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Overview of classical empires

Classical civilizations such as Greece and Rome made many contributions. In Greece, Athens and Sparta developed different forms of government - Athens becoming a direct democracy while Sparta formed an oligarchy. Greek culture spread during the Hellenistic period after the conquests of Alexander the Great. Rome grew to become a vast empire through its military strength and establishment of roads, with Latin becoming a dominant language across its territories.

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Classical Civilizations
Greece • Mycenaea • Indo-European • City-state • Aegean Sea • Polis • Democracy • Pericles • Athens/Sparta • Democracy/Oligarchy • Colony • Grapes/olives • Olympia • Drama • Draco and Solon • Socrates/Plato/Aristotle • Geocentric - Ptolemy • Hellenistic • Phillip • Alexander
Greek Geography: • not as favorable for settlement • coast of peninsulas and islands. • Greeks were dependent on the sea for food and eventually trade.
Greeks colonize throughout Mediterranean and Black Seas Back to Geography
Mythology • Polytheistic • myths about their gods to explain the mysteries of nature • Mt. Olympus • human qualities, both in looks and in character traits, such as love, hate, and jealousy.
Gods and Goddesses • Zeus- king of the gods and ruler of Mount Olympus • Hera- Wife of Zeus; protector of marriage, families, children, and the home. • Apollo- god of the sun, truth, intelligence, music, and poetry. • Athena- goddess of wisdom • Aphrodite- goddess of love and beauty • Artemis- goddess of wildlife and hunting
Athens and Sparta • Polis = city state • different governments due to isolation • Citizens = free adult males could be citizens and have political rights. Women, foreigners, and slaves were not citizens.
Evolution of Athenian Government • Athens was not always a democracy. The city-state went through 4 stages of government. – Monarchy- ruled by a hereditary king – Aristocracy- ruled by wealthy land owning nobility – Tyranny- powerful ruler who appealed to the poor (usually achieved power by force) – Direct Democracy- rule by the people
Sparta • Sparta formed an oligarchy- a government ruled by a few powerful people. • Sparta was a military state governed by 2 kings and a council of elders. Major decisions were approved by the citizens, who were male, native-born Spartans over 30 years old. • Sparta set up a rigid social structure to control the people they conquered and who were treated as slaves (called helots)
War with Persia • Before the Persian Wars, Persia was the strongest military power in the world. • Persia crosses the Aegean Sea and invades Greece in 490 BC • Athens and Sparta put aside their differences and unite to defeat Persia • The Greek phalanx was superior to the Persian military formation
Results of Persian War • Greek city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom. • Athens became the most powerful Greek city-state. They were able to continue their independence, and innovations in government, and culture. • Athens enters its “Golden Age” • Delian League- Athenian lead alliance of city-states (some forced to join)- around Athens, Thessaly, and areas touching the Aegean Sea, including on Thrace and Anatolia. • Peloponnesian league- Spartan lead alliance of city-states- most of Peloponnesus, around Thebes, and Macedonia.
Pericles
Greece’s “Golden Age” of Pericles • Occurring between Persian Wars and Peloponnesian Wars • Under the leadership of Pericles Athens became more democratic and was known for its contributions in art and philosophy • Athenian life and culture thrive: – Pericles extended democracy; most adult males had equal voice. – Rebuilt Athens and the Acropolis after Persian Wars – Builds Parthenon- temple to Athena with a gold and ivory statue of the goddess inside
Greek and Indian Drama – pg. 63 1. What is culture? 2. What were the common uses/benefits of drama in these early civilizations? 3. How are these dramas key to cultural identity?
Socrates • Absolute standards for truth and justice • Encouraged people to question themselves and moral character- Socratic Method • Wanted to force people to think about their values and actions • “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Socrates is sentenced to Death… Accused of corrupting the youth of Athens… Denying the Gods of Greece…
Plato • Student of Socrates • Wrote “The Republic” – Perfectly governed society---Not a democracy •The person with the greatest intellect from the ruling class would be chosen philosopher- king
Aristotle • Plato's most famous student • Wrote books on astronomy, physics, politics, art, and other subjects. • Established a school in Athens which became a model for the modern university • Invented rules for arguing logic which was applied to the scientific method used today in biology, physics, etc.
Peloponnesian War • Tensions grew between Sparta, and the Peloponnesian League, and Athens, and Delian League. • War broke out in 431 BC during the “Golden Age” of Athens under Pericles. • They fought for control over the Greek world. • A plague broke out in Athens and killed thousands, including Pericles, which weakened Athens • After years of fighting Athens and its allies surrendered in 404 BC thus ending Athenian dominance of Greece • This resulted in the slowing of cultural advances and the weakening of political power. Phillip II of Macedonia took advantage and conquerored Greece.
Alexander the Great • Alexander at 20 years old was a great soldier and great military leader. • Conquered Egypt, Persia, and lands as far east as the Indus River. • Spread Greek culture which blended with the local cultures he conquered resulting in the Hellenistic Age.
Historical Perspective – Was Alexander Great? – pg. 65• Class Activity: With partners read through the following documents about Alexander the Great. With a yellow or green highlighter highlight EVIDENCE from these documents to prove Alexander was great. With a pink or red highlighter highlight EVIDENCE from these documents to prove Alexander was not great. When you are finished we will discuss as a class. • Explain your position based on and referencing the evidence presented, as well as any additional knowledge upon which you would like to rely.
Historical Perspective – Was Alexander Great? – pg. 65
Historical Perspective – Was Alexander Great? – pg. 65
Historical Perspective – Was Alexander Great? – pg. 65
Historical Perspective – Was Alexander Great? – • Now turn to page 65 in your SAIL book. Re-read the historical perspective and with your partner write about your position. Make sure you are not just summarizing and also utilizing specific evidence to support your argument. • Explain your position based on and referencing the evidence presented, as well as any additional knowledge upon which you would like to rely.
• Certain degree of unity to the post-Alexander world o Greek culture had spread from Aegean world to rest of known world • Same political institutions, educational systems, art forms could be found everywhere • Uniform coinage, systems of finance, laws and even language caused development of local and international commerce • Mixture of Greek and Mesopotamian elements into a worldwide, unifying, hybrid civilization is known as Hellenistic Civilization HELLENISTIC AGE
Persia • Kingdoms: o Achaemenids (558-330 BCE) Seleucids (323-383 BCE) Parthians (247 BCE-224 CE) Sasanids (224-651 CE) • Cyrus • Darius • Persepolis • Tolerance • Royal Road • Qanat
Qanat System
Persian Empire under the Achaemenids – p.59 1. The Achaemenid Persian Empire controlled which major civilization center? 2. Describe the geographic extent of the empire.
Persian Leaders • Darius (ruled: 522 BCE-486 BCE) o Administration • Satraps- provinces • Appointed local officials to govern • Inspectors travels as eyes and ears of the King • Royal Road • Cryus the Great o Founder- (aprox 550 BCE) o Tolerance- allowed Jews to return to their homeland from captivity in Babylon
Persia • Standard coin and laws • Imperial Bureaucracy o satraps: Persian governors • Persian Wars • Xerxes • Alexander = conquers 331BCE and burns Persepolis to the ground • Semi-nomadic • Zoroastrianism - Ahura Mazda o heavenly paradise as reward and hellish realm as punishment o omnipotent and beneficial deity was responsible for all creation o human beings must strive to observe the highest moral standards individuals will undergo judgment
Syncretism 1: the combination of different forms of belief or practice 2: the fusion of two or more originally different inflectional forms For example, you “sync” your devices or pair them together. It is the same idea in history. How have the two blended together to create a uniquely new thing. Example from reading packet: #5 Discuss the syncretism that took place between Greece and Persia.
Syncretism • The many faces of Jesus
Think - Pair - Share • With your partner go over the questions about Greece and Persia from your Period 2 packet. • Take turns answering the questions. • I will be around to assign each group a question to cover on the board with the class.
Critical Intro. • With your partner, write a prompt for and an answer using the following terms. • Darius • Provinces • Satraps • Royal Road • Bureaucracy • Currency
Critical Intro. • Identify and explain similarities between Christianity and Buddhism. (and not that they are “both religions”)
Rome • Common coin • Innocent until proven guilty • Mediterranean • Slavery • Latifundia • Mercenary • Diocletian • Huns • Aristocracy • Punic Wars and Carthage • Pax Romana • Julius and Augustus • Aqueduct/roads • Coliseum • Latin • Christianity • 12 Tables
Roman Empire Centrally located in Mediterranean Basin- able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin.
Beginning of Roman Republic • 800 BCE Latins migrated and settled along Tiber River • Etruscans – origins unknown • Villages formed scattered over 7 hills • Eventually united into Rome Legend = Romulus and Remus ~ brothers and founders of Rome ~ Romulus = 1st King
Roman Republic • Plebeians • Patricians • Tribunes • Magistrate • Consuls (2) • Senate – 200 members • Twelve Tables – law codes
Slavery • Economic need • Cheap and effective – little need for the development of new technology • Slowed the growth and innovation of Roman Empire • Slaves were often conquered peoples
Problems in the Republic 1. The ever widening gap between the rich and poor. 2. Creation of large estates maintained by slave labor. 3. Small farmers could not compete with the large estates and sold their land to wealthy landowners who created a latifundia (large farms based off of slave labor). 4. Small farmers were unable to repair damage from the armies of Hannibal. 5. Growth of the urban poor as homeless farmers joined other unskilled workers in the cities.
1. A Civil War then broke out. 2. Generals began to give land to the landless poor if they would become soldiers. Citizen- soldiers were thus replaced with a new breed of soldier who owed his loyalty to the generals and NOT to the Republic. 3. Generals such as Sulla became dictators. 4. Finally Julius Caesar rose to power and brought order to the Republic.
“Augustus” Octavian Caesar The Pantheon • 1st Emperor of Rome • Began Pax Romana • Civil Service • Common coinage • Secured travel
Roman Gods • Jupiter- king of the gods • Juno- queen of the gods • Apollo- god of the sun • Diana- goddess of the moon and hunting • Minerva- goddess of wisdom • Venus- goddess of love and beauty • Pluto- god of the underworld • Saturn- god of agriculture • Neptune- god of the sea • Mars- god of war
Virgil • Aeneid- a compelling founding myth or nationalist epic that at once tied Rome to the legends of Troy, glorified traditional Roman virtues and legitimized the Julio-Claudian dynasty as descendants of the founders, heroes and gods of Rome and Troy.
VOCAB • Epicureanism - philosophy of Epicurus. Mental pleasure was regarded more highly than physical and the ultimate pleasure was held to be freedom from anxiety and mental pain. No need to fear the gods. • Stoicism - determining personal ethics using logic to view the natural world. Reasoning governs nature and one must live in harmony with reason. • Martyrdom - a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs
Judaism • Synagogues • Hanukah • Kosher • Yom Kippur • Covenant • Abraham • Ten Commandments • Moses • Torah • Yahweh • No missionaries • Exodus (Passover) • Exile • Diaspora • Solomon and temple
Christianity • Abraham/Moses • Ten Commandments • New and Old Testament • Church • Christmas/Easter • Sacraments o Baptism • Jesus • Disciples • Messiah • Pope • Edict of Milan • Paul • Rome • Jerusalem • Missionary • Schism - 1054
Essential Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Christianity • Monotheism • Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God • Life after death • New Testament, containing accounts of the life and teaching of Jesus, as well as writing of early Christians • Christian doctrine established by early church councils
Spread of Christianity • Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire • Slowed as a result of persecution by Roman authorities • Adopted and legalized by Emperor Constantine
Christianity and Buddhism – pg. 81 1.What do the two images display? 2. How did the universal nature of Christianity and Buddhism differ from other more ethnic religions such as Zoroastrianism or Hinduism?
Historical Perspective – Why did Rome collapse? – pg. 85-86 • Think Pair Share: take a moment and read through your answer. Share and discuss your ideas and evidence with your partner. Make sure you are writing utilizing the short answer format (AP). o A = answer (the question) o P = provide evidence (or examples) • Choose one of the three theories presented. Explain your position based on and referencing the evidence presented, as well as any additional knowledge you would like to rely upon.
Immediate Causes of the Fall of Rome (AD 476) • Pressure from the Huns – Leader = Attila the Hun • Invasion by German Tribes forced in by the Huns • Sack of Rome by the Vandals (AD 410 & 455) • Battle of Adrianople (Visigoths kill the Eastern Emperor Valens in AD 378) • Conquest by invaders
The Fall of Rome • Social Reasons – Decline in interest in public affairs – Low confidence in the Empire – Disloyalty, lack of patriotism – Corruption – Contrast between the rich and poor
The Fall of Rome • Political Reasons – Political office seen as burden, not reward. – Military interference in politics – Civil War and unrest – Division of Empire – Moving of the capital to Byzantium
The Fall of Rome • Economic Reasons – Poor harvests – Disruption of trade – No more war plunder – Gold and Silver drain – Inflation – Crushing tax burden – Widening gap between rich and poor, western Empire becoming increasingly impoverished.
Roman decline • As the Roman Empire declined in the West, the Church in Rome grew in importance, membership, and influence
Impact of early Church • The Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal • Christianity became the official state religion • The Church became a source of moral authority • Loyalty to the Church became more important that loyalty to the Emperor • The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe.
Critical Intro Discuss ways in which the social and religious structure of South Asia were intertwined.
I. Classical Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley, spread to the Ganges River Valley, and then spread throughout the Indian subcontinent. This spread continued with little interruption because of the geographic location. A. Why were physical geography and location important to the development of Indian civilization? 1. Physical barriers: Himalayas, Hindu Kush & Indian Ocean made invasion difficult 2. Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided migration routes into the Indian subcontinent 3. The Indus & Ganges were most important rivers, for life & spiritual importance. II. Indo-European Aryans migrated into the area, creating a structured society (caste system) and blending their beliefs with those of the indigenous people. A. What impact did the Aryans have on India? 1. Aryans migrated into subcontinent, asserted dominance 2. Brought religion; holy books = Vedas – Vedic religion evolved into Hinduism 3. Established new social order Caste System Caste System
Caste System CTQ #1
III. Hinduism was an important contribution of classical India. A. What are the beliefs of the Hindu religion? 1. No single founder – evolved from Aryan Vedic traditions 2. Interconnectedness of life; Atman = individual soul; & Brahman = world soul 3. Reincarnation – rebirth of soul through many lifetimes 4. Dharma – duties specific to each caste; pride in fulfilling Dharma 5. Karma – all thoughts & actions result in future consequences (good or bad) 6. Moksha – spiritual goal for Hindus; release from cycle of rebirth; join world soul Birth Death RebirthDeath Rebirth Reincarnation
IV. Hindu Gods A. How did Hindus view their gods? Many incarnations of one god - Brahman 1. Brahma – the Creator 2. Vishnu – the Protector 3. Shiva – the Destroyer IV. Hinduism relied on sacred literature as a foundation of the religion. A. What were the “Sacred Writings” of Hinduism? 1.Vedas = beginning of Hindu religion 2. Upanishads = introduced idea of universal spirit & separation from material world 3. Mahabharata = 106,000 verse epic Indian poem; addressing good & evil; importance of Dharma.
IV. Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture and is still practiced in India today. A. How did Hinduism influence Indian society and culture? 1. Karma & reincarnation strengthened Caste System 2. Caste System influenced all social interactions & occupations 3. NO SOCIAL MOBILITY! 4. Hindu culture spread to SE Asia along trade routes. No Social Mobility – born & die in same caste H I N D U I S M
Buddhism • Missionary • Yoga • Siddhartha Gautama • Nirvana • Bodhisattvas • Enlightenment • Eight Fold Path • Four Nobel Truths • Oppose Caste • Monks/Nuns • Dali Lama • Silk Road
Siddhartha Gautama searches for Enlightenment
Buddhist statue – pg. 99 1. How does this statue reflect Buddhist philosophy? 2. How might a statue of Jesus Christ be viewed differently? Question 1 From p. 95
CTQ # 2 & 3 VA p. 95 #1
Asoka’s Mauryan Empire - 324-184 B.C.E. Gupta Empire - 320-550 C.E. Two Classical Indian Empires - Mauryan and Gupta Empires
Mauryan • Subcontinent • Chandragupta • Ashoka • Cotton • Caste system • Hinduism • Buddhism • Monk
o Founded by: Chandragupta Maurya, 322 B.C.E. Autocratic rule oAshoka (Asoka) (269-232 B.C.E.) Grandson of Chandragupta Conversion to Buddhism Becomes pacific, vegetarian Infrastructure: roads, hospitals, and inns Opposed by Brahmins and promoted Buddhism The Mauryan Dynasty
• Shortly after becoming emperor Asoka fought a long, bloody war to conquer the region of Kalinga. • Horrified by the slaughter- more than 100,000 people died- Asoka no longer wanted to fight or conquer other territories. • He converted to Buddhism, rejected violence, and ruled by moral example. • Most importantly, he sent missionaries to spread Buddhism across India and throughout Asia, including China. Asoka
Ashoka’s Rock Edicts
o Founded by Chandra Gupta Autocratic rule Considered India’s “Golden Age” Overthrown by Huns in 535 C.E. The Guptas (320-565 CE)
Gupta • Sati • Sanskrit • Arabic numerals • Decimal system • Inoculations = smallpox • Hinduism • Zero • White Huns = invade
• During this time Indian people made significant contributions to world civilizations in the area of: ~mathematics- concept of zero ~medical advancements- set bones ~astronomy- concept of earth as round ~new textiles ~literature. India's Golden Age - Gupta
Classical China • Zhou, Qin, Han Dynasties
Zhou • Warring states – after Zhou • Sons of Heaven • Mandate of Heaven • Rice/wheat • Confucianism • Daoism • Centralized government
Dynastic Cycle Mandate of Heaven—Rulers are chose to rule by heaven and will continue to rule as long as heaven is pleased; if heaven is not pleased, heaven will pass the mandate to another family
Confucianism Confucianism oPhilosopher – Confucius oBelief that humans are good, not bad o Code of Politeness, still used in Chinese society today oRespect for elders and Ancestor worship – filial piety o Emphasis on education – creation of Civil Service Exam
Confucius seeks to organize Chinese society  One of the most important of these thinkers was Confucius.  Born in 551 BC, he became a well educated man who thought deeply about the troubles of China.  Five basic relationships:  ruler and subject  father and son  husband and wife  older and younger brothers  friend and friend  The family relationships, he thought, were the most important.
CTQ #4
Daoism/Taoism Laozi (400s B.C.E.) o Philosopher o State cannot solve all problems o Nature has powerful forces:  Dao = “the way” o Meditation o Humility o Inner peace o Harmony with Nature o Medical – herbs, acupuncture, taekwondo
CTQ #5
Legalism o Favored a strong state, ruling through force o Belief that human nature was basically evil o In opposition to Confucianism in many ways • Yet the two often combined in exercise of power
Qin • 1st • Great Wall • Standardization • Dynasty • Silk • Unification • Qin Shi Huangdi • Confucianism • Daoism • Legalism
o Originally nomadic o Shi Huangdi • Claimed himself first emperor of China • Demands burning of books • Great Wall • Death of Shi Huangdi in 210 B.C.E. o Leads to a period of conflict • Terracotta Army Qin Dynasty (221-202 BCE)
Terra Cotta Army
Han (200BCE – 220CE) • Silk Roads • Patriarchial • Ox-drawn collar and plow • Water mills • Iron • Civil service • Confuciansim • Daoism • Buddhism
Han Dynasty (206BCE – 220 CE)  Overthrew Qin in 206 B.C.E.  Ruled for four centuries • Conquered northern Vietnam, Korea, and Central Asia o Tribute System = taxes
Advancements/Contributions o Technology • Water-powered mills • Paper • Porcelain • Silk • Gun powder and fireworks o Contributions • Silk Road – trade from China to Turkey • Civil Service Exam – government jobs
CTQ #6,7 VA p.95 #2
Historical perspective – pg. 105-106 • Think about Karen Armstrong’s position and discuss your opinion on the connection between periods of social and political instability with the rise of religious ideology. Explain your position based on and referencing the evidence presented, as well as any additional knowledge upon which you would like to reply. AP
Multiple Choice Partner Analysis • Think as a Historian • Write as a Historian
Critical Intro • Identify and explain similarities between the Mayans and the Greeks.
Terrace farming Enables farming on sloped land
Moche • 200 BCE – 700CE • Modern day Peru • Corn, beans, llamas • Ayllus = small communities who share communal work – belief that all people share a common ancestor
Teotihuacan One of world’s largest “Classical” Cities
Teotihuacan One of world’s largest “Classical” Cities
Maya• 1500BCE • Slash and burn • City-states • Yucatan • Caracol = observatory to predict eclipse and moon phases • Calendar • Yucatan • Pictograms/ glyphs • Zero • “the Greeks of the new world”
Image analysis – Mayan Pyramid – pg. 115 1. Why do you think cultures around the world specifically built monumental religious pyramids as seen here in Mayan culture? 2. What do these structures tell us about the level of government present and labor organization?
Virtual Tour – Chichen Itza • Video link
Historical perspective- Were the Mayans Violent? – pg 118 • What do you believe is a fair assessment of the level of violence in Mayan culture? Think about the context of the violence as well as the violence in comparison to other cultures around the world.
Virtual Tour – Mayan observatory • Video link

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Overview of classical empires

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Greece • Mycenaea • Indo-European •City-state • Aegean Sea • Polis • Democracy • Pericles • Athens/Sparta • Democracy/Oligarchy • Colony • Grapes/olives • Olympia • Drama • Draco and Solon • Socrates/Plato/Aristotle • Geocentric - Ptolemy • Hellenistic • Phillip • Alexander
  • 3.
    Greek Geography: • notas favorable for settlement • coast of peninsulas and islands. • Greeks were dependent on the sea for food and eventually trade.
  • 5.
    Greeks colonize throughoutMediterranean and Black Seas Back to Geography
  • 6.
    Mythology • Polytheistic • mythsabout their gods to explain the mysteries of nature • Mt. Olympus • human qualities, both in looks and in character traits, such as love, hate, and jealousy.
  • 7.
    Gods and Goddesses •Zeus- king of the gods and ruler of Mount Olympus • Hera- Wife of Zeus; protector of marriage, families, children, and the home. • Apollo- god of the sun, truth, intelligence, music, and poetry. • Athena- goddess of wisdom • Aphrodite- goddess of love and beauty • Artemis- goddess of wildlife and hunting
  • 8.
    Athens and Sparta •Polis = city state • different governments due to isolation • Citizens = free adult males could be citizens and have political rights. Women, foreigners, and slaves were not citizens.
  • 9.
    Evolution of Athenian Government •Athens was not always a democracy. The city-state went through 4 stages of government. – Monarchy- ruled by a hereditary king – Aristocracy- ruled by wealthy land owning nobility – Tyranny- powerful ruler who appealed to the poor (usually achieved power by force) – Direct Democracy- rule by the people
  • 10.
    Sparta • Sparta formedan oligarchy- a government ruled by a few powerful people. • Sparta was a military state governed by 2 kings and a council of elders. Major decisions were approved by the citizens, who were male, native-born Spartans over 30 years old. • Sparta set up a rigid social structure to control the people they conquered and who were treated as slaves (called helots)
  • 11.
    War with Persia •Before the Persian Wars, Persia was the strongest military power in the world. • Persia crosses the Aegean Sea and invades Greece in 490 BC • Athens and Sparta put aside their differences and unite to defeat Persia • The Greek phalanx was superior to the Persian military formation
  • 12.
    Results of PersianWar • Greek city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom. • Athens became the most powerful Greek city-state. They were able to continue their independence, and innovations in government, and culture. • Athens enters its “Golden Age” • Delian League- Athenian lead alliance of city-states (some forced to join)- around Athens, Thessaly, and areas touching the Aegean Sea, including on Thrace and Anatolia. • Peloponnesian league- Spartan lead alliance of city-states- most of Peloponnesus, around Thebes, and Macedonia.
  • 13.
  • 14.
    Greece’s “Golden Age”of Pericles • Occurring between Persian Wars and Peloponnesian Wars • Under the leadership of Pericles Athens became more democratic and was known for its contributions in art and philosophy • Athenian life and culture thrive: – Pericles extended democracy; most adult males had equal voice. – Rebuilt Athens and the Acropolis after Persian Wars – Builds Parthenon- temple to Athena with a gold and ivory statue of the goddess inside
  • 15.
    Greek and IndianDrama – pg. 63 1. What is culture? 2. What were the common uses/benefits of drama in these early civilizations? 3. How are these dramas key to cultural identity?
  • 16.
    Socrates • Absolute standardsfor truth and justice • Encouraged people to question themselves and moral character- Socratic Method • Wanted to force people to think about their values and actions • “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
  • 17.
    Socrates is sentencedto Death… Accused of corrupting the youth of Athens… Denying the Gods of Greece…
  • 18.
    Plato • Student ofSocrates • Wrote “The Republic” – Perfectly governed society---Not a democracy •The person with the greatest intellect from the ruling class would be chosen philosopher- king
  • 19.
    Aristotle • Plato's mostfamous student • Wrote books on astronomy, physics, politics, art, and other subjects. • Established a school in Athens which became a model for the modern university • Invented rules for arguing logic which was applied to the scientific method used today in biology, physics, etc.
  • 20.
    Peloponnesian War • Tensionsgrew between Sparta, and the Peloponnesian League, and Athens, and Delian League. • War broke out in 431 BC during the “Golden Age” of Athens under Pericles. • They fought for control over the Greek world. • A plague broke out in Athens and killed thousands, including Pericles, which weakened Athens • After years of fighting Athens and its allies surrendered in 404 BC thus ending Athenian dominance of Greece • This resulted in the slowing of cultural advances and the weakening of political power. Phillip II of Macedonia took advantage and conquerored Greece.
  • 21.
    Alexander the Great •Alexander at 20 years old was a great soldier and great military leader. • Conquered Egypt, Persia, and lands as far east as the Indus River. • Spread Greek culture which blended with the local cultures he conquered resulting in the Hellenistic Age.
  • 23.
    Historical Perspective –Was Alexander Great? – pg. 65• Class Activity: With partners read through the following documents about Alexander the Great. With a yellow or green highlighter highlight EVIDENCE from these documents to prove Alexander was great. With a pink or red highlighter highlight EVIDENCE from these documents to prove Alexander was not great. When you are finished we will discuss as a class. • Explain your position based on and referencing the evidence presented, as well as any additional knowledge upon which you would like to rely.
  • 24.
    Historical Perspective –Was Alexander Great? – pg. 65
  • 25.
    Historical Perspective –Was Alexander Great? – pg. 65
  • 26.
    Historical Perspective –Was Alexander Great? – pg. 65
  • 27.
    Historical Perspective –Was Alexander Great? – • Now turn to page 65 in your SAIL book. Re-read the historical perspective and with your partner write about your position. Make sure you are not just summarizing and also utilizing specific evidence to support your argument. • Explain your position based on and referencing the evidence presented, as well as any additional knowledge upon which you would like to rely.
  • 28.
    • Certain degreeof unity to the post-Alexander world o Greek culture had spread from Aegean world to rest of known world • Same political institutions, educational systems, art forms could be found everywhere • Uniform coinage, systems of finance, laws and even language caused development of local and international commerce • Mixture of Greek and Mesopotamian elements into a worldwide, unifying, hybrid civilization is known as Hellenistic Civilization HELLENISTIC AGE
  • 29.
    Persia • Kingdoms: o Achaemenids(558-330 BCE) Seleucids (323-383 BCE) Parthians (247 BCE-224 CE) Sasanids (224-651 CE) • Cyrus • Darius • Persepolis • Tolerance • Royal Road • Qanat
  • 30.
  • 31.
    Persian Empire underthe Achaemenids – p.59 1. The Achaemenid Persian Empire controlled which major civilization center? 2. Describe the geographic extent of the empire.
  • 32.
    Persian Leaders • Darius(ruled: 522 BCE-486 BCE) o Administration • Satraps- provinces • Appointed local officials to govern • Inspectors travels as eyes and ears of the King • Royal Road • Cryus the Great o Founder- (aprox 550 BCE) o Tolerance- allowed Jews to return to their homeland from captivity in Babylon
  • 33.
    Persia • Standard coinand laws • Imperial Bureaucracy o satraps: Persian governors • Persian Wars • Xerxes • Alexander = conquers 331BCE and burns Persepolis to the ground • Semi-nomadic • Zoroastrianism - Ahura Mazda o heavenly paradise as reward and hellish realm as punishment o omnipotent and beneficial deity was responsible for all creation o human beings must strive to observe the highest moral standards individuals will undergo judgment
  • 34.
    Syncretism 1: the combinationof different forms of belief or practice 2: the fusion of two or more originally different inflectional forms For example, you “sync” your devices or pair them together. It is the same idea in history. How have the two blended together to create a uniquely new thing. Example from reading packet: #5 Discuss the syncretism that took place between Greece and Persia.
  • 35.
  • 36.
    Think - Pair- Share • With your partner go over the questions about Greece and Persia from your Period 2 packet. • Take turns answering the questions. • I will be around to assign each group a question to cover on the board with the class.
  • 37.
    Critical Intro. • Withyour partner, write a prompt for and an answer using the following terms. • Darius • Provinces • Satraps • Royal Road • Bureaucracy • Currency
  • 38.
    Critical Intro. • Identifyand explain similarities between Christianity and Buddhism. (and not that they are “both religions”)
  • 39.
    Rome • Common coin •Innocent until proven guilty • Mediterranean • Slavery • Latifundia • Mercenary • Diocletian • Huns • Aristocracy • Punic Wars and Carthage • Pax Romana • Julius and Augustus • Aqueduct/roads • Coliseum • Latin • Christianity • 12 Tables
  • 40.
    Roman Empire Centrally locatedin Mediterranean Basin- able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin.
  • 43.
    Beginning of RomanRepublic • 800 BCE Latins migrated and settled along Tiber River • Etruscans – origins unknown • Villages formed scattered over 7 hills • Eventually united into Rome Legend = Romulus and Remus ~ brothers and founders of Rome ~ Romulus = 1st King
  • 44.
    Roman Republic • Plebeians •Patricians • Tribunes • Magistrate • Consuls (2) • Senate – 200 members • Twelve Tables – law codes
  • 45.
    Slavery • Economic need •Cheap and effective – little need for the development of new technology • Slowed the growth and innovation of Roman Empire • Slaves were often conquered peoples
  • 46.
    Problems in theRepublic 1. The ever widening gap between the rich and poor. 2. Creation of large estates maintained by slave labor. 3. Small farmers could not compete with the large estates and sold their land to wealthy landowners who created a latifundia (large farms based off of slave labor). 4. Small farmers were unable to repair damage from the armies of Hannibal. 5. Growth of the urban poor as homeless farmers joined other unskilled workers in the cities.
  • 47.
    1. A CivilWar then broke out. 2. Generals began to give land to the landless poor if they would become soldiers. Citizen- soldiers were thus replaced with a new breed of soldier who owed his loyalty to the generals and NOT to the Republic. 3. Generals such as Sulla became dictators. 4. Finally Julius Caesar rose to power and brought order to the Republic.
  • 48.
    “Augustus” Octavian Caesar ThePantheon • 1st Emperor of Rome • Began Pax Romana • Civil Service • Common coinage • Secured travel
  • 49.
    Roman Gods • Jupiter-king of the gods • Juno- queen of the gods • Apollo- god of the sun • Diana- goddess of the moon and hunting • Minerva- goddess of wisdom • Venus- goddess of love and beauty • Pluto- god of the underworld • Saturn- god of agriculture • Neptune- god of the sea • Mars- god of war
  • 50.
    Virgil • Aeneid- acompelling founding myth or nationalist epic that at once tied Rome to the legends of Troy, glorified traditional Roman virtues and legitimized the Julio-Claudian dynasty as descendants of the founders, heroes and gods of Rome and Troy.
  • 51.
    VOCAB • Epicureanism -philosophy of Epicurus. Mental pleasure was regarded more highly than physical and the ultimate pleasure was held to be freedom from anxiety and mental pain. No need to fear the gods. • Stoicism - determining personal ethics using logic to view the natural world. Reasoning governs nature and one must live in harmony with reason. • Martyrdom - a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs
  • 52.
    Judaism • Synagogues • Hanukah •Kosher • Yom Kippur • Covenant • Abraham • Ten Commandments • Moses • Torah • Yahweh • No missionaries • Exodus (Passover) • Exile • Diaspora • Solomon and temple
  • 53.
    Christianity • Abraham/Moses • TenCommandments • New and Old Testament • Church • Christmas/Easter • Sacraments o Baptism • Jesus • Disciples • Messiah • Pope • Edict of Milan • Paul • Rome • Jerusalem • Missionary • Schism - 1054
  • 54.
    Essential Beliefs, traditions,and customs of Christianity • Monotheism • Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God • Life after death • New Testament, containing accounts of the life and teaching of Jesus, as well as writing of early Christians • Christian doctrine established by early church councils
  • 55.
    Spread of Christianity •Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire • Slowed as a result of persecution by Roman authorities • Adopted and legalized by Emperor Constantine
  • 56.
    Christianity and Buddhism –pg. 81 1.What do the two images display? 2. How did the universal nature of Christianity and Buddhism differ from other more ethnic religions such as Zoroastrianism or Hinduism?
  • 57.
    Historical Perspective –Why did Rome collapse? – pg. 85-86 • Think Pair Share: take a moment and read through your answer. Share and discuss your ideas and evidence with your partner. Make sure you are writing utilizing the short answer format (AP). o A = answer (the question) o P = provide evidence (or examples) • Choose one of the three theories presented. Explain your position based on and referencing the evidence presented, as well as any additional knowledge you would like to rely upon.
  • 58.
    Immediate Causes ofthe Fall of Rome (AD 476) • Pressure from the Huns – Leader = Attila the Hun • Invasion by German Tribes forced in by the Huns • Sack of Rome by the Vandals (AD 410 & 455) • Battle of Adrianople (Visigoths kill the Eastern Emperor Valens in AD 378) • Conquest by invaders
  • 59.
    The Fall ofRome • Social Reasons – Decline in interest in public affairs – Low confidence in the Empire – Disloyalty, lack of patriotism – Corruption – Contrast between the rich and poor
  • 60.
    The Fall ofRome • Political Reasons – Political office seen as burden, not reward. – Military interference in politics – Civil War and unrest – Division of Empire – Moving of the capital to Byzantium
  • 61.
    The Fall ofRome • Economic Reasons – Poor harvests – Disruption of trade – No more war plunder – Gold and Silver drain – Inflation – Crushing tax burden – Widening gap between rich and poor, western Empire becoming increasingly impoverished.
  • 62.
    Roman decline • Asthe Roman Empire declined in the West, the Church in Rome grew in importance, membership, and influence
  • 63.
    Impact of earlyChurch • The Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal • Christianity became the official state religion • The Church became a source of moral authority • Loyalty to the Church became more important that loyalty to the Emperor • The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe.
  • 64.
    Critical Intro Discuss waysin which the social and religious structure of South Asia were intertwined.
  • 65.
    I. Classical Indiancivilization began in the Indus River Valley, spread to the Ganges River Valley, and then spread throughout the Indian subcontinent. This spread continued with little interruption because of the geographic location. A. Why were physical geography and location important to the development of Indian civilization? 1. Physical barriers: Himalayas, Hindu Kush & Indian Ocean made invasion difficult 2. Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided migration routes into the Indian subcontinent 3. The Indus & Ganges were most important rivers, for life & spiritual importance. II. Indo-European Aryans migrated into the area, creating a structured society (caste system) and blending their beliefs with those of the indigenous people. A. What impact did the Aryans have on India? 1. Aryans migrated into subcontinent, asserted dominance 2. Brought religion; holy books = Vedas – Vedic religion evolved into Hinduism 3. Established new social order Caste System Caste System
  • 66.
  • 67.
    III. Hinduism wasan important contribution of classical India. A. What are the beliefs of the Hindu religion? 1. No single founder – evolved from Aryan Vedic traditions 2. Interconnectedness of life; Atman = individual soul; & Brahman = world soul 3. Reincarnation – rebirth of soul through many lifetimes 4. Dharma – duties specific to each caste; pride in fulfilling Dharma 5. Karma – all thoughts & actions result in future consequences (good or bad) 6. Moksha – spiritual goal for Hindus; release from cycle of rebirth; join world soul Birth Death RebirthDeath Rebirth Reincarnation
  • 68.
    IV. Hindu Gods A.How did Hindus view their gods? Many incarnations of one god - Brahman 1. Brahma – the Creator 2. Vishnu – the Protector 3. Shiva – the Destroyer IV. Hinduism relied on sacred literature as a foundation of the religion. A. What were the “Sacred Writings” of Hinduism? 1.Vedas = beginning of Hindu religion 2. Upanishads = introduced idea of universal spirit & separation from material world 3. Mahabharata = 106,000 verse epic Indian poem; addressing good & evil; importance of Dharma.
  • 69.
    IV. Hinduism influencedIndian society and culture and is still practiced in India today. A. How did Hinduism influence Indian society and culture? 1. Karma & reincarnation strengthened Caste System 2. Caste System influenced all social interactions & occupations 3. NO SOCIAL MOBILITY! 4. Hindu culture spread to SE Asia along trade routes. No Social Mobility – born & die in same caste H I N D U I S M
  • 70.
    Buddhism • Missionary • Yoga •Siddhartha Gautama • Nirvana • Bodhisattvas • Enlightenment • Eight Fold Path • Four Nobel Truths • Oppose Caste • Monks/Nuns • Dali Lama • Silk Road
  • 71.
    Siddhartha Gautama searchesfor Enlightenment
  • 74.
    Buddhist statue –pg. 99 1. How does this statue reflect Buddhist philosophy? 2. How might a statue of Jesus Christ be viewed differently? Question 1 From p. 95
  • 75.
    CTQ # 2& 3 VA p. 95 #1
  • 76.
    Asoka’s Mauryan Empire- 324-184 B.C.E. Gupta Empire - 320-550 C.E. Two Classical Indian Empires - Mauryan and Gupta Empires
  • 77.
    Mauryan • Subcontinent • Chandragupta •Ashoka • Cotton • Caste system • Hinduism • Buddhism • Monk
  • 78.
    o Founded by:Chandragupta Maurya, 322 B.C.E. Autocratic rule oAshoka (Asoka) (269-232 B.C.E.) Grandson of Chandragupta Conversion to Buddhism Becomes pacific, vegetarian Infrastructure: roads, hospitals, and inns Opposed by Brahmins and promoted Buddhism The Mauryan Dynasty
  • 79.
    • Shortly afterbecoming emperor Asoka fought a long, bloody war to conquer the region of Kalinga. • Horrified by the slaughter- more than 100,000 people died- Asoka no longer wanted to fight or conquer other territories. • He converted to Buddhism, rejected violence, and ruled by moral example. • Most importantly, he sent missionaries to spread Buddhism across India and throughout Asia, including China. Asoka
  • 80.
  • 81.
    o Founded byChandra Gupta Autocratic rule Considered India’s “Golden Age” Overthrown by Huns in 535 C.E. The Guptas (320-565 CE)
  • 82.
    Gupta • Sati • Sanskrit •Arabic numerals • Decimal system • Inoculations = smallpox • Hinduism • Zero • White Huns = invade
  • 83.
    • During thistime Indian people made significant contributions to world civilizations in the area of: ~mathematics- concept of zero ~medical advancements- set bones ~astronomy- concept of earth as round ~new textiles ~literature. India's Golden Age - Gupta
  • 84.
    Classical China • Zhou,Qin, Han Dynasties
  • 85.
    Zhou • Warring states– after Zhou • Sons of Heaven • Mandate of Heaven • Rice/wheat • Confucianism • Daoism • Centralized government
  • 86.
    Dynastic Cycle Mandate ofHeaven—Rulers are chose to rule by heaven and will continue to rule as long as heaven is pleased; if heaven is not pleased, heaven will pass the mandate to another family
  • 87.
    Confucianism Confucianism oPhilosopher – Confucius oBeliefthat humans are good, not bad o Code of Politeness, still used in Chinese society today oRespect for elders and Ancestor worship – filial piety o Emphasis on education – creation of Civil Service Exam
  • 88.
    Confucius seeks toorganize Chinese society  One of the most important of these thinkers was Confucius.  Born in 551 BC, he became a well educated man who thought deeply about the troubles of China.  Five basic relationships:  ruler and subject  father and son  husband and wife  older and younger brothers  friend and friend  The family relationships, he thought, were the most important.
  • 89.
  • 90.
    Daoism/Taoism Laozi (400s B.C.E.) oPhilosopher o State cannot solve all problems o Nature has powerful forces:  Dao = “the way” o Meditation o Humility o Inner peace o Harmony with Nature o Medical – herbs, acupuncture, taekwondo
  • 91.
  • 92.
    Legalism o Favored astrong state, ruling through force o Belief that human nature was basically evil o In opposition to Confucianism in many ways • Yet the two often combined in exercise of power
  • 93.
    Qin • 1st • GreatWall • Standardization • Dynasty • Silk • Unification • Qin Shi Huangdi • Confucianism • Daoism • Legalism
  • 94.
    o Originally nomadic oShi Huangdi • Claimed himself first emperor of China • Demands burning of books • Great Wall • Death of Shi Huangdi in 210 B.C.E. o Leads to a period of conflict • Terracotta Army Qin Dynasty (221-202 BCE)
  • 95.
  • 96.
    Han (200BCE –220CE) • Silk Roads • Patriarchial • Ox-drawn collar and plow • Water mills • Iron • Civil service • Confuciansim • Daoism • Buddhism
  • 97.
    Han Dynasty (206BCE– 220 CE)  Overthrew Qin in 206 B.C.E.  Ruled for four centuries • Conquered northern Vietnam, Korea, and Central Asia o Tribute System = taxes
  • 98.
    Advancements/Contributions o Technology • Water-poweredmills • Paper • Porcelain • Silk • Gun powder and fireworks o Contributions • Silk Road – trade from China to Turkey • Civil Service Exam – government jobs
  • 99.
  • 100.
    Historical perspective – pg.105-106 • Think about Karen Armstrong’s position and discuss your opinion on the connection between periods of social and political instability with the rise of religious ideology. Explain your position based on and referencing the evidence presented, as well as any additional knowledge upon which you would like to reply. AP
  • 101.
    Multiple Choice Partner Analysis •Think as a Historian • Write as a Historian
  • 102.
    Critical Intro • Identifyand explain similarities between the Mayans and the Greeks.
  • 103.
  • 104.
    Moche • 200 BCE– 700CE • Modern day Peru • Corn, beans, llamas • Ayllus = small communities who share communal work – belief that all people share a common ancestor
  • 105.
    Teotihuacan One of world’slargest “Classical” Cities
  • 106.
    Teotihuacan One of world’slargest “Classical” Cities
  • 107.
    Maya• 1500BCE • Slashand burn • City-states • Yucatan • Caracol = observatory to predict eclipse and moon phases • Calendar • Yucatan • Pictograms/ glyphs • Zero • “the Greeks of the new world”
  • 108.
    Image analysis –Mayan Pyramid – pg. 115 1. Why do you think cultures around the world specifically built monumental religious pyramids as seen here in Mayan culture? 2. What do these structures tell us about the level of government present and labor organization?
  • 109.
    Virtual Tour –Chichen Itza • Video link
  • 110.
    Historical perspective- Werethe Mayans Violent? – pg 118 • What do you believe is a fair assessment of the level of violence in Mayan culture? Think about the context of the violence as well as the violence in comparison to other cultures around the world.
  • 111.
    Virtual Tour –Mayan observatory • Video link

Editor's Notes