The document provides information on the origins and spread of Christianity in the Roman world. It describes Jesus and his teachings, key Christian figures like Simon Peter and Paul who spread the message, and how Christianity was initially seen as a threat by Romans but grew rapidly. It discusses how Christian teachings were passed down orally and later written as gospels, and how Roman persecution paradoxically strengthened Christianity by forcing it to organize into a formal structure with bishops and clergy.
The document summarizes the transition of Rome from a republic to an empire. It describes the problems the late Roman Republic faced, including social unrest, rebellions, and civil war. This led to the rise of prominent military leaders who took control, like Julius Caesar and Augustus, ending the Republic. Under the emperors Rome experienced stability, expansion, and cultural growth during the Pax Romana period. The Roman government, legal system, and trade tied the vast empire together.
The Roman Republic struggled with internal problems as it expanded rapidly through conquest. As the gap between rich and poor widened and class tensions rose, populist leaders like the Gracchus brothers attempted reforms but were killed. This instability led to a power struggle between generals like Marius and Sulla and the rise of strongmen like Julius Caesar, who took control as dictator but was assassinated by senators fearful of his power. After Caesar's death, his adopted son Octavian emerged as the first Roman emperor, taking the name Augustus and establishing the Principate, a period of Pax Romana and stability for the vast Roman Empire he ruled.
1. Rome began as a small town along the Tiber River in Italy. Its location provided protection and access to important trade routes by land and sea. Rome later became a republic with a system of checks and balances between patricians and plebeians.
2. During the Roman Republic, Rome was a thriving city centered around the Forum. It was both a political and social center.
3. Rome's expansion led to conflicts with Carthage known as the Punic Wars. After three wars, Rome defeated Carthage and destroyed the city.
World History Chapter 6: Ancient Rome and Early Christianitykatetygers
1) Rome was founded in the 8th century BC by Romulus and Remus on the Tiber River. It was built on seven hills and became a center of power in the Italian peninsula due to its strategic location and fertile soil.
2) In the early republic, Rome transitioned from villages to a city covering 500 square miles. However, the patricians and plebeians struggled for power and influence.
3) Julius Caesar rose to power as a military leader and was appointed dictator for life, concentrating power in his hands. However, many senators saw him as a threat and assassinated him, plunging Rome into further civil war and destroying the Roman Republic.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Roman Republic from 509 BC to 30 BC. It describes the republic's system of government, the Punic Wars against Carthage that established Rome as the dominant power in the Mediterranean, and the social and economic changes that contributed to the republic's decline, including the growth of slavery and large estates that impoverished farmers. It also profiles several reformers and generals like the Gracchi brothers, Marius, Sulla, and Julius Caesar, whose actions further destabilized the republic and led to its eventual replacement by the Roman Empire under Augustus Caesar.
Roman society was stratified between the wealthy, who lived in large homes with amenities, and the poor, who lived in crowded apartment buildings. Entertainment like gladiator battles and chariot races were popular among all classes. Rome developed technologies like concrete and aqueducts, and architectural styles like arches and vaults that still influence buildings today. Roman influences also extended to areas like language, literature, science, and law, as civil law systems based on Roman code were adopted around the world.
The Roman Republic was founded in 509 BC after the overthrow of the last Roman king. It established a balanced system of government with two consuls as executive magistrates, a senate of wealthy landowners, and popular assemblies for citizens. The republic expanded Roman control through military conquests including the Punic Wars against Carthage, led by generals like Scipio Africanus. These victories established Rome as the dominant power in the Mediterranean world.
The Roman Republic transitioned to the Roman Empire over centuries as Rome expanded from a small city-state into a massive empire through military conquests. Key events included the overthrow of the Etruscan kings in 509 BCE to establish the Republic, the Punic Wars in the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE which made Rome dominant in the Mediterranean, and the civil wars and rise of powerful generals in the 1st century BCE which weakened the Republic. The Republic ended and the Empire began when Octavian, as the first emperor Augustus, established the Principate and 200 year period of Pax Romana and stability from 27 BCE-180 CE.
The document summarizes the transition of Rome from a republic to an empire. It describes the problems the late Roman Republic faced, including social unrest, rebellions, and civil war. This led to the rise of prominent military leaders who took control, like Julius Caesar and Augustus, ending the Republic. Under the emperors Rome experienced stability, expansion, and cultural growth during the Pax Romana period. The Roman government, legal system, and trade tied the vast empire together.
The Roman Republic struggled with internal problems as it expanded rapidly through conquest. As the gap between rich and poor widened and class tensions rose, populist leaders like the Gracchus brothers attempted reforms but were killed. This instability led to a power struggle between generals like Marius and Sulla and the rise of strongmen like Julius Caesar, who took control as dictator but was assassinated by senators fearful of his power. After Caesar's death, his adopted son Octavian emerged as the first Roman emperor, taking the name Augustus and establishing the Principate, a period of Pax Romana and stability for the vast Roman Empire he ruled.
1. Rome began as a small town along the Tiber River in Italy. Its location provided protection and access to important trade routes by land and sea. Rome later became a republic with a system of checks and balances between patricians and plebeians.
2. During the Roman Republic, Rome was a thriving city centered around the Forum. It was both a political and social center.
3. Rome's expansion led to conflicts with Carthage known as the Punic Wars. After three wars, Rome defeated Carthage and destroyed the city.
World History Chapter 6: Ancient Rome and Early Christianitykatetygers
1) Rome was founded in the 8th century BC by Romulus and Remus on the Tiber River. It was built on seven hills and became a center of power in the Italian peninsula due to its strategic location and fertile soil.
2) In the early republic, Rome transitioned from villages to a city covering 500 square miles. However, the patricians and plebeians struggled for power and influence.
3) Julius Caesar rose to power as a military leader and was appointed dictator for life, concentrating power in his hands. However, many senators saw him as a threat and assassinated him, plunging Rome into further civil war and destroying the Roman Republic.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Roman Republic from 509 BC to 30 BC. It describes the republic's system of government, the Punic Wars against Carthage that established Rome as the dominant power in the Mediterranean, and the social and economic changes that contributed to the republic's decline, including the growth of slavery and large estates that impoverished farmers. It also profiles several reformers and generals like the Gracchi brothers, Marius, Sulla, and Julius Caesar, whose actions further destabilized the republic and led to its eventual replacement by the Roman Empire under Augustus Caesar.
Roman society was stratified between the wealthy, who lived in large homes with amenities, and the poor, who lived in crowded apartment buildings. Entertainment like gladiator battles and chariot races were popular among all classes. Rome developed technologies like concrete and aqueducts, and architectural styles like arches and vaults that still influence buildings today. Roman influences also extended to areas like language, literature, science, and law, as civil law systems based on Roman code were adopted around the world.
The Roman Republic was founded in 509 BC after the overthrow of the last Roman king. It established a balanced system of government with two consuls as executive magistrates, a senate of wealthy landowners, and popular assemblies for citizens. The republic expanded Roman control through military conquests including the Punic Wars against Carthage, led by generals like Scipio Africanus. These victories established Rome as the dominant power in the Mediterranean world.
The Roman Republic transitioned to the Roman Empire over centuries as Rome expanded from a small city-state into a massive empire through military conquests. Key events included the overthrow of the Etruscan kings in 509 BCE to establish the Republic, the Punic Wars in the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE which made Rome dominant in the Mediterranean, and the civil wars and rise of powerful generals in the 1st century BCE which weakened the Republic. The Republic ended and the Empire began when Octavian, as the first emperor Augustus, established the Principate and 200 year period of Pax Romana and stability from 27 BCE-180 CE.
The document describes a scenario where a Roman senator is worried about generals in Rome gaining too much power and potentially becoming dictators. Some senators want to take violent action against the generals to prevent this, but it is unclear if using violence against them to save the Republic would be justified.
1) The Roman Empire weakened over the 3rd and 4th centuries due to weak emperors, civil wars, a struggling economy, and constant threats of invasion. Diocletian and Constantine attempted reforms, including dividing the empire administratively and establishing a new capital in Constantinople, but they could not solve the fundamental problems.
2) In the late 4th century, invasions by the Huns drove Germanic tribes like the Visigoths and Vandals into the Roman Empire. They sacked Rome itself in 410. Although Attila the Hun was turned back from Italy, the western empire continued to lose control of its provinces.
3) By the 5th century,
The document provides an overview of the history of Rome and the Byzantine Empire. It discusses the founding and early government of Rome as a republic, the Punic Wars with Carthage, the rule of Julius Caesar and the transition to an empire under Augustus. It then covers key events and figures in the Roman Empire like the Pax Romana and the "good emperors", before addressing the decline of the western empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire with Constantinople as its capital under Emperor Justinian.
1. Greece is a peninsula located in southeastern Europe with many mountains and islands. Ancient Greeks established colonies around the Mediterranean and Black Seas to facilitate trade.
2. The basic political unit of ancient Greece was the polis or city-state, such as Athens and Sparta. Athens developed a direct democracy while Sparta was a militaristic oligarchy.
3. In the 5th century BC, the Persian Empire invaded Greece twice, but the Greeks repelled them during the Persian Wars, helping establish Greek independence. This allowed city-states like Athens to enter a period of cultural achievement.
The document provides an overview of the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 476 AD. It summarizes the key aspects of the empire, including its geographic reach across Europe, North Africa and Western Asia, its political organization under emperors and administration, and its social hierarchy dominated by patricians, plebeians, freedmen and slaves. The empire spread Roman culture and Latin language widely through the process of Romanization. It developed advanced architecture, converted to Christianity in the 4th century AD, and saw economic growth through agriculture, trade and crafts before its eventual decline and fall in the 5th century AD.
Over several centuries, Rome built a massive empire that controlled portions of three continents by the 2nd century AD. The Roman Republic was established in the 8th century BC, replacing a monarchy. Power was shared between two consuls, the Senate, and citizen assemblies. Through conquest over centuries, Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean, defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars. By the 1st century BC, the Roman Republic controlled territory from Spain to Anatolia.
The document provides an overview of the history of ancient Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how the Greeks and Etruscans influenced early Rome and the establishment of the Roman Republic. Key events included the Punic Wars with Carthage and the rise of powerful individuals like Julius Caesar which contributed to the transition from Republic to Empire. The Roman Empire reached its height under strong emperors before experiencing instability, economic problems, and invasions from barbarian groups which ultimately led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
The Roman Republic originated around 753 BC and was founded by Romulus and Remus. It was initially controlled by three groups - the Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans. In around 600 BC, the Etruscan king was driven out and the Republic was formed, granting political power to citizen landowners. Society was divided between the wealthy patrician class and the common plebians. After defeating internal and external threats, by 265 BC Rome controlled Italy and established alliances abroad, spreading its military and commercial influence around the Mediterranean sea through the 1st century BC. This period was defined by the Punic Wars with Carthage, culminating in Rome's victory in the Third Punic War and dominance
The document provides an overview of the history and society of Ancient Rome from its origins as a small settlement to the establishment of a republic and eventual transition to an empire. It discusses the early monarchy period and establishment of a republic ruled by consuls in 509 BC. It describes the struggle between patricians and plebeians and the gradual acquisition of rights and political power by the plebeian class. It also covers the agricultural economy based on slave labor, social issues around land ownership, religion, engineering practices, architecture, and art forms in Ancient Rome.
The document provides information on government and society in ancient Greece and Rome. It discusses the key city-states of Athens and Sparta in Greece, noting that Athens practiced democracy while Sparta was a military state. It then covers the Roman Republic and transition to Empire, including the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage. The document also summarizes the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire and factors in the fall of Rome, after which the Western empire entered the Dark Ages.
The document summarizes the history of the Roman Republic from its founding as a republic in 509 BC following the overthrow of the monarchy, through the Punic Wars with Carthage and the rise and fall of Hannibal in the Second Punic War, to the eventual decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. It discusses the class system in Rome, the structure of the republican government, and key events like the Twelve Tables codifying Roman law and the three Punic Wars that established Rome as the dominant power in the Mediterranean.
Alexander the Great conquered a vast empire and spread Greek culture throughout Egypt and Asia. After his death, his empire broke apart as his generals fought for power, dividing it among themselves. This created the Hellenistic world, where Greek culture blended with local traditions. Society changed as women gained more rights and monarchy replaced democracy. The exchange of ideas led to advances in philosophy, science, technology, art and literature. Hellenistic scholars made discoveries in geometry, astronomy, mechanics and anatomy.
The document summarizes aspects of Roman culture related to arts, architecture, slavery, and daily life. It discusses how the Romans spread Greco-Roman culture throughout their empire and excelled in sculpture, painting, architecture using concrete and curved forms. It describes how slavery was widespread and revolts like led by Spartacus occurred. Daily life in Rome included challenges like overcrowding and pollution while the poor lived in insulae apartments. Entertainment for citizens included chariot races, theater, and gladiator fights involving different types who often faced brutal training and deaths in venues like the Colosseum.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history of ancient Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Some key points covered include:
- Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus around 1000 BC and grew to become the dominant power in the Italian peninsula through defeating rival groups like the Etruscans and Greeks.
- The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC and was ruled by elected leaders and a senate, though real power rested with wealthy patricians.
- Rome expanded dramatically through military conquests like the Punic Wars against Carthage, which gave Rome control of the Mediterranean.
- Julius Caesar rose to power as a dictator but was assassinated in 44
1. Rome began as a city and grew into a vast empire that spanned most of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.
2. The Roman Empire had a vast influence politically, intellectually, religiously, artistically, technologically, and economically.
3. Christianity spread widely throughout the Roman Empire due to factors like the extensive road system, period of peace and stability, religious syncretism, and eventual adoption as the official state religion.
Rome began as a small town on the Tiber River and grew into a massive empire through military expansion and conquest over centuries. It transitioned from a monarchy to a republic ruled by elected officials and senators. Internal political struggles and the rise of influential figures like Julius Caesar led to the end of the republic and establishment of the Roman Empire under Augustus in 27 BC. The empire reached its peak but then declined due to economic troubles, corruption, and invasions, with the western half falling in 476 AD.
The document summarizes the rise of the Roman Republic from 509 BC to 27 BC. It describes how the Romans established a republican government after overthrowing their Etruscan kings. It then discusses the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage between 264-146 BC, which allowed Rome to conquer the Italian peninsula and gain control of the Mediterranean Sea. The military prowess of the Roman army and its ability to forge alliances with conquered peoples were key factors in Rome's success in expanding its power and territory across Italy and beyond.
The document provides background information on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how, according to legend, Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. In reality, Rome was built between 1000-500 BC by the Latin people along the Tiber River in a strategic location. The city grew powerful under Etruscan kings but the Romans revolted in 509 BC and established a republic. The republic was ruled by consuls, senators, and citizen assemblies and expanded Rome's territory through military conquests.
The document discusses several aspects of Roman society including:
1) The Roman family was patriarchal with the oldest male, the paterfamilias, having absolute power over the extended family. Women had few legal rights.
2) Slavery was widespread and essential to the Roman economy, with slaves making up as much as a third of the population and working in households, trades, agriculture, mining, and construction.
3) Religion was central to Roman government and life, with gods and goddesses associated with every aspect of society and nature. Animal sacrifice and interpreting signs from the gods guided decisions.
4) The Roman military was highly organized and effective, allowing Rome to dominate the
The document provides an overview of ancient Rome, including:
- A brief history from the founding of Rome by Romulus in the 8th century BC through the Western Roman Empire's fall in 476 AD.
- The social structure consisted of patricians, plebeians, freemen, and slaves, with slaves making up nearly 20% of the population.
- The government evolved from a monarchy to a republic to an empire, with prominent figures including Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar. Key aspects included elected consuls and a senate that advised them.
The document describes a scenario where a Roman senator is worried about generals in Rome gaining too much power and potentially becoming dictators. Some senators want to take violent action against the generals to prevent this, but it is unclear if using violence against them to save the Republic would be justified.
1) The Roman Empire weakened over the 3rd and 4th centuries due to weak emperors, civil wars, a struggling economy, and constant threats of invasion. Diocletian and Constantine attempted reforms, including dividing the empire administratively and establishing a new capital in Constantinople, but they could not solve the fundamental problems.
2) In the late 4th century, invasions by the Huns drove Germanic tribes like the Visigoths and Vandals into the Roman Empire. They sacked Rome itself in 410. Although Attila the Hun was turned back from Italy, the western empire continued to lose control of its provinces.
3) By the 5th century,
The document provides an overview of the history of Rome and the Byzantine Empire. It discusses the founding and early government of Rome as a republic, the Punic Wars with Carthage, the rule of Julius Caesar and the transition to an empire under Augustus. It then covers key events and figures in the Roman Empire like the Pax Romana and the "good emperors", before addressing the decline of the western empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire with Constantinople as its capital under Emperor Justinian.
1. Greece is a peninsula located in southeastern Europe with many mountains and islands. Ancient Greeks established colonies around the Mediterranean and Black Seas to facilitate trade.
2. The basic political unit of ancient Greece was the polis or city-state, such as Athens and Sparta. Athens developed a direct democracy while Sparta was a militaristic oligarchy.
3. In the 5th century BC, the Persian Empire invaded Greece twice, but the Greeks repelled them during the Persian Wars, helping establish Greek independence. This allowed city-states like Athens to enter a period of cultural achievement.
The document provides an overview of the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 476 AD. It summarizes the key aspects of the empire, including its geographic reach across Europe, North Africa and Western Asia, its political organization under emperors and administration, and its social hierarchy dominated by patricians, plebeians, freedmen and slaves. The empire spread Roman culture and Latin language widely through the process of Romanization. It developed advanced architecture, converted to Christianity in the 4th century AD, and saw economic growth through agriculture, trade and crafts before its eventual decline and fall in the 5th century AD.
Over several centuries, Rome built a massive empire that controlled portions of three continents by the 2nd century AD. The Roman Republic was established in the 8th century BC, replacing a monarchy. Power was shared between two consuls, the Senate, and citizen assemblies. Through conquest over centuries, Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean, defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars. By the 1st century BC, the Roman Republic controlled territory from Spain to Anatolia.
The document provides an overview of the history of ancient Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how the Greeks and Etruscans influenced early Rome and the establishment of the Roman Republic. Key events included the Punic Wars with Carthage and the rise of powerful individuals like Julius Caesar which contributed to the transition from Republic to Empire. The Roman Empire reached its height under strong emperors before experiencing instability, economic problems, and invasions from barbarian groups which ultimately led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
The Roman Republic originated around 753 BC and was founded by Romulus and Remus. It was initially controlled by three groups - the Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans. In around 600 BC, the Etruscan king was driven out and the Republic was formed, granting political power to citizen landowners. Society was divided between the wealthy patrician class and the common plebians. After defeating internal and external threats, by 265 BC Rome controlled Italy and established alliances abroad, spreading its military and commercial influence around the Mediterranean sea through the 1st century BC. This period was defined by the Punic Wars with Carthage, culminating in Rome's victory in the Third Punic War and dominance
The document provides an overview of the history and society of Ancient Rome from its origins as a small settlement to the establishment of a republic and eventual transition to an empire. It discusses the early monarchy period and establishment of a republic ruled by consuls in 509 BC. It describes the struggle between patricians and plebeians and the gradual acquisition of rights and political power by the plebeian class. It also covers the agricultural economy based on slave labor, social issues around land ownership, religion, engineering practices, architecture, and art forms in Ancient Rome.
The document provides information on government and society in ancient Greece and Rome. It discusses the key city-states of Athens and Sparta in Greece, noting that Athens practiced democracy while Sparta was a military state. It then covers the Roman Republic and transition to Empire, including the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage. The document also summarizes the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire and factors in the fall of Rome, after which the Western empire entered the Dark Ages.
The document summarizes the history of the Roman Republic from its founding as a republic in 509 BC following the overthrow of the monarchy, through the Punic Wars with Carthage and the rise and fall of Hannibal in the Second Punic War, to the eventual decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. It discusses the class system in Rome, the structure of the republican government, and key events like the Twelve Tables codifying Roman law and the three Punic Wars that established Rome as the dominant power in the Mediterranean.
Alexander the Great conquered a vast empire and spread Greek culture throughout Egypt and Asia. After his death, his empire broke apart as his generals fought for power, dividing it among themselves. This created the Hellenistic world, where Greek culture blended with local traditions. Society changed as women gained more rights and monarchy replaced democracy. The exchange of ideas led to advances in philosophy, science, technology, art and literature. Hellenistic scholars made discoveries in geometry, astronomy, mechanics and anatomy.
The document summarizes aspects of Roman culture related to arts, architecture, slavery, and daily life. It discusses how the Romans spread Greco-Roman culture throughout their empire and excelled in sculpture, painting, architecture using concrete and curved forms. It describes how slavery was widespread and revolts like led by Spartacus occurred. Daily life in Rome included challenges like overcrowding and pollution while the poor lived in insulae apartments. Entertainment for citizens included chariot races, theater, and gladiator fights involving different types who often faced brutal training and deaths in venues like the Colosseum.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history of ancient Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Some key points covered include:
- Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus around 1000 BC and grew to become the dominant power in the Italian peninsula through defeating rival groups like the Etruscans and Greeks.
- The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC and was ruled by elected leaders and a senate, though real power rested with wealthy patricians.
- Rome expanded dramatically through military conquests like the Punic Wars against Carthage, which gave Rome control of the Mediterranean.
- Julius Caesar rose to power as a dictator but was assassinated in 44
1. Rome began as a city and grew into a vast empire that spanned most of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.
2. The Roman Empire had a vast influence politically, intellectually, religiously, artistically, technologically, and economically.
3. Christianity spread widely throughout the Roman Empire due to factors like the extensive road system, period of peace and stability, religious syncretism, and eventual adoption as the official state religion.
Rome began as a small town on the Tiber River and grew into a massive empire through military expansion and conquest over centuries. It transitioned from a monarchy to a republic ruled by elected officials and senators. Internal political struggles and the rise of influential figures like Julius Caesar led to the end of the republic and establishment of the Roman Empire under Augustus in 27 BC. The empire reached its peak but then declined due to economic troubles, corruption, and invasions, with the western half falling in 476 AD.
The document summarizes the rise of the Roman Republic from 509 BC to 27 BC. It describes how the Romans established a republican government after overthrowing their Etruscan kings. It then discusses the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage between 264-146 BC, which allowed Rome to conquer the Italian peninsula and gain control of the Mediterranean Sea. The military prowess of the Roman army and its ability to forge alliances with conquered peoples were key factors in Rome's success in expanding its power and territory across Italy and beyond.
The document provides background information on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how, according to legend, Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. In reality, Rome was built between 1000-500 BC by the Latin people along the Tiber River in a strategic location. The city grew powerful under Etruscan kings but the Romans revolted in 509 BC and established a republic. The republic was ruled by consuls, senators, and citizen assemblies and expanded Rome's territory through military conquests.
The document discusses several aspects of Roman society including:
1) The Roman family was patriarchal with the oldest male, the paterfamilias, having absolute power over the extended family. Women had few legal rights.
2) Slavery was widespread and essential to the Roman economy, with slaves making up as much as a third of the population and working in households, trades, agriculture, mining, and construction.
3) Religion was central to Roman government and life, with gods and goddesses associated with every aspect of society and nature. Animal sacrifice and interpreting signs from the gods guided decisions.
4) The Roman military was highly organized and effective, allowing Rome to dominate the
The document provides an overview of ancient Rome, including:
- A brief history from the founding of Rome by Romulus in the 8th century BC through the Western Roman Empire's fall in 476 AD.
- The social structure consisted of patricians, plebeians, freemen, and slaves, with slaves making up nearly 20% of the population.
- The government evolved from a monarchy to a republic to an empire, with prominent figures including Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar. Key aspects included elected consuls and a senate that advised them.
The Roman Republic began in 509 BC and eventually transitioned into the Roman Empire. Some key events included the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC, the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage from 264-146 BC which resulted in Rome gaining control of the western Mediterranean, the transition from Republic to Empire following the rise and assassination of Julius Caesar, and the establishment of the Pax Romana under Augustus from 27 BC to 180 AD which brought peace across the Empire.
The History of Roman Britain (Notes Class 1)Mark Gardner
This document provides an overview of Roman Britain based on a university course. It discusses the sources used to study Roman Britain like classical literature and archaeology. It then provides background on Iron Age Britain and the Roman Republic prior to its expansion. Regarding Roman Britain specifically, it summarizes Caesar's two invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC as described in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico, in which he initially invaded to punish British tribes for aiding Gaulish rebellions but faced storms and attacks each time before eventually defeating the British commander Cassivellaunus and establishing Roman influence.
Julius Caesar played a large role in the demise of the Roman Republic and rise of the Roman Empire through his unmatched military power during the Gallic Wars. He was the last dictator of Rome before it became an empire. He was assassinated in 44 BC by conspirators who feared he would become king.
The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC and eventually declined as wealthy landowners took over plebeian land. This led to civil war and the rise of triumvirates including Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. After Caesar became dictator, he was assassinated, leading to further civil war. Ultimately, Octavian defeated Antony to become the first emperor, ending the republic and establishing the Roman Empire. Rome's success was due to factors like its geography along the Mediterranean, adoption of ideas and technologies from Greeks and Etruscans, strong military, and practical political system.
The document summarizes the legendary founding of Rome by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, whose mother was a Latin woman and father was the god Mars. It notes that Romans believed this divine origin. It then provides context about the Latins who founded Rome in 753 BCE.
Rome was located in a strategic position in central Italy on the Tiber River, allowing it to control the Mediterranean region. It began as a kingdom ruled by Etruscans but overthrew them in the 5th century BCE to establish a republic with a Senate dominated by patricians. Conflicts emerged between patricians and plebeians seeking more rights and power. Rome then expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean through military conquests, establishing itself as a major power and defeating Carthage. It transitioned from a republic to an empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus, though the form of a republic was maintained. The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent by the 2nd century CE and spread its culture and laws
The document provides a detailed overview of the history of ancient Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Some key points covered include:
- Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus around 1000 BC and gradually grew to dominate the Italian peninsula through conflict with neighboring groups like the Etruscans and Greeks.
- The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC and was ruled by elected leaders and a senate, though real power was held by wealthy patricians.
- Rome expanded greatly through the Punic Wars against Carthage in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC, gaining control of the Mediterranean.
- Conflicts between political factions led to the rise of Julius
The document summarizes the transition of Rome's government from a monarchy to a republic after overthrowing the last king. Under the republic, power was shared between the patrician and plebeian classes. The plebeians gained new rights and institutions like the Plebeian Council and tribunes to protect their interests against the patricians. Roman law was also codified in the Twelve Tables. The republican government consisted of legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Over time Rome expanded its territory through military conquests of neighboring lands and conflicts with Carthage.
Rome transitioned from a republic to an empire following a series of civil wars. As Rome expanded across the Mediterranean, wealth became concentrated among the elite as small farmers lost their lands. Reforms proposed by Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus failed, exacerbating unrest. Marius began recruiting landless poor for the army, giving more power to individual generals. This led to more civil wars between rival generals vying for power, including between Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar, who formed the First Triumvirate. After Caesar's assassination, Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate, with Octavian emerging victorious against Antony. Octavian, as
The Roman Republic - Law and Society of Romekriskutateli
This document provides guidance and questions for students to learn about various aspects of the Roman Republic and Empire. It includes discussion questions about how geography helped the Romans, the difference between patricians and plebeians, the structure of the Roman Republic, Roman law including the Twelve Tables and Law of Nations. Students are asked to consider why Rome was a successful republic and predict problems that could arise from its government format. The document also summarizes the political crisis of the late republic, the reforms of Julius Caesar, his assassination, and the transition from republic to empire.
The Roman Republic began in 509 BC after the overthrow of the monarchy. The republic was led by two consuls and had a senate composed of patricians. Society was divided into patricians, plebeians, allies, and slaves. Tensions arose between patricians and plebeians, leading to the creation of tribunes to protect plebian rights. The republic expanded through military conquests during the Punic Wars against Carthage. The republic eventually transitioned into an empire under Caesar and his successors.
Rome grew from a single city to a vast empire due to its central location on the Mediterranean, which provided protection, transportation, and access to trade routes. During the Roman Republic, Rome was governed by elected officials like consuls and a senate, with a system of checks and balances. However, as Rome expanded through military conquests, tensions arose between social classes and powerful generals began to seize control. This led to civil war and the rise of Augustus, who established the Roman Empire and a new imperial government, marking the end of the Roman Republic.
The Roman Republic
Learn the 3 branches of Roman Government and basic function, understand the 3 Punic Wars and their outcome for Rome (along with who they fought) and understand the significance of Julius Caesar and his reforms for Rome.
His 101 chapter 5 6 pax romana & transformation of roman empire spring 2013dcyw1112
The document summarizes key aspects of early Roman government and society from the establishment of the Roman Republic around 500 BCE through the Punic Wars. It notes that Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic with two consuls and an advisory Senate. It then discusses the Latin War and rights granted to conquered Latins, as well as the social stratification of Rome into patricians, plebeians, and equestrians. The document focuses on the three Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage, including Hannibal's invasion of Italy and the decisive Roman victories that established Rome as the dominant power in the Mediterranean world.
This document provides an overview of Roman art and architecture from the founding of Rome to the Early Empire period. It discusses Roman foundation myths, the origins of Rome along the Tiber River in the 8th century BCE, and the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BCE. Key developments included the republican period, the expansion of Roman territory through military conquests, and the transition to a Roman Empire under Augustus in 27 BCE. The document also outlines Roman artistic patronage, innovations in architecture like concrete, vaults and domes, and examples of portrait sculpture and wall paintings found in Pompeii.
The document provides information about the history of Ancient Rome from its origins as villages along the Tiber River that united around 750 BC to form the city of Rome, through the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC and the Roman Empire beginning in 27 BC under Augustus. It discusses the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire and the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. Key events included the Roman expansion throughout the Mediterranean region, the dictatorship of Julius Caesar which ended the Roman Republic, and the division of the empire into Western and Eastern halves in an attempt to better manage it.
The document summarizes the history of Rome from its founding to the establishment of the Roman Empire. It describes how Rome was founded by Latins in central Italy and was later influenced by Greeks and Etruscans. It then discusses the establishment of the Roman Republic and its government consisting of consuls, senators, and tribunes. Finally, it outlines the transition from republic to empire, including the rise of Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar who became Rome's first emperor, establishing the Pax Romana period of peace and prosperity.
The document compares and contrasts the Roman Republic and Empire. The Roman Republic lasted from 509 BC to 27 BC and had a government led by two consuls and 300 life-term senators. It expanded its territory by granting citizenship. The Roman Empire began in 27 BC and was led by an emperor who had control over the government and military. Both eras saw the development of Roman culture through architecture, literature, and religion, with a society divided between patricians and plebeians.
This document provides an overview of a Spanish class covering direct and indirect object pronouns. It includes:
1. A review of direct and indirect object pronouns, how they replace nouns, and how their form changes based on gender, number, and subject.
2. Examples and exercises for students to practice using direct and indirect object pronouns.
3. An introduction to affirmative and negative commands in the informal "tú" form, including irregular verbs.
4. Tables showing how to conjugate verbs to form affirmative and negative commands, along with examples and exercises.
5. A brief overview of formal commands in the "Ud." and "Uds." forms.
La clase cubre varios temas: la gramática personal "a", las vacaciones, y Las Fallas. Sobre Las Fallas, la celebración dura cinco días en marzo en Valencia, España. Incluye figuras grandes de papel, fuegos artificiales diarios, y el quemando de las figuras el 19 de marzo. Los estudiantes practicarán describir fotos y responder preguntas sobre el evento.
This document provides an agenda for a Spanish class. It includes reviewing homework from the previous week, doing speaking activities to describe oneself and others, introducing numbers from 0 to 1000 and affirmative and negative words in Spanish. It also gives instructions for two homework assignments - describing one's own appearance and describing the appearance of another person. Vocabulary is provided to help with these assignments. The document then moves to discussing Spanish 2 class plans which include using comparatives and possessive pronouns/adjectives, as well as a review and introduction of demonstratives. Exercises are provided to practice demonstratives.
This document provides an agenda for a Spanish class, including:
1. Reviewing grammar and vocabulary from week 19
2. Discussing missing work or activities in Powerspeak
3. Discussing a Life Long Learner Plan and having students follow an example
4. An activity where students share answers to questions about an image
5. Reminding students that a project is due by February 20th
6. Practicing comparisons
It also provides texts and images for students to analyze, discusses the artist Carmen Lomas Garza, has students present projects, and provides a practice activity using conditional verbs.
This document provides an agenda for a Spanish class, including:
1. Reviewing questions from the previous week.
2. Student presentations of a project on mate tea.
3. An introduction to phrasal verbs.
4. An assignment to research mate tea and write a paragraph answering questions about it in Spanish.
This live Spanish class covers the following topics:
1. Questions from previous week on grammar and vocabulary
2. Reminder about missing work or activities in Powerspeak and final warning
3. Activity to share answers
4. Reminder about a project due on February 20th and that no late submissions will be accepted
5. Practice with comparisons in Spanish
This document provides an overview of an online Spanish class, including:
1. A review of grammar and vocabulary from the previous week, as well as a reminder of how to contact the teacher.
2. An explanation of using two-verb sentences in Spanish and examples of forming sentences using subject pronouns and verbs.
3. An activity analyzing an image and answering comprehension questions in Spanish about the image.
4. An assignment to choose and record a reading of a short story in Spanish from a website to submit for a grade.
This document provides an agenda for a Spanish class. It includes a review of grammar topics like the present tense of stem-changing verbs and two-verb sentences. It also provides practice exercises conjugating verbs and describing family members and vacation activities. The instructor outlines upcoming lessons on saber vs conocer, reflexive verbs, and the future tense.
This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar concepts including the eight parts of speech, verb conjugations, stem-changing verbs, adjective placement, and reflexive verbs. It includes examples and exercises for students to practice and review these grammar topics. The live Spanish class covers questions from previous weeks, contact information, make-up work, a review of parts of speech, verb forms, irregular verbs, stem-changing verbs, adjective placement, a writing activity, and an overview of reflexive verbs.
This document summarizes a Spanish lesson plan covering the following topics:
1. A review of grammar questions from Week 13, including the schedule and plan for Weeks 15-16.
2. A review of the eight parts of speech in Spanish (noun, pronoun, article, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction) including definitions and examples.
3. An activity practicing two-verb combinations using sentences about preparing for winter break.
4. A writing activity describing one's family to someone they just met using specific structures like numbers of siblings and plans for family members during winter break.
This document summarizes the key points covered in a Spanish class. The topics discussed include:
1. Questions from Week 12 on grammar and vocabulary.
2. Information about midterm exams, including their format and dates.
3. A review of two-verb combinations and an activity identifying correct and incorrect examples.
4. An explanation of how to say "to need", "to want", "to have to" in Spanish followed by a writing activity using these verbs to describe family members' needs, wants and obligations.
5. An introduction to the differences between the preterite and imperfect tenses in Spanish and a practice activity comparing past actions and repetitive actions using these tenses.
El documento presenta el plan de la clase de español de la semana 12, incluyendo preguntas de la semana 11, práctica con el verbo gustar, adjetivos demostrativos y práctica con es de. También incluye información sobre las dos clases restantes antes de las vacaciones y una presentación sobre adjetivos demostrativos en español.
This document provides an overview of a live Spanish class covering:
1. A review of week 10 grammar and vocabulary questions
2. An explanation of the uses of the verb "gustar" (to like) and object pronouns with examples
3. Practice translating sentences using "gustar" and answering questions about likes
The class will also cover imperfect tense for the Spanish II level students and include practice writing in the past about life as a child. There are only 3 classes remaining until the holidays.
This document contains the agenda and instructions for a live Spanish class. It includes:
1) Questions from week 9
2) Powerspeak questions
3) Practice activities
4) Open question period
It also provides writing prompts for students to introduce themselves, ask and answer questions in pairs, discuss their family and careers, and share about their experience as an exchange student.
William Tyndale was an English scholar and translator in the 1500s who was knowledgeable in many languages including Greek, Hebrew, German and more. He saw the importance of allowing common people access to the Bible in their own language of English, so he worked to translate it from the original texts, though it was illegal at the time. For his efforts, he was imprisoned and ultimately executed in 1536, though not before managing to smuggle thousands of translated Bibles back into England.
The obituary is for Harry Weathersby Stamps, who passed away at age 80. It humorously details Harry's love of food, traveling, and family. Some of his interests included locally sourcing ingredients, remembering every meal he ate, and taking pride in his grandchildren. The obituary provides funeral details and asks that donations be made to the community college where Harry retired as dean. It reflects on Harry's colorful personality through its amusing tone.
Gutenberg invented the printing press with movable type, which allowed for mass production of printed materials and lowered the costs of books. This enabled knowledge and ideas to spread more widely, including religious texts like the Gutenberg Bible. Martin Luther took advantage of the printing press to spread his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church, which helped spark the Protestant Reformation as his ideas spread rapidly throughout Europe within months thanks to Gutenberg's invention.
Europeans arrived in the Americas in 1492 when Columbus landed in what is now the Bahamas. Europeans established plantations and used advanced weapons and diseases like smallpox to force the local populations into labor, devastating Native American populations. The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old World and New World, known as the Columbian Exchange, introduced many new goods and permanently altered global populations and trade. Spanish explorers then conquered the Aztec and Inca empires, establishing the Spanish Empire in the Americas through systems like the Encomienda that exploited local populations.
Martin Luther was a German monk who helped spark the Protestant Reformation in the early 16th century. He was troubled by corruption in the Catholic Church, including the selling of indulgences. In 1517, he nailed his 95 Theses criticizing these practices to a church door in Wittenberg, hoping to reform the Church from within. When the Church did not change, Luther questioned its authority and teachings. He was eventually excommunicated in 1521. Luther's ideas spread widely with help from the printing press, and he went on to establish Lutheranism as a new branch of Christianity that taught salvation through faith alone rather than works. The Reformation had wide-reaching effects across Europe and resulted in religious conflicts that
The document is a quiz about Roman Britain containing 15 multiple choice questions. It tests knowledge about key events like the Roman invasion of Britain led by Julius Caesar in 43 BC, their successful conquest in AD 43, and a revolt led by Boudicca against Roman rule. Other questions cover typical Roman architecture featuring arches, artifacts like amphorae used to store oil and vinegar, and aspects of daily life such as how wealthy Romans ate while reclining and how they transported water via aqueducts.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. Greco-Roman Society
• Standard: Examine the political, philosophical,
and cultural interaction of Classical
Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400
CE.
• Essential Question: How did Classical
Mediterranean societies interact politically,
philosophical, and culturally from 700 BCE to
400 CE?
3. Origins of Rome
• Element: Compare the origins and structure of
the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the
Roman Empire.
• Vocabulary: Roman Republic
6. Greek Origins
“In those days the countryside there was wild
and empty. The story goes that when the waters
receded, the basket in which the twins had been
abandoned was left on dry land. A she-wolf, on
her way from the hills round about to drink,
came across the howling infants. She gave them
her teats to suck, and was so gentle with them
that the king’s shepherd found her licking them
with her tongue”
7.
8. Virgil’s “Aeneid”
• sponsored by Augustus
• Aeneas, the refugee from Troy
– ancestor of the people who became Romans
• Augustus liked to trace his ancestry back to
Iulus, son of Aeneas and supposed ancestor of
the Iulii - the Julian family
10. Emergence
• after 800 B.C., other people, including the
Greeks and Etruscans, settled in Italy
• early Rome was ruled by kings, some of whom
were Etruscan
14. The Repbulic
Describe:
•509 B.C. overthrew the last Etruscan king
•established a republic
– the leader is not a king
– certain citizens have the right to vote
15. The Republic
The Threat:
•Enemies surrounded Rome
•long period of continuous warfare
•267 B.C. controlled almost all of Italy
•defeated the Greeks and remaining Etruscan
states
16. The Republic
Roman Confederation:
•some people had full Roman citizenship
•other groups were allies who controlled their
local affairs but gave soldiers to Rome
•could become Roman citizens
18. The Republic’s Military
• divided into smaller
groups called legions
• Soldiers called
legionaries
• Because of the strength
of the military, Rome
began to expand
22. Punic Wars
Description:
•three wars fought between Rome and Carthage
•the victories of Hannibal during second Punic War almost destroyed
Rome
• Rome created new armies and a navy
23. Punic Wars
Result:
•Rome defeated Hannibal’s forces
•Spain became a Roman province
•Rome controlled the western Mediterranean
•completely destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C.
24. Roman Expansion
• second century B.C. conquered Macedonia
and Greece
• 133 B.C. Pergamum became Rome’s first
province in Asia
• Rome gained and maintained control of the
Mediterranean Sea
25.
26. Structure of Rome
View of Kings:
•distrusted kingship because of their experience with
Etruscan kings
•built a different form of government
•early Rome divided into two groups, the patricians
and the plebeians
28. Structure of Rome
DictatorDictator
Could rule upCould rule up
to 6 months into 6 months in
times of wartimes of war
300 men300 men
22
11
Majority ofMajority of
PopulationPopulation
29. Structure of Rome
300 men300 men
22
11
Majority ofMajority of
PopulationPopulation
ConsulsConsuls Preside overPreside over
senate,senate,
generals, 1 yrgenerals, 1 yr
termterm
30. Structure of Rome
300 men300 men
22
11
Majority ofMajority of
PopulationPopulation
SenateSenate
Served forServed for
life, mostlife, most
powerfulpowerful
bodybody
31. Structure of Rome
300 men300 men
22
11
Majority ofMajority of
PopulationPopulation
SenateSenate
PatriciansPatricians
DictatorDictator
ConsulsConsuls
32. The Senate
1. Rome’s law-making body
2. Patricians only
3. three hundred
4. served for life
33. Centuriate Assembly
• most important people’s assembly
• elected the consuls
• passed laws
• organized by classes based on wealth
• wealthiest citizens were the majority
34. Plebeians
• common people
• the less wealthy landholders, craftspeople,
merchants, and small farmers
• gained some political power
• considered citizens and could vote
• included the right to elect their own officials,
called tribunes
• tribunes could veto, or block, laws that they felt
harmed plebeians
35. Structure of Rome
300 men300 men
22
11
Majority ofMajority of
PopulationPopulation
TribunesTribunes
RepresentativesRepresentatives
for thefor the
plebeiansplebeians
36. Structure of Rome
300 men300 men
22
11
Majority ofMajority of
PopulationPopulation
TribunesTribunes
PlebeiansPlebeians
37. Structure of Rome
300 men300 men
22
11
Majority ofMajority of
PopulationPopulation
TribunesTribunes
PlebeiansPlebeians
SlavesSlaves
NoNo
powerpower
38. Structure of Rome
Impact:
•By 287 B.C., all male Roman citizens were
supposedly equal under the law
•few wealthy patrician and plebeian families
formed a new senatorial ruling class
•dominated political office
39. Julius Caesar
• Description:
• Civil War breaks out in
the Republic
• First Triumvirate formed
in 60 BC
• Government run by
three men who shared
power
• Julius Caesar, Crassus &
Pompay
40. Julius Caesar
Description:
•Julius Caesar is elected consul
in 59 BC
– grants himself governor of
Gaul from 58 – 50 BC
– wins decisive battles securing
Roman borders in the North
– Caesar seen as a military hero
– “Veni, vidi, vici…” = I came, I
saw, I conquered
41. Civil War
• As Caesar became more powerful the
Triumvirate falls apart
• Senate demands that Caesar return to Rome
w/out his army
• under the influence of a competitive Pompay
42. Civil War
• Civil war ensues
– Caesar marched to Rome in 49 BC and Pompay fled
– civil war will last a few years
– Caesar wins
• Caesar hailed as dictator for life in 45 B.C.
43. Ides of March
• many feared Caesar would assume title of king & set up a
dynasty
• 60 members of Senate plot to kill him
• Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius
• March 15, 44 BC Caesar is stabbed 23 times that result in
death in the senate chamber
• Rome plunges into another civil war
44. Julius Caesar
Impact:
•Caesar’s Reformation:
– Granted citizenship to people of provinces
– Expanded Senate
– Aided poor by creating jobs (public works)
– Started colonies for people without land
45. Augustus Caesar
• Description:
• Real name Octavian
• Grand Nephew of Julius Caesar
• the Second Triumvirate formed 43 BC
– Caesar’s supporters banded together to eliminate
assassins
– Octavian, Mark Antony & Lepidus
– took back control of Republic
46. Civil War
• Octavian forced Lepidus into retirement
• Octavian and Mark Antony then become rivals
47. Civil War
• Mark Antony meets Queen Cleopatra of Egypt
while leading troop’s in a campaign in Anatolia
– Followed her back to Egypt
– Octavian accuses Antony of trying to rule Rome
out of Egypt
• Another civil war breaks out
48. Civil War
• Battle of Actium 31 BC
• Octavian defeats the combined forces of Antony and
Cleopatra at this naval battle
• Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide
49. Austus Caesar
Impact:
•Octavian becomes unchallenged ruler
•500-year old republic comes to an end
•Octavian changes his name to Augustus
(exalted one) and becomes Rome’s first
emperor in 31 BC
•Augustus laid the foundation for the period
called the “Pax Romana”
51. “Pax Romana”
• 200 years of Roman peace and prosperity
• Established by efficient government
– Stabilized frontier
– Development of splendid governmental buildings
– Civil Service (plebeians and former slaves)
52. Roman Culture
• Element: Analyze the contributions of
Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law,
gender, and science.
• Vocabulary: Roman culture
54. Twelve Tables
• 451 B.C.
• Ancient Rome’s law
code
• written down and
placed in public
• everyone would
know the law
The Law of the Twelve TablesThe Law of the Twelve Tables
55. Roman Law
the Law of Nations:
•code of law developed later
•considered as natural law, or universal law
based on reason
58. Slavery
Expectations of Slaves:
•work in shops, made crafts, and performed
household tasks (cleaning and gardening)
•built roads and public buildings
•farmed large estates of the wealthy
60. Slavery
Slave Revolt:
•the gladiator Spartacus
•73 B.C. Seventy thousand slaves joined
Spartacus
•defeated several Roman armies before being
defeated in 71 B.C.
•Spartacus was killed and thousands of his
followers were crucified
61. Daily Life in the city of Rome
Description:
•the largest population of any city in the empire
•overcrowded and noisy
•wagons and carts were banned from the
streets during the day to ease the congestion
62. Daily Life in the city of Rome
Gap between rich and poor
•rich lived in comfortable villas
•poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae
63. Daily Life in the city of Rome
Insulae:
•six stories tall
•poorly constructed and often collapsed
•fires were a constant threat
•high rents forced entire families to live in one
room
•did not have any plumbing or central heating
•uncomfortable conditions caused many Romans to
spend most of their time outdoors in the street
64. Daily Life in the city of Rome
Entertainment:
•poor received free grain from the emperor
•Grand public spectacles entertained the people
•part of religious festivals
•featured horse and chariot races at the Circus
Maximus
•dramatic performances in theaters
•very popular gladiatorial shows
65. Roman Culture
Literature:
•most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age
was Virgil
•wrote his epic poem the Aeneid in honor of
Augustus
•character Aeneas displays the virtues of the
ideal Roman—duty, piety, and loyalty
•Aeneas started the city on its divine mission to
rule the world
66. Roman Culture
Art:
•enjoyed Greek art
•Greek statues adorned their cities and homes
•Reproductions became popular
•Roman sculptors added realistic, even
unpleasant, features to the idealized Greek
forms
67. Roman Culture
Architecture:
•excelled in architecture
•continued to use Greek styles (colonnades and
rectangular buildings)
•created forms based on curved lines: the dome,
arch, and vault
•first people to use concrete on a massive scale
69. Christianity
• Element: Describe polytheism in the Greek
and Roman world and the origins and
diffusion of Christianity in the Roman world.
• Vocabulary: polytheism, christianity
70. Origins
Judaea:
•A.D. 6
•covered the lands of the ancient kingdom of
Judah
•a Roman province
•under direction of a procurator
•Unrest was common even among factions of
Jews
73. Jesus
Teachings:
•inner transformation was more important than
adhering to laws or rituals
•Individuals should follow the Golden Rule and
treat others as they would like to be treated
•People should love God and love each other,
treating all as neighbors
74. Jesus
Events:
•Judaean authorities turned Jesus over to the
Romans
•feared he might cause people to revolt against
Rome
•the procurator, Pontius Pilate, ordered Jesus
crucified
•followers of Jesus believed he overcame death
•believed Jesus was the Messiah, the long-expected
savior of Israel
77. Key Figures
Simon Peter:
•Peter and the other disciples taught
– Jesus was the Savior and Son of God
– Jesus come to Earth to save all people
– Jesus’ death had made up for people’s sins and
made salvation possible
– Individuals had only to accept Christ (“the
anointed one”) as their Savior to be saved
78. Key Figures
Paul of Tarsus:
•followed Jesus’ command
to preach the gospel to
both Jews and non-Jews
(Gentiles)
•founded many Christian
communities in Asia
Minor and along the
Aegean Sea
79. Key Figures
Impact:
•word spread that Jesus had overcome death
•result: people converted
•example: 60 days after Jesus’ crucifixion,
Jerusalem alone had ten thousand converts
80. Diffusion
Teachings:
•teachings were passed down orally
•some were preserved in writing by Jesus’
disciples and followers
•Between A.D. 40 and 100, these writings
became the basis of the written Gospels (“the
good news”)
81. Diffusion
Gospels:
•tell of Jesus’ life and teachings
•form the basis of the New Testament
•the second part of the Christian Bible
•A.D. 100 Christian churches throughout empire
82. Diffusion
View of Christianity in the Beginning:
•Christianity seen as harmful to the public order
•act of treason = Christians would not worship
the Roman gods
•believed in one God only and would not
worship false gods or the emperors for fear of
endangering their salvation
83. Diffusion
Nero:
•Roman persecution of Christians
•began A.D. 54–68
•blamed Christians for the fire that destroyed
much of Rome
•subjected Christians to cruel deaths
84. Impact
Structure:
•strengthened by Roman persecution
•forced it to become organized
•control of bishops over Christian communities
•the clergy (church leaders) were distinct from
the laity (everyday church members)
85. Impact
Structure (continued):
•attracted many followers
•more personal than the Roman religion
•offered eternal life and salvation
•gave people a sense of belonging to a
community
•appealed to every class and especially the poor
and powerless
86. Impact
Roman Reformers:
•Christianity prospered in the fourth century
Constantine:
•first Christian emperor
•AD 313 Edict of Milan proclaimed official
toleration of Christianity
Theodosius the Great:
•Rome adopted Christianity as their official
religion
87. Collapse of the Roman Empire
• Element: Analyze the factors that led to the
collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
• Vocabulary: Collapse of the Western Roman
Empire
88. The Decline
Factors:
•A.D. 180 the death of Marcus Aurelius
•long period of civil wars
•political disorder
•economic decline
89. The Decline
Late Roman Empire:
•end of the third and the beginning of the fourth
centuries
•emperors Diocletian and Constantine
•a new governmental structure
•a rigid economic and social system
•a new religion, Christianity
90. The Decline
Diocletian:
•ruled from 284 to 305
•believed empire was too large
•divided the empire into four sections, each with
its own ruler
•Diocletian’s military power gave him ultimate
authority over the other three rulers
91. The DeclineConstantine:
•ruled from 306 to 337
•extended many of Diocletian’s policies
•by 324 was the sole ruler
•built a new capital city in the east on the site of
Byzantium on the shores of the Bosporus
•Constantinople: became the center of the Eastern
Roman Empire and one of the world’s greatest
cities
•filled his “New Rome” with a forum, large palaces,
and an amphitheater
92. Impact (1)
• expanded bureaucracy, more money needed
• enlarged the army to five hundred thousand
troops
• expansion of the civil service and the military
drained the treasury
• the lack of population growth meant that the
tax base could not be increased
93. Impact (2)
• emperors issued edicts forcing people to stay
in their assigned jobs
• policies based on control and coercion
• Empire continued for another hundred plus
years
94. Common Causes for the Collapse
1. Barbarian Invasion
2. Decline in Morals and Values
3. Environmental and Public Health Problems
4. Excessive Military Spending to Defend the
Empire
5. Inferior Technology
95. Common Causes for the Collapse
6. Inflation
7. Political Corruption
8. Rise in Christianity
9. Unemployment
10.Urban Decay
96. Fall of Western Rome (1)
• divided into two parts
• had two capitals, Rome in the west and
Constantinople in the east
• second half of the fourth century, Huns from Asia
moved into eastern Europe and put pressure on
the German Visigoths
• Visigoths moved south, crossing the Danube River
into Roman territory
• Initially Roman allies, the Visigoths revolted and
defeated a Roman army in 378
97. Fall of Western Rome (2)
• More Germans crossed into Roman lands
• 410 the Visigoths sacked the city of Rome
• 455 another group called the Vandals also sacked
the city
• 476 the western emperor, Romulus Augustus,
was deposed by the Germanic head of the army
• the end of the Western Roman Empire
• Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire,
continued to thrive
98. Roman Empire
• Western Rome: collapses and begins the
“Dark Ages” of Europe
• Eastern Rome: will continue on and will be
known as the Byzantine Empire