Viral classification and Types of Replication in virus Rakshith K, DVM
Precise presentation on Viral classification and Types of replication in Virus.
Entry of virus
Spread of virus
General steps in a virus replication cycle
Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Multiplication
Multiplication of Single-Stranded RNA (ss RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded RNA (ds RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Single-Stranded DNA (ss DNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded DNA (ds DNA) Viruses
Release of new virions
Common viral diseases of Bovines
Viruses are infectious intracellular obligate parasites with subcellular level of organisation and without protoplasm, cell, cell organells and the molecular machineries for energy metabolism and protein synthesis,Grouped on the basis of size and shape, chemical composition and structure of the genome and mode of replication
most viruses have a specific shape that is determined by the capsomeres or the envelope.
Capsid symmetry - Three types
(1) HELICAL CAPSID
(2) ICOSAHEDRALCAPSID
(3) COMPLEX CAPSID
Capsid - large macromolecular structures.
Made up of proteins called capsomers.
Chemical unit of capsomers are polypeptide chain.
Capsid - surrounded by lipoprotein layer called envelop
Envelop is made up of proteins and glycoproteins
Presence of lipid -envelope seems flexible and loose.
Envelope is composed of both the host viral components.
projections on the envelope known as spikes/peplomers which are arranged into distinct units.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Viral classification and Types of Replication in virus Rakshith K, DVM
Precise presentation on Viral classification and Types of replication in Virus.
Entry of virus
Spread of virus
General steps in a virus replication cycle
Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Multiplication
Multiplication of Single-Stranded RNA (ss RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded RNA (ds RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Single-Stranded DNA (ss DNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded DNA (ds DNA) Viruses
Release of new virions
Common viral diseases of Bovines
Viruses are infectious intracellular obligate parasites with subcellular level of organisation and without protoplasm, cell, cell organells and the molecular machineries for energy metabolism and protein synthesis,Grouped on the basis of size and shape, chemical composition and structure of the genome and mode of replication
most viruses have a specific shape that is determined by the capsomeres or the envelope.
Capsid symmetry - Three types
(1) HELICAL CAPSID
(2) ICOSAHEDRALCAPSID
(3) COMPLEX CAPSID
Capsid - large macromolecular structures.
Made up of proteins called capsomers.
Chemical unit of capsomers are polypeptide chain.
Capsid - surrounded by lipoprotein layer called envelop
Envelop is made up of proteins and glycoproteins
Presence of lipid -envelope seems flexible and loose.
Envelope is composed of both the host viral components.
projections on the envelope known as spikes/peplomers which are arranged into distinct units.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
1. VIROLOGY
STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION & REPLICATION
Thursday, January 26, 2012
2. TOPICS
• STRUCTURE
• describe and differentiate various viral
structural types and relate to its function
• CLASSIFICATION
• ICTV vs Baltimore classification
• REPLICATION
• DNA viruses
• RNA viruses
Thursday, January 26, 2012
4. Reference: Chapter 3 Carter And Saunders, 2007
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong 2011 dvm5.blogspot.com
Thursday, January 26, 2012
5. Reference: Chapter 3 Carter And Saunders, 2007
The nucleic acid genome plus the
protective protein coat is called the
nucleocapsid which may have
icosahedral, helical or complex symmetry.
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong 2011 dvm5.blogspot.com
Thursday, January 26, 2012
6. the envelope
• Enveloped viruses obtain their
envelope by budding through
a host cell membrane
• In some cases, the virus buds
through the plasma
membrane but in other cases
the envelope may be derived
from internal cell membranes
such as those of the Golgi
body or the nucleus
Thursday, January 26, 2012
7. the envelope
• Enveloped viruses do not
necessarily have to kill their
host cell in order to be
released, since they can bud
out of the cell - a process
that is not necessarily lethal
to the cell - hence some
budding viruses can set up
persistent infections
Thursday, January 26, 2012
8. the envelope
• Enveloped viruses are readily
infectious only if the envelope
is intact (since the viral
attachment proteins which
recognize the host cell
receptors are in the viral
envelope)
• This means that agents that
damage the envelope, such as
alcohols and detergents,
reduce infectivity
Thursday, January 26, 2012
10. THE CAPSID & VIRAL
SYMMETRY
COMPLEX
HELICAL
ICOSAHEDRAL
Thursday, January 26, 2012
11. BASED ON THE
ARCHITECTURE...
Enveloped Viruses
Helical Viruses
Complex
Viruses
Icosahedral Viruses
Thursday, January 26, 2012
12. ICOSAHEDRAL
CAPSID
• Icosahedral morphology is
characteristic of the
nucleocapsids of many
“spherical” viruses
• The icosahedral capsid
structure of adenovirus is
made up of three proteins,
hexon, penton base, and fiber
• Some proteins are associated
with viral DNA, whereas
others are associated with
hexon and are involved in
the formation of the capsid
Thursday, January 26, 2012
13. HELICAL
CAPSID
• The icosahedral capsid structure
of adenovirus is made up of
three proteins, hexon, penton
base, and fiber
• Helical morphology is seen in
nucleocapsids of many
filamentous and pleomorphic
viruses
• Helical nucleocapsids are
characterized by length, width,
pitch of the helix, and number of
protomers per helical turn
Thursday, January 26, 2012
14. CAPSOMERES:
structural polypeptide
✤ The number and
arrangement of the
capsomeres are useful in
identification and
classification
Thursday, January 26, 2012
21. IN RELATION TO
SYMMETRY...
TYPES GENOMES
dsDNA ssDNA dsRNA ssRNA
Icosahedral
(naked)
Icosahedral
(Enveloped)
Helical (naked)
Helical
(Enveloped)
Thursday, January 26, 2012
22. BASIS OF
CLASSIFICATION
• PRIMARY: nature of their genome and
their structure
• NUCLEIC ACID
• RNA or DNA (single-stranded or double-stranded; non-
segmented or segmented; linear or circular; if genome is
single stranded RNA, can it function as mRNA?; whether
genome is diploid (such as in retroviruses)
• VIRION STRUCTURE ( symmetry (icosahedral, helical,
complex); enveloped or not enveloped; number of
capsomeres
Thursday, January 26, 2012
23. BASIS OF
CLASSIFICATION
• SECONDARY:
• replication strategy
Thursday, January 26, 2012
32. NAMING YOUR
VIRUSES
Thursday, January 26, 2012
33. HOW ARE THEY NAMED?
• Family names end in -viridae. EXAMPLE
Herpesviridae
• Genus names end in -virus Herpesvirus
• Viral species: A group of Human herpes virus
viruses sharing the same
genetic information and EXAMPLE
ecological niche (host)
Retroviridae
• Common names are used Lentivirus
for species Human
immunodeficiency virus
• Subspecies are designated HIV-1, HIV-2
by a number
Parungao-Balolong 2011
Thursday, January 26, 2012
79. LIFE CYCLE
Parungao-Balolong 2011
Thursday, January 26, 2012
80. LIFE CYCLE
Parungao-Balolong 2011
Thursday, January 26, 2012
81. LIFE CYCLE
Lytic cycle: Phage causes lysis and death of host
cell.
Lysogenic cycle: Prophage DNA incorporated in host
Parungao-Balolong 2011
Thursday, January 26, 2012
82. LIFE CYCLE
Lytic cycle: Phage causes lysis and death of host cell.
Lysogenic cycle: Prophage DNA incorporated in
host DNA.
Parungao-Balolong 2011
Thursday, January 26, 2012
85. VIRUS MULTIPLICATION (DNA Virus)
• DNA: Cellular enzyme transcribes viral
DNA in nucleus
Parungao-Balolong 2011
Thursday, January 26, 2012
86. VIRUS MULTIPLICATION : (+ strand RNA Virus)
•RNA, + strand:Viral RNA is a template for synthesis of
RNA polymerase.
Attachment
Capsid
Nucleus
RNA
Cytoplasm
Host cell
Entry
Maturation and uncoating
and release
Translation and synthesis RNA replication by viral RNA-
of viral proteins dependent RNA polymerase
Uncoating releases
– strand is transcribed viral RNA and proteins.
from + viral genome.
Capsid Viral Viral
protein genome protein
(RNA)
(a) ssRNA; +
+ strand or sense strand;
Picornaviridae
mRNA is transcribed
from the – strand.
Parungao-Balolong 2011
Thursday, January 26, 2012
87. VIRUS MULTIPLICATION
(- strand RNA Virus)
Attachment
Capsid Nucleus
RNA Cytoplasm
Host cell
Entry
Maturation and uncoating
and release
Translation and synthesis RNA replication by viral RNA-
of viral proteins dependent RNA polymerase
Uncoating releases
viral RNA and proteins.
The + strand (mRNA) must first
be transcribed from the – viral
Viral Viral
genome before proteins can
genome protein
be synthesized.
(RNA)
Capsid
protein
(b) ssRNA; – or
– strands are antisense strand;
incorporated Rhabdoviridae
into capsid Additional – strands are
transcribed from mRNA.
• RNA – strand:Viral enzyme copies viral RNA to
make mRNA in cytoplasm Parungao-Balolong 2011
Thursday, January 26, 2012
88. VIRUS MULTIPLICATION : (dsRNA Virus)
• RNA, double-stranded:Viral enzyme copies – strand
RNA to make mRNA in cytoplasm
Attachment
Capsid Nucleus
RNA
Cytoplasm
Host cell
Entry
Maturation and uncoating
and release
Translation and synthesis RNA replication by viral RNA-
of viral proteins dependent RNA polymerase
Uncoating releases
RNA polymerase initiates production of mRNA is produced inside the viral RNA and proteins.
– strands. The mRNA and – strands form the capsid and released into the
dsRNA that is incorporated as new viral genome. cytoplasm of the host. Viral
Viral
genome protein
(RNA)
(c) dsRNA; + or sense
Capsid proteins and RNA- strand with – or
dependent RNA polymerase antisense strand;
Reoviridae
Parungao-Balolong 2011
Thursday, January 26, 2012
89. VIRUS MULTIPLICATION
(Retrovirus)
• RNA, reverse transcriptase: Viral enzyme copes viral RNA to
make DNA in cytoplasm Parungao-Balolong 2011
Thursday, January 26, 2012
90. END OF COVERAGE
NEXT MEETING:
MIDTERMS!!!
Thursday, January 26, 2012