Craig10e ch06 ppt_ops_final

Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heritage of World Civilizations
Tenth Edition
Chapter 6
Republicanism and
Imperial Rome

Lady Playing the Cithara

Learning Objectives (1 of 3)
6.1 Prehistoric Italy to ca. 400 B.C.E.
• Describe the peoples of prehistoric Italy.
6.2 Royal Rome
• Discuss Roman society before the Republic.
6.3 The Republic
• Trace the history of Roman conquests and the development of
government and society during the period of the early republic.
6.4 Roman Imperialism
• Discuss the effects of Roman imperialism during the period of the
Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla.

6.5 The Fall of the Republic
• Summarize the history of the Roman Republic from the rise of the First
Triumvirate to the rule of Augustus.
6.6 Civilization of the Late Republic and the Age of Augustus
• Discuss the civilization of the late republic and the age of Augustus.
6.7 Peace and Prosperity: Imperial Rome (14–180 C.E.)
• Describe the rulers, administration, and culture of imperial Rome to the
second century C.E.
6.8 The Rise of Christianity
• Discuss the history, important figures, and organization of the Christian
religion during the time of Jesus and the immediately succeeding
centuries.

6.9 The Crisis of the Third Century
• Analyze the factors involved in the crisis of the third
century and in the empire’s responses.
6.10 The Late Empire
• Discuss the history and culture of the late empire and the
triumph of Christianity in the empire.
6.11 The Problem of the Decline and Fall of the Empire in the
West
• Discuss competing explanations for the decline and fall of
the empire in the West.

Introduction
• Ancient Rome conquered Italy, the entire
Mediterranean coastline, most of the Near East,
and much of continental Europe.
• Rome began this expansion with republican
government that lasted 500 years.
• The republic fell with the imposition of an
imperial monarchy under Augustus, Rome’s first
emperor.
• The Romans adopted and transformed the
intellectual and cultural achievements of the
Greeks.

Global Perspective: Republican and
Imperial Rome (1 of 2)
• It was primarily through trade that Romans
came into contact with peoples beyond the
borders of their empire.
• Rome was a multicultural empire.
• When the Roman Empire in the West fell, it
left in its wake disunity, insecurity, disorder,
and poverty.

Global Perspective: Republican and
Imperial Rome (2 of 2)
1. Why might we describe the Roman Empire as
“multicultural”? What cultures most influenced Roman
culture, and why?
2. What was it about the period from the second century
B.C.E. through the third century C.E. that allowed the
opening of new routes by land and sea linking Europe to
Central Asia, India, and China?
3. Why did the Roman Empire decline in the West? Which of
the problems that Rome faced were internal, and which
were external? How were the two connected?

6.1 Prehistoric Italy to ca. 400 B.C.E. (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Describe the peoples of prehistoric
Italy.

6.1 Prehistoric Italy to ca. 400 B.C.E. (2 of 2)
• About 1000 B.C.E. bands of warlike peoples
began to infiltrate the Italian peninsula.
• The Romans would emerge from among the
descendants of these tough mountain people.
• The Etruscans, whose civilization arose about
800 B.C.E., lost power to an expanding Rome
after 500 B.C.E.

Sarcophagus of an Etruscan Couple

Map 6–1: Ancient Italy

6.2 Royal Rome
Learning Objective:
Discuss Roman society before the
republic.

6.2.1 Government
• Roman kings had the power of imperium, the
right to issue commands and to enforce them by
fines, arrests, and physical punishment, including
execution.
• The Senate approved the candidate for the office
and the Roman people granted the imperium.
• The third branch of government, the curiate
assembly, was made up of all citizens and divided
into thirty groups.

6.2.2 The Family
• The center of Roman life was the family.
• The father held broad powers over his
children, powers that were analogous to
imperium.

6.2.3 Clientage
• Clientage was one of Rome’s most important
institutions.
• The patron provided his client with physical
and legal protection and economic support.
• In return, the client would fight for his patron,
work his land, and support him politically.

6.2.4 Patricians and Plebeians
• In the royal period, Roman society was divided
into two classes based on birth.
• The wealthy patrician upper class controlled
power and influence.
• The plebeian lower class consisted of poor,
dependent small farmers, laborers, and
artisans, the clients of the nobility.

6.3 The Republic (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Trace the history of Roman conquests and
the development of government and
society during the period of the early
republic.

6.3 The Republic (2 of 2)
• A revolt in 509 B.C.E. against the king led to the
creation of the republic.

6.3.1 Government (1 of 2)
• Rome’s early government elected two
patricians to the office of consul each year and
endowed them with imperium.
• Censors conducted a census and drew up
citizen rolls.
• The Senate became the only ongoing
deliberative body and gained control of
finances and foreign policy.

6.3.1 Government (2 of 2)
• Patricians monopolized power in the early
republic.
• Plebeians were barred from all political and
religious offices, but their interests were
protected by tribunes.
• In 287 B.C.E. the plebeians secured passage of
a law making the decisions of the plebeian
assembly binding on all Romans without the
approval of the Senate.

6.3.2 Conquest of Italy
• By the beginning of the fourth century B.C.E.,
the Romans were the chief power in central
Italy.
• The Romans established permanent colonies
of veteran soldiers in conquered lands.
• Rome divided its enemies and extended its
influence through military force and
diplomatic skill.

6.3.3 Rome and Carthage (1 of 2)
• Rome and Carthage became rivals, leading to
a series of wars called the Punic Wars.
• Carthage capitulated in the first Punic War in
241 B.C.E., surrendering Sicily and agreeing to
pay a war indemnity to the Romans.
• Rome declared war in 218 B.C.E., beginning the
second Punic War.

6.3.3 Rome and Carthage (2 of 2)
• In 216 B.C.E. at Cannae, Hannibal destroyed a
Roman army of some 80,000 men. It was the
worst defeat in Roman history.
• In 202 B.C.E. Rome defeated Carthage at Zama.

A Closer Look: Lictors

Map 6–2: The Western Mediterranean
Area during the Rise of Rome

6.3.4 The New Imperial System
• With the defeat of Carthage and conquest of
its territories, Rome adopted a new imperial
system.
• The new populations were subjects who paid
tribute instead of serving in the army.
• The practice of extending citizenship and, with
it, loyalty to Rome, stopped at the borders of
Italy.

6.3.5 The Republic’s Conquest of the
Hellenistic World
• Rome embarked on several wars giving them
control of Greece and Asia Minor.
• In 149 B.C.E. Rome declared war against
Carthage, initiating the Third Punic War.
• In 146 B.C.E. Rome took the city and
systematically burned it.

Chronology: From Royal Rome to the Republic’s
Conquest of the Hellenistic World

6.3.6 Civilization in the Early Roman
Republic: Greek Influence (1 of 2)
• Roman expansion overseas led to the
association of the Roman style of life and
thought with the Greeks.
• The Romans identified their own gods with
Greek equivalents and incorporated Greek
mythology into their own.
• Roman religious practice consisted of
relatively simple practices of family piety or
veneration of local deities.

6.3.6 Civilization in the Early Roman
Republic: Greek Influence (2 of 2)
• Education was entirely the responsibility of
the Roman family.
• Greek teachers came to Rome and introduced
the study of language, literature, philosophy,
and a liberal education, or what the Romans
called humanitas.

A Master Among His Students

6.4 Roman Imperialism (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the effects of Roman
imperialism during the period of the
Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla.

6.4 Roman Imperialism (2 of 2)
• Rome’s expansion brought the Romans an
empire and power, wealth, and
responsibilities.

6.4.1 Aftermath of Conquest
• Before the Punic Wars, most Italians owned their
own farms; each farm provided most of a family’s
needs.
• The Punic Wars destroyed any farms, forcing the
people to abandon the land.
• Often the land they abandoned was acquired by
the wealthy, who converted these farms, later
called latifundia, into large plantations.
• These changes separated the people of Rome and
Italy more sharply into rich and poor.

Map 6–3: Roman Dominions of
the Late Republic

6.4.2 The Gracchi (1 of 2)
• Tiberius Gracchus (168–133 B.C.E.) attempted
a program of land reform to restore the
independent family farm.
• The tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus
permanently changed Roman politics by
allowing Romans to pursue a political career
without having to rely on influence within the
aristocracy.

6.4.2 The Gracchi (2 of 2)
• Populares were politicians who had popular
support.
• The equestrians were rich men who could
qualify to serve in the Roman cavalry.
• The tribunate of Gaius Gracchus (ca. 159–121
B.C.E.), brother of Tiberius, proposed further
reforms for the common people.

Document: The Ruin of the Roman Family Farm
and the Gracchan Reforms
• Why did Roman farmers face troubles?
• What were the social and political
consequences of the changes in agricultural
life?
• What solution did Tiberius Gracchus propose?
• Besides selfishness and greed, what motivated
people to oppose his plan?

6.4.3 Marius and Sulla
• Consul Gaius Marius made important changes
in the army, including using volunteers.
• Soldiers became semiprofessional clients of
their general and sought guarantees of food,
clothing, shelter, and booty from victories,
including land.
• Marius’s innovation forced military leaders to
gain enough power to challenge civilian
authority.

6.4.4 War against the Italian Allies
(90–88 B.C.E.)
• For a decade Rome ignored the discontent of
its Italian allies, leading to a revolt in 90 B.C.E.
• By 88 B.C.E. the war was over.
• All the Italians became Roman citizens with
the protections that citizenship offered.

6.4.5 Sulla’s Dictatorship
• Elected consul in 88 B.C.E., Sulla used the
support of his troops to assume dictatorial
powers.

6.5 The Fall of the Republic
Learning Objective:
Summarize the history of the Roman
Republic from the rise of the First
Triumvirate to the rule of Augustus.

6.5.1 Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar
• Cnaeus Pompey (106–48 B.C.E.), a successful
general, further threatened the power of the
Roman Senate as consul.
• Other generals also saw an opportunity to
take power, including Marcus Licinius Crassus
(115–53 B.C.E.) and Gaius Julius Caesar (100–
44 B.C.E.).

6.5.2 The First Triumvirate
• The First Triumvirate was established, an
informal agreement to share power between
Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar.
• These three men dominated the Roman
Republic.

Bust of Julius Caesar

6.5.3 The Dictatorship of Julius Caesar
• Julius Caesar won election to the consulship in
59 B.C.E. and increased his power.
• He came to rival Pompey, leading to a civil war
between the two men, which Caesar won.
• After his victory, Caesar became dictator.
• On March 15, 44 B.C.E., Caesar was stabbed to
death in the Senate.
• Thirteen more years of civil war followed and
ended the republic.

6.5.4 The Second Triumvirate and the
Emergence of Octavian
• Caesar’s heir was his grandnephew Octavian
(63 B.C.E.–14 C.E.), a youth of 18.
• In 31 B.C.E. Octavian’s forces crushed the fleet
and army of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium.
• The civil wars were over, and at the age of 32
Octavian ruled the Mediterranean world.

6.5.5 The Augustan Principate
• The government of Octavian was a monarchy in
which he held all power. He was the imperator or
founder of the regime.
• The Senate voted Octavian the semireligious title
Augustus, and he became Rome’s first emperor.
• The Augustan period was one of great prosperity,
general peace, and a revival of successful small
farming.
• Augustus undertook to preserve and restore the
traditional values of the family in Rome and Italy.

Emperor Augustus (r. 27 B.C.E.–14 C.E.)

Chronology: The Fall of the Roman
Republic, and the Augustan Principate

6.6 Civilization of the Late Republic and
the Age of Augustus (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the civilization of the late
republic and the age of Augustus.

6.6 Civilization of the Late Republic and
the Age of Augustus (2 of 2)
• The peak of Roman culture came in the last
century of the republic and during the
Principate of Augustus.

6.6.1 The Late Republic
• The most important literary figure of the late
republic was Cicero.
• From the last century of the republic on, the
edicts of the praetors became increasingly
important in developing the Roman legal
code.
• The greatest Roman poets, Lucretius and
Catullus, we active during this period.

6.6.2 The Age of Augustus
• Virgil (70–19 B.C.E.) was the most important of
the Augustan poets.
• Horace (65–8 B.C.E.) was a skilled lyric poet,
whose ability is best revealed in his Odes.
• The darker side of Augustan influence on the arts
is revealed by the career of Ovid (43 B.C.E.–18 C.E.)
• The most important and influential prose writer
of the time was Livy (59 B.C.E.–17 C.E.).
• Augustus was the great patron of the visual arts
and literature.

Document: An Ideal Roman Woman
• In what achievements, associations, and
qualities did she take pride?
• What might a person of our time find absent?
• What limits are implied by what is missing?

A Panel from the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace)

6.7 Peace and Prosperity: Imperial Rome
(14–180 C.E.) (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Describe the rulers, administration,
and culture of imperial Rome to the
second century C.E.

6.7 Peace and Prosperity: Imperial Rome
(14–180 C.E.) (2 of 2)
• Whereas Augustus sought to cloak the
monarchical nature of his government, his
successors soon abandoned all pretense and took
the title caesar.
• Successors varied in their abilities as emperors
but many became notorious for their brutality.
• There were chaotic periods as a result of intrigues
for the position of emperor.
• A series of five “good emperors” ruled
successfully from 96 to 180.

6.7.1 Administration of the Empire
• The early Roman Empire was a collection of cities
and towns.
• Roman policy was to raise urban centers to the
status of Roman municipalities with the rights
and privileges that status entailed.
• As the bureaucracy became more efficient, its
powers and size increased.
• Under Hadrian, the Roman defense policy
became rigid, refraining from taking the
offensive, and initiative passed to the barbarians.

Chronology: Rulers of the Early Empire

6.7.2 Culture of the Early Empire (1 of 2)
• The years between the death of Augustus (14)
and the time of Marcus Aurelius (161–180)
are known as the Silver Age of Latin literature.
• The prosperity and relative stability of the first
two centuries of imperial Rome allowed the
full development of Roman architecture.

6.7.2 Culture of the Early Empire (2 of 2)
• New engineering techniques made possible
the construction of useful structures, such as
bridges and aqueducts.
• The cost of government kept rising as
emperors were required to maintain a
standing army, keep the people in Rome
happy, pay for a growing bureaucracy, and
defend the frontiers.

Relief from the Arch of Titus

Map 6–4: Provinces of the Roman Empire
to 117

Pompeiian Woman

Document: Daily Life in a Roman Provincial
Town: Graffiti from Pompeii
• How do these graffiti differ from those one
sees in a modern American city?
• What do they reveal about the similarities and
differences between the ordinary people of
ancient Rome and the people of today?
• How would you account for the differences?

6.7.3 Life in Imperial Rome:
The Apartment House
• Most Romans during the imperial period were
squeezed into increasingly tall multiple
dwellings, apartment buildings called insulae.

A Roman Apartment House

6.8 The Rise of Christianity (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the history, important figures,
and organization of the Christian
religion during the time of Jesus and
the immediately succeeding centuries.

6.8 The Rise of Christianity (2 of 2)
• The story of how Christianity emerged,
spread, survived, and ultimately conquered
the Roman Empire is one of the most
remarkable in history.
• Christianity was challenged by Roman cults,
philosophies, and mystery religions.

6.8.1 Jesus of Nazareth
• Jesus gained a large following, especially
among the poor.
• His success caused great suspicion among the
upper classes and provoked the hostility of
Jewish leaders. They convinced the Roman
governor that Jesus and his followers might be
dangerous revolutionaries.
• Jesus was put to death by crucifixion in
Jerusalem, probably in 30 C.E.

Document: Mark Describes the
Resurrection of Jesus (1 of 2)
• Why are the stories of miracles such as the
one described here important for the growth
of Christianity?
• What is special and important about this
miracle?
• Why is it important in the story that days
passed between the death of Jesus and the
opening of the tomb?

Document: Mark Describes the
Resurrection of Jesus (2 of 2)
• Why might the early Christians have believed
this story?
• Why was belief in the resurrection important
for Christianity in the centuries immediately
after the life of Jesus? Is it still important
today?

6.8.2 Paul of Tarsus
• Paul was originally known as Saul, and he was a
member of the Jewish sect known as the
Pharisees.
• He persecuted Christians before his conversion.
• After his conversion, he helped transform
Christianity into a new and universal religion
distinct from Judaism.
• He taught that Jesus would soon return for the
Day of Judgment and that all should believe in
Jesus and accept his way.

Christ’s Arrest

6.8.3 Organization
• The new religion spread throughout the Roman
Empire and beyond.
• Central rituals in early Christianity included the
agape and the Eucharist.
• By the second century, the Christians of each city
tended to accept the authority and leadership of
bishops, who were elected by the congregation.
• The power and almost monarchical authority of
the bishops were soon enhanced by the doctrine
of apostolic succession.

6.8.4 Persecution of Christians
• The new faith soon incurred the distrust of the
pagan world and of the imperial government.
The Christians’ refusal to worship the emperor
was considered treason.
• Most persecutions were instituted by mobs.

6.8.5 Emergence of Catholicism
• Most early Christians held to traditional,
simple, conservative beliefs.
• This majority opinion and the church that
enshrined it came to be called Catholic, which
means “universal.”
• The Catholic Church had correct or orthodox
doctrines, and those who held other opinions
were heretics.

6.8.6 Rome as a Center of the Early Church
• Rome became the center of Christianity.
• It had the largest congregation of Christians,
and Peter and Paul were martyred there.

Christian Martyr

6.9 The Crisis of the Third Century (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Analyze the factors involved in the
crisis of the third century and in the
empire’s responses.

6.9 The Crisis of the Third Century (2 of 2)
• In the third century the pressure on Rome’s
frontiers reached massive proportions and led
to a crisis.

6.9.1 Barbarian Invasions
• On the western and northern frontiers the
threat to the empire came from Germanic
tribes.
• Recruits for the army increasingly came from
peasants of the less civilized provinces, and
the result was a barbarization of Rome’s
military forces.

6.9.2 Economic Difficulties
• Increased burdens caused the emperors to
raise taxes, debase coinage, and confiscate the
property of the rich.
• Piracy, brigandage, neglect of roads and
harbors, and unrest within the ranks of both
the peasantry and nobility resulted from
greater fiscal despotism.

6.9.3 The Social Order
• The new conditions caused important changes
in the social order.
• The traditional ruling class in the Senate had
been decimated, allowing military men to
dominate the Senate.
• A growing rigidity in an individual’s social class
developed in the late Roman Empire.

6.9.4 Civil Disorder
• The army was composed largely of Germanic
mercenaries whose officers gave personal
loyalty to the emperor rather than to the
empire.
• These officers became a foreign, hereditary
caste of aristocrats that increasingly supplied
high administrators and even emperors.

6.10 The Late Empire
Learning Objective:
Discuss the history and culture of the
late empire and the triumph of
Christianity in the empire.

6.10.1 The Fourth Century and
Imperial Reorganization
• The period from Diocletian (r. 284–305) to
Constantine (r. 306–337) was one of
reconstruction and reorganization.

6.10.2 Diocletian
• Diocletian decreed the introduction of the
tetrarchy, rule of the empire by four men, to
establish orderly succession.

6.10.3 Constantine (1 of 2)
• As emperor, Constantine became a Christian
and legitimized the Christian faith.
• Constantine erected the new city of
Constantinople and made it the new capital of
the empire.
• Many peasants were transformed into tenant
farmers, who fled to the country estates of
powerful landowners for protection.

6.10.3 Constantine (2 of 2)
• For defense purposes, the empire was divided
in two.
• By the fifth century the West was increasingly
made up of isolated units of rural aristocrats
and their dependent laborers. The only
unifying institution was the Christian church.

Map 6–5: Divisions of the Roman Empire
under Diocletian

Map 6–6: The Empire’s Neighbors

6.10.4 Triumph of Christianity (1 of 2)
• It was common for people in the Roman Empire
to worship several gods through a device called
syncretism.
• Christians refused to worship state gods, leading
to persecution in the mid–third century.
• The victory of Constantine over rival rulers and
his emergence as sole ruler of the empire in 324
C.E. transformed Christianity into the favored
religion.

6.10.4 Triumph of Christianity (2 of 2)
• In 394 C.E. Theodosius forbade the celebration
of pagan cults and abolished the pagan
religious calendar.
• The heresy of Arianism emerged within
Christianity, but orthodoxy prevailed, in part
through the Nicene Creed.

Map 6–7: The Spread of Christianity

Chronology: The Late Empire and the
Triumph of Christianity

6.10.5 Arts and Letters in the Late Empire
• The late empire saw both a revival of classical
learning and an outpouring of Christian
writings.
• Saint Augustine wrote The City of God and
Confessions.

6.11 The Problem of the Decline and Fall
of the Empire in the West (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss competing explanations for
the decline and fall of the empire in
the West.

6.11 The Problem of the Decline and Fall
of the Empire in the West (2 of 2)
• For centuries people have speculated about
why Rome collapsed.
• Many causes have been suggested, including
soil exhaustion, plague, climatic change,
slavery, excessive government interference in
economic life, and even poisoning from lead
water pipes.
• The growth of the empire and its inability to
add further conquests were also factors.

Overview: The Fall of the Roman Empire
in the West

Craig10e ch06 ppt_ops_final

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