General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
A bacteriophage (informally, phage) is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium. The term is derived from "bacteria" and the Greek (phagein), "to devour". Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have relatively simple or elaborate structures. Their genomes may encode as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm. Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.
Phages are widely distributed in locations populated by bacterial hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals. One of the densest natural sources for phages and other viruses is sea water, where up to 9×108 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface,] and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages. They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France. They are seen as a possible therapy against multi-drug-resistant strains of many bacteria (see phage therapy). Nevertheless, phages of Inoviridae have been shown to complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis, shelter the bacteria from drugs meant to eradicate disease and promote persistent infection
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
A bacteriophage (informally, phage) is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium. The term is derived from "bacteria" and the Greek (phagein), "to devour". Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have relatively simple or elaborate structures. Their genomes may encode as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm. Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.
Phages are widely distributed in locations populated by bacterial hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals. One of the densest natural sources for phages and other viruses is sea water, where up to 9×108 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface,] and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages. They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France. They are seen as a possible therapy against multi-drug-resistant strains of many bacteria (see phage therapy). Nevertheless, phages of Inoviridae have been shown to complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis, shelter the bacteria from drugs meant to eradicate disease and promote persistent infection
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Replication of VirusKrutika Pardeshi
This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Replication and Classification of Virud
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
2. Historical
• Harmful agents were called viruses (Latin
virus, poison or venom ) in the nineteenth
century
• Louis Pasteur used the term virus to
describe any living disease causing agent
• In 1892 ,Dimitri Ivanowski gave the first
clear evidence of viruses.He observed that
leaf extract of infected plant could induce
tobacco mosaic disease.
3. • Beijerinck performed experiments on the
same line and proposed that the disease is
caused by a contagium vivum fluidum.
• During the same time Loeffler and Frosch
observed that the foot and mouth disease
of cattle was caused by a filterable virus.
4. • In 1911, Peyton Rous reported that virus was
responsible for malignant muscle tumor in chicken.
• French scientist d’Herelle discovered bacterial
viruses.
• Wendell Stanley crystallized tobacco mosaic virus in
1935 and found that it was largely protein. Bawden
and Pirie separated TMV particle into protein and
nucleic acid. It is now clear that viruses are
complexes of proteins and nucleic acids capable of
replication only in living cells
5. Occurrence
• Viruses are unique infectious agents which
reproduce only in living cells.
• They occur in bacteria,algae ,protozoa and
higher plants and animals
6. General Properties
• Viruses are much smaller than bacteria.Their size
ranges from 20 to 300 nm. Most viruses are invisible
under the light microscope.
• They have very simple structure. They are
nucleoprotein particles consisting of DNA or RNA
surrounded by a protein capsid.
• They lack cellular organization.Cytoplasm,
mitochondria, Golgi body ,lysososomes, cell membrane
and ribosome are absent. They use ribosomes of host
during protein synthesis.
• Viruses cannot multiply outside a living cell. They are
obligate parasites.
7. • They are metabolically inactive. They lack enzyme
systems and protein synthesis machinery.
• Generally cell have both DNA and RNA.They have
only one nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA.
• They can be crystallized.
• Viruses donot have the power of growth and
division.A fully formed virus cannot increase in
size neither can it undergo division.
8. Structure
• The intact virus unit or infectious particle is called
the virion. Each virion consists of a nucleic acid core
surrounded by a protein coat called capsid.
• It is composed of a number of subunits called
capsomeres. The nucleic acid and capsid is called
nucleocapsid. The nucleocapsid may be naked or
surrounded by a loose membrane called envelope.
12. • Spherical symmetry (Polyhedral): Crick and
Watson have shown that polyhedral capsids can
have three possible types of symmetry viz
tetrahedral, octahedral and icosahedral.
• Icosahedron is the most efficient shape for the
packaging and bonding of subunits.
• An icosahedron is a regular polyhedron with 20
faces formed by equilateral triangles and 12
intersecting points or corners. Each capsids is
made up of capsomeres.
• There are two types of capsomeres, pentameres
and hexameres. Polyhedral capsids may be
– Naked : Example Poliovirus, Adeno virus and
papilloma virus or
– Enveloped: Example Herpes Simplex virus
16. Helical Symmetry
Helical capsid consists of
monomers arranged in a
helix around a single
rotational axis.
The monomers curve into a
helix because they are
thicker at one end than the
other.
Helical capsids may be
naked ,example
bacteriophage M13
,tobacco Mosaic Virus
(TMV)
17. • Helical symmetry (cylindrical): Helical capsid
consists of monomers arranged in a helix
around a single rotational axis.The monomers
curve into a helix because they are thicker at
one end than the other.
• Helical capsids may be naked ,example
bacteriophage M13 ,tobacco Mosaic Virus
(TMV) or
• enveloped ,example influenza virus.
18.
19. • Complex symmetry : Complex viruses are
those which are divided into two groups :
• a)Viruses without identifiable capsids .
e.g vaccinia virus
b) Viruses whose capsids are
attached with additional
structures.
e.g Bacteriophages of
T even series (T2,T4,T6).
20. • Envelope: Many viruses are surrounded by a 100
– 150 A thick membrane called envelope. Virus
envelope contains host cell proteins and proteins
specified by virus. Some members have
glycoprotein spikes. The lipids envelopes of
budding viruses are derived from host.
• Nucleic acids: Viruses contain DNA or RNA, which
may be single stranded (ss), double stranded (ds),
linear or circular. The may have plus polarity or
minus polarity
21. Viral Proteins
• Structural (nucleocapsid) proteins: Viral capsids are made up
entirely of proteins. The capsid is made up of identical protein
subunits called protomers. Some viral capsids have more than
one type of protein. Capsid protein protects the viral nucleic
acid from host nucleases and also helps in attachment to
susceptible sites.
• Core (Internal) proteins: They are the proteins associated with
nucleic acid of virion. E.g. Protein V and VII of Adeno virus and
nucleoproteins of vesicular stomatitis virus and influenza virus.
• Viral Enzymes: Several enzymes are found in animal viruses.
The ds RNA viruses contain enzymes for synthesis of viral
mRNA. The major types of enzymes affect host cell surface, add
specific terminal groups to viral mRNA, transcribe DNA to
mRNA or participate in nucleic acid replication and processing.
• Envelope proteins: Viral envelopes contain host cell proteins as
well as proteins specified by virus. Some envelopes also contain
glycoprotein and lipoprotein.
22. TMV
• Tobacco mosaic virus : TMV is a rod shaped,
helical virus about 300 nm long and 15 – 18 nm in
diameter.It is made of 2130 identical protein subunits
which are arranged around a central hole of 4 nm
diameter.
• Genome :The TMV RNA genome is single stranded and
linear, with a length of ~6400 bases. The tightly
organized genome encodes at least three nonstructural
proteins (P126, P183, and the 30-kD MP). Both P126
and P183 are components of the TMV replicase. The
genome also codes for a putative 54-kD protein of
unknown function, and the Coat Protein.
23. Life cycle
• 1)Entry : The virus enters the plant cell through stomatal openings
or through through mechanical injuries on the plant surface.
• 2) Replication : The virus passes from one cell to another via the
plamodesmata. Several particles invade the nucleus. Replication
takes place in the nucleus.
• 3) Synthesis of viral genome and proteins: Synthesis of RNA
dependant RNA occurs in the nucleus. The capsid proteins are also
synthesized in the nucleus.
• 4)Assembly : The assembly of protein subunits and nucleic acid
starts within the nucleus.However incomplete viral particles may
also come out of the cytoplasm and assembly may be completed
there.After assembly the viral particles are released in the plant
cell.
24. HIV
• HIV : Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV. is a retro virus
which causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome.) The immune deficiency is caused by the loss of
the CD4+ T cells that are essential for both cell mediated and
antibody-mediated immunity.HIV is spherical enveloped
virus about 90 to 120 nm in size. The nucleocapsid has an
outer icosahedral shell and an inner cone shaped core
enclosing ribonucleoproteins. The genome is diploid
composed of two identical single stranded positive RNA
copies associated with viral reverse transcriptase enzyme.
• The virion binds to both CD4 and either coreceptor with
molecules on its surface called glycoprotein 120 (gp120).
• This binding triggers an allosteric change in a second
molecule, called glycoprotein 41 (gp41), which penetrates
the host plasma membrane allowing the virion to get inside.
25. • When HIV infects a cell
• its molecules of reverse transcriptase and integrase are carried into
the cell attached to the viral RNA molecules.
• The reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA copies of the RNA.
• These enter the nucleus where the integrase catalyzes their
insertion into the DNA of the host's chromosomes.
• The HIV DNA is transcribed into fresh RNA molecules which reenter
the cytosol where
– some are translated by host ribosomes.
• The env gene is translated into molecules of the envelope protein
(gp160).
Proteases of the host cell then cut gp160 into
– gp120 which sits on the surface of the virions (and is the target of
most of the vaccines currently being tested).
– gp41, a transmembrane protein associated with gp120.
• the gag and pol genes are translated into a single protein molecule which
is cleaved by the viral protease into
– 6 different capsid proteins
– the protease
– reverse transcriptase
– the integrase
• other RNA molecules become incorporated into fresh virus particles
26.
27. T4
• T4 is a coliphage belonging to the T even series. It has a
head, head tail connector, tail, baseplate and tail fibers
• The head capsid is a 95 nm long and 65 nm wide
prolate icosahedron. It has DNA associated with several
peptides and three internal proteins.
• The DNA is linear and has a molecular weight of 120 X
106 .The head tail connector has a collar with attached
whiskers.
• The tail has a contractile sheath surrounding an inner
core or tube. It is connected to the collar at the upper
end and baseplate at the lower end.
• The baseplate is hexagonal and has tail fibers attached
to it.