically medieval came into being during the Crusades. Crusader knights, almost all of them illiterate, soon began using
emblems and geometric designs to identify themselves. This practice later evolved into a complex code of heraldic emblems and coats of arms. Romantic and imaginative literature also
blossomed during the Crusades. Although we typically picture the Middle Ages in terms of stone castles, a great deal of Europe's knowledge of heavy stone masonry, and construction
of castles and stone churches was returned from the Middle East. So were improved techniques of siege technology, tunneling, and sapping. Although tunneling technology would later
be of great use in mining, its purpose in warfare was to undermine or sap enemy fortifications. (Engineers, often called "sappers", have been considered a completely different branch of
the military from the Army itself in many countries.) European churches also began to include spires or steeples at about the time of the Crusades, possibly inspired by minarets.
The cultural and technological enrichment was primarily from East to West; Europe was underdeveloped by Middle Eastern standards and had little to give in return. The principal
effects of the Crusades on the Moslem world were negative. Europe lost prestige and military status in the eyes of Moslems, perhaps encouraging the later Turkish incursions into the
Balkans. The Moslem world was already becoming more intellectually and theologically conservative; the Crusades accelerated the process and further undermined the long tradition of
tolerance in the Moslem world. However, while the Crusaders were making minor nuisances of themselves pecking away at the Moslem world from the West, the Moslem world was
about to receive a sledgehammer blow from the East: the Mongol Invasion.
1. Create an organizational web/chart summarizing the “Effects of the Crusades”.
2. Write a DBQ-style thesis addressing the “Effects of the Crusades”.

62. Event Feudalism is
weakened because…
Feudalism is
weakened because…
Feudalism is
weakened because…
Crusades
Emergence of Towns
and Trade
Black Death
100 Years War
Intro. of Printing
I N O
E J K
B C M
A F G
D H L

63. The Decline and Revival of European Cities: The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed
by rising productivity and expanding trade networks. Let’s analyze the reasons for both.
Factor Why/how specifically would it lead to the
“decline of urban areas”?
Potential Impacts?
Social, Political, Economic?
Viking invasions
Black Death
Decline of ag. prod.
(warfare, early feudalism
The Little Ice Age
Factors contributing to the decline of urban areas:
Factors contributing to an urban revival:
Factor Why/how specifically would it lead to an “urban revival”? Potential Impacts?
Social, Political, Economic?
End of invasions
Safe/reliable transport
Rise of commerce
Warmer temps. between
800-1300
Increased ag. prod.,
subsequent rising pop.
Increased availability of
labor

64. The Decline and Revival of European Cities: The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased
urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
Let’s analyze the reasons for both.
Factors contributing to the decline of urban areas:
Factor Why/how specifically would it lead to the
“decline of urban areas”?
Potential Impacts?
Social, Political, Economic?
Viking invasions
Black Death
Decline of ag.
prod. (warfare,
early feudalism)
The Little Ice Age
Evaluation: Most significant factor contributing to the decline of urban areas, and why?

65. The Decline and Revival of European Cities: The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased
urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
Let’s analyze the reasons for both.
Factors contributing to an urban revival:
Factor Why/how specifically would it lead to an
“urban revival”?
Potential Impacts?
Social, Political, Economic?
End of invasions
Safe/reliable
transport
Rise of commerce
Warmer temps.
between 800-1300
Increased
availability of
labor
Evaluation: Most significant factor contributing to urban revival, and why?