This presentation contains 53 power point slides. These slides have description between virus and host cell interactions including concept of permissive and non-permissive infection, latent infection and host immune response to viral infection. Slides are designed for medical students, nurses, academicians who are teaching virology and microbiology in medical universities, schools or college.
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
This presentation contains 53 power point slides. These slides have description between virus and host cell interactions including concept of permissive and non-permissive infection, latent infection and host immune response to viral infection. Slides are designed for medical students, nurses, academicians who are teaching virology and microbiology in medical universities, schools or college.
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
This presentation contains 45 slides on general virology comprises of topics on viral classification, transmission, pathogenesis, viral cytopathic effect, stages of viral infections, antiviral drugs and viral vaccines. It also have a slide noting an outline of laboratory diagnosis of viral infection. This power point presentation was designed for medical students, nurses and academicians teaching virology and microbiology in medical universities, schools or colleges.
Bunyavirus, any virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Bunyaviridae is a family of arthropod-borne or rodent-borne, spherical, enveloped RNA viruses. Bunyaviruses are responsible for a number of febrile diseases in humans and other vertebrates. They have either a rodent host or an arthropod vector and a vertebrate host.
Presentation comprises of introductory information on virus, related terminology, its composition and structure, classification, nomenclature and taxonomy for under graduate students.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
This presentation contains 45 slides on general virology comprises of topics on viral classification, transmission, pathogenesis, viral cytopathic effect, stages of viral infections, antiviral drugs and viral vaccines. It also have a slide noting an outline of laboratory diagnosis of viral infection. This power point presentation was designed for medical students, nurses and academicians teaching virology and microbiology in medical universities, schools or colleges.
Bunyavirus, any virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Bunyaviridae is a family of arthropod-borne or rodent-borne, spherical, enveloped RNA viruses. Bunyaviruses are responsible for a number of febrile diseases in humans and other vertebrates. They have either a rodent host or an arthropod vector and a vertebrate host.
Presentation comprises of introductory information on virus, related terminology, its composition and structure, classification, nomenclature and taxonomy for under graduate students.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
physiology practical for PharM-D studentsSaika Lashari
this file is collection of all practical procedures included in the physiology taught to pharm-D graduates. all the material included in this file is taken from various internet sites.
Homeostasis,cell physiology -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpanderajendra deshpande
Paper 1 – Part B – PPT Set 1 – Homeostasis & Cell Physiology
• This PPT Set is inEnglish .Very useful for 1st BAMS ,Teachers & Students for Teaching & Learning. It contains 1) Definition & mechanisms of maintenance of homeostasis 2) Cell physiology 3) Membrane physiology 4) Transportation of various substances across cell membrane
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
A simple description of a virus, how it works and affects our bodies, and how the body defends itself against the virus and what is a virus originally, and how it multiplies in our bodies.
For detailed explanation, Visit us on Youtube Channel: The Academic Table (shorturl.at/szFV9)
Why do bats transmit most of the viruses? Bats have something with their immune system that Bats are host and reservoir of many dangerous viruses like corona virus that cause covid19.
Contact us: theacademictable@gmail.com
Visit on Youtube Channel: The Academic Table
What Causes A Virus Pandemic and How to Prevent Future Ones.pdfAnshuman Jamdade
“The single biggest threat to man’s continued dominance on the planet is the virus”. Joshua Lederberg, Ph.D., Nobel laureate, Film introduction: Outbreak (1995).
What is Virus?
The human race was at its knees. You know how the Covid-19 virus pandemic impacted millions of lives worldwide. Viruses are the smallest and simplest infectious agents that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism. As viruses lack their own structure, they are unable to replicate on their own and must infect a host cell to reproduce. When a virus infects a host cell, it inserts its genetic material in the host cell’s genes in order to create copies of itself. As the virus multiplies, the infected host cell bursts to release new viruses into the surrounding environment. These new viruses can then go on to infect other cells and even infect other organisms, leading to the spread of the virus and infection. Viruses can infect all life forms, from humans, animals, and plants to micro-organisms including bacteria and fungi. Most viral infections if occur in healthy individuals are usually asymptomatic or with mild symptoms.
Why do viruses mutate so frequently?
Like all other living forms, viruses also go through mutations throughout their lifespan. However, their genetic structure especially of RNA viruses lacks proofreading skills, which makes them undergo random “copying errors” (i.e., genetic mutations) during replication. This also makes them prone to high mutation rates. That’s why most pandemic infections are usually viral in origin. The more it circulates, the more it can change. However, the more virulent virus may be less transmissible, because it reduces the chances of transmission by killing the host. Viruses usually mutate in immunocompromised individuals. If viruses don’t get host cells, their population in the environment may decrease or remain stable.
Viruses may swap genetic material with the host to make a new “mixed” virus with unique properties. This may lead to horizontal gene transfer from a host to a virus or from a virus to a host, which plays an important role in the mutation and evolution of all organisms. All living forms including humans, plants, and animals are evolved from/by micro-organisms; however, micro-organisms are evolved to keep control of macroorganisms.
Why viruses are more dangerous?
Viruses are more unstable like an ion because they lack their own structure to reproduce. They must need a host to grow and replicate. Viruses enter the host cell by camouflaging and tricking it. They first incorporate their genome with the host genome and then multiply by “commandeering” and “hijacking” the host cell to produce more viruses. The infected cell doesn’t know that the commandeering is by the virus, and thus unknowingly becomes a virus factory. New viruses then burst out of a host cell and enter into new cells to repeat the process. This makes a host helpless, functionless, and even defenseless. You felt sick because your body is
Fighting Global Disease and Degradation of Health Caused by Mosquitoes throug...ESD UNU-IAS
Fighting Global Disease and Degradation of Health Caused by Mosquitoes through Citizen Science
Case Study Presentation
Mr. Garry Harris, RCE Greater Atlanta
8th Americas Regional Meeting
23-25 September, 2019, Burlington, USA
Biodiversity is variety…
of organisms in a given area
of genetic variation within a population
of species in a community
of communities in an ecosystem
Humans need to understand & preserve biodiversity for our own survival.
When black water or sewage sludge contaminates a property from a natural disaster or when nature causes havoc on sanitary pipes during winter, the microbial contamination can be significant, especially in hospital or other healthcare settings. Many of these individuals are elderly or sick with depressed immune systems. The microflora is much different in these settings than a toilet overflow in a residential dwelling. Knowing the risks and remediation needed to cleanup the mess depends on the type of microbial contamination. Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi may found in combination or alone at different stages. In areas where the river banks overflow or dams collapse, surface water can cause damage to sanitary systems, raise deceased victims from the grave, and transport contamination offsite to other downstream neighborhoods. Knowing what to do and the timing to react are very important in the outcome of the event.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
21. All living things survive in a sea of
viruses
• We eat and breathe billions of them regularly
22. All living things survive in a sea of
viruses
• We eat and breathe billions of them regularly
-breathe 6 liters of air per minute, eat thousands of grams of
food and its allied contaminants per day, touch heaven knows
what and put our fingers in our eyes and mouths
23. All living things survive in a sea of
viruses
• We eat and breathe billions of them regularly
-breathe 6 liters of air per minute, eat thousands of grams of
food and its allied contaminants per day, touch heaven knows
what and put our fingers in our eyes and mouths
-every milliliter of seawater has more than a million virus
particles
24. All living things survive in a sea of
viruses
• We eat and breathe billions of them regularly
-breathe 6 liters of air per minute, eat thousands of grams of
food and its allied contaminants per day, touch heaven knows
what and put our fingers in our eyes and mouths
-every milliliter of seawater has more than a million virus
particles
• We carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic material
25. All living things survive in a sea of
viruses
• We eat and breathe billions of them regularly
-breathe 6 liters of air per minute, eat thousands of grams of
food and its allied contaminants per day, touch heaven knows
what and put our fingers in our eyes and mouths
-every milliliter of seawater has more than a million virus
particles
• We carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic material
• Viruses infect our pets, domestic food animals, wildlife,
plants, insects
26. All living things survive in a sea of
viruses
• We eat and breathe billions of them regularly
-breathe 6 liters of air per minute, eat thousands of grams of
food and its allied contaminants per day, touch heaven knows
what and put our fingers in our eyes and mouths
-every milliliter of seawater has more than a million virus
particles
• We carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic material
• Viruses infect our pets, domestic food animals, wildlife,
plants, insects
• Viral infections can cross species barriers, and do so
constantly - zoonotic infections
27. All living things survive in a sea of
viruses
• We eat and breathe billions of them regularly
-breathe 6 liters of air per minute, eat thousands of grams of
food and its allied contaminants per day, touch heaven knows
what and put our fingers in our eyes and mouths
-every milliliter of seawater has more than a million virus
particles
• We carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic material
• Viruses infect our pets, domestic food animals, wildlife,
plants, insects
• Viral infections can cross species barriers, and do so
constantly - zoonotic infections
29. The number of viruses impinging on us
is staggering
More than 1030
bacteriophage particles in the
world’s water supply!
30. The number of viruses impinging on us
is staggering
More than 1030
bacteriophage particles in the
world’s water supply!
• A bacteriophage particle weighs about a
femtogram (10-15 grams)
31. The number of viruses impinging on us
is staggering
More than 1030
bacteriophage particles in the
world’s water supply!
• A bacteriophage particle weighs about a
femtogram (10-15 grams)
1030 X 10-15= the biomass on the planet of
BACTERIAL VIRUSES ALONE exceeds the
biomass of elephants by more than 1000-
fold!
32. The number of viruses impinging on us
is staggering
More than 1030
bacteriophage particles in the
world’s water supply!
• A bacteriophage particle weighs about a
femtogram (10-15 grams)
1030 X 10-15= the biomass on the planet of
BACTERIAL VIRUSES ALONE exceeds the
biomass of elephants by more than 1000-
fold!
•The length of a head to tail line of 1030 phages
is more than 200 million light years!
(calculation: http://www.phagehunter.org/
2008/09/how-far-do-those-phages-
stretch.html)
36. •Whales are commonly infected with a tiny virus of the Caliciviridae
family
•These whale diarrhea viruses cause rashes, blisters, gastroenteritis
in marine mammals
37. •Whales are commonly infected with a tiny virus of the Caliciviridae
family
•These whale diarrhea viruses cause rashes, blisters, gastroenteritis
in marine mammals
•They may infect humans
38. •Whales are commonly infected with a tiny virus of the Caliciviridae
family
•These whale diarrhea viruses cause rashes, blisters, gastroenteritis
in marine mammals
•They may infect humans
•Infected whales secrete more than 1013 calciviruses daily!!
39. There are
~1016 HIV genomes
on the planet today
40. There are ~10
HIV genomes
16
on the planet today
With this number of genomes, it is highly
probable that
HIV genomes exist that are resistant to every
one of the antiviral drugs that we have now,
41. Amazingly, the vast majority of
the viruses that infect us have
little or no impact on our health
42. Amazingly, the vast majority of
the viruses that infect us have
little or no impact on our health
We exist because we have a defense system
that evolved to fight infections
43. Amazingly, the vast majority of
the viruses that infect us have
little or no impact on our health
We exist because we have a defense system
that evolved to fight infections
44. Amazingly, the vast majority of
the viruses that infect us have
little or no impact on our health
We exist because we have a defense system
that evolved to fight infections
If our immune system is down (e.g. AIDS,
organ transplants), even the most common
viral infection can be lethal
46. How ‘infected’ are we?
•Each of you in this room is probably infected
with at least 2 of the 9 known herpesviruses:
47. How ‘infected’ are we?
•Each of you in this room is probably infected
with at least 2 of the 9 known herpesviruses:
•HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HCMV, EBV, HHV-6,
HHV-7, HHV-8, B virus (the latter is 100%
lethal for humans, so you probably haven’t
seen this one)
48. How ‘infected’ are we?
•Each of you in this room is probably infected
with at least 2 of the 9 known herpesviruses:
•HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HCMV, EBV, HHV-6,
HHV-7, HHV-8, B virus (the latter is 100%
lethal for humans, so you probably haven’t
seen this one)
•Once infected with any of these (except B
49. Every one of your cells is
infected with viruses
50. Every one of your cells is
infected with viruses
•Each of you has thousands of copies of old
and new retrovirus genomes integrated into
your DNA
51. Every one of your cells is
infected with viruses
•Each of you has thousands of copies of old
and new retrovirus genomes integrated into
your DNA
•About 8% of your DNA is made up of these
ancient genomes
52. Every one of your cells is
infected with viruses
•Each of you has thousands of copies of old
and new retrovirus genomes integrated into
your DNA
•About 8% of your DNA is made up of these
ancient genomes
•You will pass these novel entities on to your
children and they will do the same to their
offspring
53. Every one of your cells is
infected with viruses
•Each of you has thousands of copies of old
and new retrovirus genomes integrated into
your DNA
•About 8% of your DNA is made up of these
ancient genomes
•You will pass these novel entities on to your
children and they will do the same to their
offspring
•What are these genomes doing there?
54. You are a reservoir for viruses
that have set up residence in
your lungs and gastrointestinal
tract (plus a few other places)
55. You are a reservoir for viruses
that have set up residence in
your lungs and gastrointestinal
tract (plus a few other places)
•All of us are colonized by a variety of
adenoviruses, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses
56. You are a reservoir for viruses
that have set up residence in
your lungs and gastrointestinal
tract (plus a few other places)
•All of us are colonized by a variety of
adenoviruses, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses
•Our guts are loaded with bacteria harboring
their own blend of viruses
57. You are a reservoir for viruses
that have set up residence in
your lungs and gastrointestinal
tract (plus a few other places)
•All of us are colonized by a variety of
adenoviruses, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses
•Our guts are loaded with bacteria harboring
their own blend of viruses
•Viruses have been with humans since the
beginning of our existence
60. •This course is designed to help you see the
‘big picture’ of virology
61. •This course is designed to help you see the
‘big picture’ of virology
•I’ll show you how to think about virology as
an integrative discipline, not an isolated
collection of viruses, diseases, or genes
62. •This course is designed to help you see the
‘big picture’ of virology
•I’ll show you how to think about virology as
an integrative discipline, not an isolated
collection of viruses, diseases, or genes
•I want you to appreciate the molecular
wizardry practiced by an often unpredictable
organism that pervades the entire ecosystem
63. •This course is designed to help you see the
‘big picture’ of virology
•I’ll show you how to think about virology as
an integrative discipline, not an isolated
collection of viruses, diseases, or genes
•I want you to appreciate the molecular
wizardry practiced by an often unpredictable
organism that pervades the entire ecosystem
•I want you to learn the fundamentals about
these molecular wizards that continue to
amaze the informed and frighten those who
don’t understand the first principles
66. •Virology requires that you know a little
about almost every subject in biology
•Virology constantly tests your ability to think
and pull information together
67. •Virology requires that you know a little
about almost every subject in biology
•Virology constantly tests your ability to think
and pull information together
•While you must memorize the facts, you
cannot memorize the many combinations of
facts that define viruses. You have to think.
68. •Virology requires that you know a little
about almost every subject in biology
•Virology constantly tests your ability to think
and pull information together
•While you must memorize the facts, you
cannot memorize the many combinations of
facts that define viruses. You have to think.
•The devil and the delight are in the details of
learning the strategies and tactics of viruses
69. One of the reasons kids get bored by science is that
too many teachers present it as a fusty* collection of
facts for memorization. This is precisely wrong.
Science isn’t about facts. It’s about the quest for facts
— the scientific method, the process by which we
hash through confusing thickets of ignorance. It’s
dynamic, argumentative, collaborative, competitive,
filled with flashes of crazy excitement and hours of
drudgework, and driven by ego: Our desire to be the
one who figures it out, at least for now.
Clive Thompson, Wired 09.08.08
70.
71. •Viruses are a significant part of the
ecosystem, infecting every living thing
72. •Viruses are a significant part of the
ecosystem, infecting every living thing
•Yet, to the uninitiated, viruses are ‘bad news
wrapped in a bit of protein’
73. •Viruses are a significant part of the
ecosystem, infecting every living thing
•Yet, to the uninitiated, viruses are ‘bad news
wrapped in a bit of protein’
•Believe me - viruses do much more than
cause disease
75. The Big Picture: A common strategy,
unity in diversity
The basic thesis of this course is that ALL viruses
follow a simple three part general strategy to ensure
survival:
76. The Big Picture: A common strategy,
unity in diversity
The basic thesis of this course is that ALL viruses
follow a simple three part general strategy to ensure
survival:
1. All viruses package their genomes inside a particle
used for transmission of the genome from host to
host
77. The Big Picture: A common strategy,
unity in diversity
The basic thesis of this course is that ALL viruses
follow a simple three part general strategy to ensure
survival:
1. All viruses package their genomes inside a particle
used for transmission of the genome from host to
host
2. The viral genome contains the information to initiate
and complete an infectious cycle within a susceptible
and permissive cell
78. The Big Picture: A common strategy,
unity in diversity
The basic thesis of this course is that ALL viruses
follow a simple three part general strategy to ensure
survival:
1. All viruses package their genomes inside a particle
used for transmission of the genome from host to
host
2. The viral genome contains the information to initiate
and complete an infectious cycle within a susceptible
and permissive cell
3. All viral genomes are able to establish themselves in a
host population so that viral survival is ensured
80. Why study virology if this is all there is
to it?
• Despite this simple 3-part strategy, the tactics used
to achieve it are incredibly diverse
81. Why study virology if this is all there is
to it?
• Despite this simple 3-part strategy, the tactics used
to achieve it are incredibly diverse
• There are countless virus particles out there with
amazing diversity:
82. Why study virology if this is all there is
to it?
• Despite this simple 3-part strategy, the tactics used
to achieve it are incredibly diverse
• There are countless virus particles out there with
amazing diversity:
- size, nature and topology of genomes
83. Why study virology if this is all there is
to it?
• Despite this simple 3-part strategy, the tactics used
to achieve it are incredibly diverse
• There are countless virus particles out there with
amazing diversity:
- size, nature and topology of genomes
- strange particles
84. Why study virology if this is all there is
to it?
• Despite this simple 3-part strategy, the tactics used
to achieve it are incredibly diverse
• There are countless virus particles out there with
amazing diversity:
- size, nature and topology of genomes
- strange particles
- unbelievable coding strategies
85. Why study virology if this is all there is
to it?
• Despite this simple 3-part strategy, the tactics used
to achieve it are incredibly diverse
• There are countless virus particles out there with
amazing diversity:
- size, nature and topology of genomes
- strange particles
- unbelievable coding strategies
- amazing tissue/cell tropism
86. Why study virology if this is all there is
to it?
• Despite this simple 3-part strategy, the tactics used
to achieve it are incredibly diverse
• There are countless virus particles out there with
amazing diversity:
- size, nature and topology of genomes
- strange particles
- unbelievable coding strategies
- amazing tissue/cell tropism
- degrees of pathogenesis from benign to lethal
87. Nevertheless, there is an
underlying simplicity and order
to viruses because of two simple
88. Nevertheless, there is an
underlying simplicity and order
to viruses because of two simple
• All viral genomes are obligate
molecular parasites that can only
function after they replicate in a cell
89. Nevertheless, there is an
underlying simplicity and order
to viruses because of two simple
• All viral genomes are obligate
molecular parasites that can only
function after they replicate in a cell
• All viruses must make mRNA that
can be translated by host
ribosomes: they are all parasites of
the host protein synthesis
machinery
90. As viruses are obligate molecular parasites, every
solution must reveal something about the host as
well as the virus
93. Be careful: Avoid anthropomorphic
analyses
Viruses do NOT think!
(or employ, ensure, exhibit, display, etc...)
94. Be careful: Avoid anthropomorphic
analyses
Viruses do NOT think!
(or employ, ensure, exhibit, display, etc...)
They do not achieve their goals in a human-centered
manner
95. Be careful: Avoid anthropomorphic
analyses
Viruses do NOT think!
(or employ, ensure, exhibit, display, etc...)
They do not achieve their goals in a human-centered
manner
96. Be careful: Avoid anthropomorphic
analyses
Viruses do NOT think!
(or employ, ensure, exhibit, display, etc...)
They do not achieve their goals in a human-centered
manner
They survive because they make huge numbers of
mutants, and selection removes the ill-adapted
98. Viruses are simple ‘Darwinian Machines’
• There is no better model for the concept of ‘survival
of the fittest’
99. Viruses are simple ‘Darwinian Machines’
• There is no better model for the concept of ‘survival
of the fittest’
• Think about this a bit more....viruses depend upon
their hosts to survive
100. Viruses are simple ‘Darwinian Machines’
• There is no better model for the concept of ‘survival
of the fittest’
• Think about this a bit more....viruses depend upon
their hosts to survive
• If viruses are too successful and kill their hosts,
they may eliminate themselves
101. Viruses are simple ‘Darwinian Machines’
• There is no better model for the concept of ‘survival
of the fittest’
• Think about this a bit more....viruses depend upon
their hosts to survive
• If viruses are too successful and kill their hosts,
they may eliminate themselves
• If they are too passive and their hosts’ defenses
impede their growth, they may be eliminated
102.
103. How is the balance of host and virus survival
established?
104. How is the balance of host and virus survival
established?
The often unexpected twists and turns that lead to
virus survival in cells, tissues, organisms, and in a
population provide insight into biology and molecular
mechanisms not otherwise possible
106. After this course is over, you will have:
• Significantly better insight into how cells work and
interact
107. After this course is over, you will have:
• Significantly better insight into how cells work and
interact
- viruses are a biological ‘wedge’ or ‘hook’ to target
complex processes
108. After this course is over, you will have:
• Significantly better insight into how cells work and
interact
- viruses are a biological ‘wedge’ or ‘hook’ to target
complex processes
• A glimpse of the many ways that information is
stored and decoded in genomes
109. After this course is over, you will have:
• Significantly better insight into how cells work and
interact
- viruses are a biological ‘wedge’ or ‘hook’ to target
complex processes
• A glimpse of the many ways that information is
stored and decoded in genomes
- how such powerful information can be packed and
retrieved from such small viral genomes
110. After this course is over, you will have:
• Significantly better insight into how cells work and
interact
- viruses are a biological ‘wedge’ or ‘hook’ to target
complex processes
• A glimpse of the many ways that information is
stored and decoded in genomes
- how such powerful information can be packed and
retrieved from such small viral genomes
• A basic understanding of viral pathogenesis and
infectious disease in general
111. After this course is over, you will have:
• Significantly better insight into how cells work and
interact
- viruses are a biological ‘wedge’ or ‘hook’ to target
complex processes
• A glimpse of the many ways that information is
stored and decoded in genomes
- how such powerful information can be packed and
retrieved from such small viral genomes
• A basic understanding of viral pathogenesis and
infectious disease in general
- why do you feel so badly when some viruses have
their way with you? Immunology actually makes
sense when you understand viruses
113. Assertions you should be able to defend
when the course is over
• Viruses have more biological diversity than all the
rest of the bacterial, plant, and animal kingdoms put
together
114. Assertions you should be able to defend
when the course is over
• Viruses have more biological diversity than all the
rest of the bacterial, plant, and animal kingdoms put
together
• Humans are not at the top of the food chain; the
tiny may well inherit the earth
115. Assertions you should be able to defend
when the course is over
• Viruses have more biological diversity than all the
rest of the bacterial, plant, and animal kingdoms put
together
• Humans are not at the top of the food chain; the
tiny may well inherit the earth
• Despite their diminutive size (most viruses have less
than 15 genes, some have only 1), viruses excel at
survival in a harsh world using sophisticated
molecular biology
116. Assertions you should be able to defend
when the course is over
• Viruses have more biological diversity than all the
rest of the bacterial, plant, and animal kingdoms put
together
• Humans are not at the top of the food chain; the
tiny may well inherit the earth
• Despite their diminutive size (most viruses have less
than 15 genes, some have only 1), viruses excel at
survival in a harsh world using sophisticated
molecular biology
• Virus-host interactions define molecular interactions
of fundamental and practical significance that must
be understood if we are to defend ourselves against
viruses
117.
118.
119. • This course will emphasize animal
viruses, with some discussion of
bacterial viruses
120. • This course will emphasize animal
viruses, with some discussion of
bacterial viruses
• Many viruses will be ignored simply
because of time constraints
122. How old are viruses?
• With few exceptions there is no fossil
record
123. How old are viruses?
• With few exceptions there is no fossil
record
• Estimates of molecular evolution place
some viruses among the dinosaurs
124. How old are viruses?
• With few exceptions there is no fossil
record
• Estimates of molecular evolution place
some viruses among the dinosaurs
• In theory viruses could pre-date
cellular life
127. • Prevention of virus infections in
practice since the 11th century
without knowledge of agent
128. • Prevention of virus infections in
practice since the 11th century
without knowledge of agent
• Based on recognition that survivors
of smallpox were subsequently
protected against disease
129. • Prevention of virus infections in
practice since the 11th century
without knowledge of agent
• Based on recognition that survivors
of smallpox were subsequently
protected against disease
• Variolation - inoculation of healthy
individuals with material from a
smallpox pustule (Lady Montagu)
130. • Prevention of virus infections in
practice since the 11th century
without knowledge of agent
• Based on recognition that survivors
of smallpox were subsequently
protected against disease
• Variolation - inoculation of healthy
individuals with material from a
smallpox pustule (Lady Montagu)
• 1790s - experiments by Edward
Jenner in England establish
132. Concept of microorganisms
• Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) made
microscopes, discovered “wee
animalcules”, lead to acceptance of
microorganisms
133. Concept of microorganisms
• Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) made
microscopes, discovered “wee
animalcules”, lead to acceptance of
microorganisms
• Pasteur (1822 - 1895) showed that
microorganisms were generated by
reproduction, not spontaneous
generation
134. Concept of microorganisms
• Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) made
microscopes, discovered “wee
animalcules”, lead to acceptance of
microorganisms
• Pasteur (1822 - 1895) showed that
microorganisms were generated by
reproduction, not spontaneous
generation
• The Germ Theory of disease,
formally enunciated by Koch in
138. Virus discovery - filterable
agents
• 1892 - Ivanovsky -
found the agent of
tobacco mosaic
disease passes
through filters that
retain bacteria
139. Virus discovery - filterable
agents
• 1892 - Ivanovsky -
found the agent of
tobacco mosaic
disease passes
through filters that
retain bacteria
• 1898 - Beijerinck
made same finding,
but suggested that
the pathogen is a
distinct agent, not
141. Virus discovery
• 1898 - Loeffler & Frosch - agent of
foot & mouth disease is filterable
142. Virus discovery
• 1898 - Loeffler & Frosch - agent of
foot & mouth disease is filterable
• Key concept: agents not only small,
but replicate only in the host, not in
broth
143. Virus discovery
• 1898 - Loeffler & Frosch - agent of
foot & mouth disease is filterable
• Key concept: agents not only small,
but replicate only in the host, not in
broth
• 0.2 micron filters (µm, one millionth
of a meter)
150. What is a virus?
• A virus is a very small, infectious, obligate
intracellular parasite
151. What is a virus?
• A virus is a very small, infectious, obligate
intracellular parasite
• Parasite: organism benefits at the expense
of the host (a different organism)
152. What is a virus?
• A virus is a very small, infectious, obligate
intracellular parasite
• Parasite: organism benefits at the expense
of the host (a different organism)
• Virus particles are not living
153. What is a virus?
• A virus is a very small, infectious, obligate
intracellular parasite
• Parasite: organism benefits at the expense
of the host (a different organism)
• Virus particles are not living
• Viruses are chemicals, and by themselves
cannot reproduce
154. What is a virus?
• A virus is a very small, infectious, obligate
intracellular parasite
• Parasite: organism benefits at the expense
of the host (a different organism)
• Virus particles are not living
• Viruses are chemicals, and by themselves
cannot reproduce
• A cellular host is needed for viruses to
156. Viruses are very
small Carbon atom
ribosome
HIV-1
phage
TMV
poliovirus
myosin actin
1,000,000x
E. coli 100,000x
157.
158. How many viruses can fit on the
head of a pin?
• 500 million rhinoviruses - one of
the causes of the common cold
• When you sneeze, you fire an
aerosol that contains enough
viruses to infect thousands
161. Very small?
• Mimivirus: largest known virus
• host: Amoebae
162. Very small?
• Mimivirus: largest known virus
• host: Amoebae
• 500 nm particle + 125 nm fibers = 750 nm or
0.75 μm
163. Very small?
• Mimivirus: largest known virus
• host: Amoebae
• 500 nm particle + 125 nm fibers = 750 nm or
0.75 μm
• 1,181,404 bp ds DNA genome encodes 1262 open
reading frames
164. Very small?
• Mimivirus: largest known virus
• host: Amoebae
• 500 nm particle + 125 nm fibers = 750 nm or
0.75 μm
• 1,181,404 bp ds DNA genome encodes 1262 open
reading frames
• Encodes four amino-acyl tRNA synthetases,
peptide release factor 1, translation elongation
factor EF-TU, translation initiation factor 1, six
tRNAs, both type I and type II topoisomerases,
components of all DNA repair pathways, many
polysaccharide synthesis enzymes
168. Defining viral attributes
• The genome is comprised of either DNA or RNA
• Within an appropriate host cell, the viral genome
directs the synthesis, by cellular systems, of the
components needed for replication of the viral
genome and its transmission within virus particles
169. Defining viral attributes
• The genome is comprised of either DNA or RNA
• Within an appropriate host cell, the viral genome
directs the synthesis, by cellular systems, of the
components needed for replication of the viral
genome and its transmission within virus particles
• New virus particles are formed by de novo assembly
from newly-synthesized components within the host
cell
170. Defining viral attributes
• The genome is comprised of either DNA or RNA
• Within an appropriate host cell, the viral genome
directs the synthesis, by cellular systems, of the
components needed for replication of the viral
genome and its transmission within virus particles
• New virus particles are formed by de novo assembly
from newly-synthesized components within the host
cell
• The progeny particles are the vehicles for
transmission of the viral genome to the next host
cell or organism
171. Defining viral attributes
• The genome is comprised of either DNA or RNA
• Within an appropriate host cell, the viral genome
directs the synthesis, by cellular systems, of the
components needed for replication of the viral
genome and its transmission within virus particles
• New virus particles are formed by de novo assembly
from newly-synthesized components within the host
cell
• The progeny particles are the vehicles for
transmission of the viral genome to the next host
cell or organism
• The particles are then disassembled inside the new
cell, initiating the next infectious cycle
172. A viral infection is an exercise in cell
biology
Many cell functions
required for viral
propagation
– machinery for
translation of viral
mRNAs
– Energy
– enzymes for replication
and assembly
– transport pathways
173. Viruses replicate by
assembly of pre-
formed
components into
many particles
First make the parts,
then assemble the
final product.
Not binary fission like
cells
177. Virus classification
• Viruses are classified according to
four main characteristics:
- nature of nucleic acid in virion
178. Virus classification
• Viruses are classified according to
four main characteristics:
- nature of nucleic acid in virion
- symmetry of protein shell (capsid)
179. Virus classification
• Viruses are classified according to
four main characteristics:
- nature of nucleic acid in virion
- symmetry of protein shell (capsid)
- presence or absence of lipid
membrane (envelope)
180. Virus classification
• Viruses are classified according to
four main characteristics:
- nature of nucleic acid in virion
- symmetry of protein shell (capsid)
- presence or absence of lipid
membrane (envelope)
- dimensions of virion & capsid
181. Virus classification
• Viruses are classified according to
four main characteristics:
- nature of nucleic acid in virion
- symmetry of protein shell (capsid)
- presence or absence of lipid
membrane (envelope)
- dimensions of virion & capsid
• Genomics has also become
185. • 40,000 virus isolates from bacteria,
plants, animals placed in 3 orders,
73 families, 287 genera, 1950
species.
• BUT - there are 106 virions per ml
of seawater - most of them
unknown!
186. Viral Genomes
BREAKTHROUGH in the 1950s:
The viral nucleic acid genome was shown to
carry the information needed to replicate, build,
and spread virions in the world; it IS the genetic
code
- seems obvious now, but this discovery in
viruses was one of the building blocks of
Molecular Biology
188. Key fact makes life easier for
students of virology:
Viral genomes must make mRNA
that can be read by host ribosomes
- all viruses on the planet follow this rule, no
exception to date
189. Key fact makes life easier for
students of virology:
Viral genomes must make mRNA
that can be read by host ribosomes
- all viruses on the planet follow this rule, no
exception to date
Although there are thousands of different virions, there is only
a finite number of viral genomes: There are only SEVEN genome
types
190. David Baltimore (Nobel laureate) used this
insight to describe a simple way to think
about virus genomes
- a major unifying principle in virology
191. David Baltimore (Nobel laureate) used this
insight to describe a simple way to think
about virus genomes
- a major unifying principle in virology
The original Baltimore system missed
one genome type: the gapped DNA of
the Hepadnaviridae
192. Definitions
• (+) strand: mRNA, because it can be
immediately translated. A strand of
DNA of the equivalent polarity is
also (+) strand
• (-) strand: the complement of the
(+) strand; cannot be translated
193. The elegance of the Baltimore system
Knowing only the nature of the viral genome,
one can deduce the basic steps that must
take place
to produce mRNA
194. The seven classes of viral
genomes
• dsRNA
• dsDNA
• ss (+) RNA
• gapped dsDNA
• ss (-) RNA
• ssDNA
• ss (+) RNA with DNA
intermediate
Editor's Notes
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.
We live and prosper in a literal cloud of viruses. The numbers of potentially infectious particles that impinge on us daily are astronomical. Seasonal “colds,” “flu,” childhood rashes, measles, chicken pox, and mumps, as well as AIDS and Ebola fever, all serve notice of our vulnerability.