Vaccine and vaccination. for bph class
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Vaccines work by exposing the body to a weakened or killed form of a pathogen. This exposure triggers an immune response and antibody production that provides future protection against the targeted disease. There are several types of vaccines including whole organism, purified components, recombinant, DNA, and subunit vaccines. Proper cold chain storage and transportation between 2-8 degrees Celsius is crucial for maintaining vaccine potency from manufacturer to point of administration via various methods like injection or oral delivery.
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Prophylactic immunization based on medical science
Immunization uses vaccines to produce resistance against infectious diseases. Successful immunization programs have largely controlled diseases like smallpox, diphtheria, and polio. Vaccines work by active immunization which uses live attenuated or killed pathogens to induce immune memory, or passive immunization which provides short term antibodies. National schedules provide vaccines against common diseases to all children, while some optional vaccines target specific high risk groups or regions. New vaccines continue to be developed against other global threats.
Immunoprophylaxis
This document provides an overview of passive and active acquired immunity as well as different types of vaccines. It discusses:
1. Passive acquired immunity involves the transfer of ready-made antibodies from mother to fetus or through breastmilk, providing short-term protection. Active acquired immunity develops over time as the individual produces their own antibodies in response to exposure to pathogens.
2. Types of vaccines include live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live viruses or bacteria to stimulate both antibody and cell-mediated immunity. Killed vaccines use dead pathogens and only stimulate antibody responses. Toxoids are treated bacterial toxins. Other vaccines use microbial products, polysaccharides, or recombinant DNA technology.
3. Combination vaccines like MMR
Immunoprophylaxis and Immunization
This document discusses immunization and immunoprophylaxis. It describes active immunization using vaccines including live attenuated, killed, toxoids, and subunit vaccines. It discusses passive immunization using human and animal sera. It also discusses combined active and passive immunization for diseases like tetanus and rabies. The document provides India's immunization schedule and discusses individual immunization for vaccines like varicella and typhoid not included in the national schedule.
Immunoprophylaxis1 141027003220-conversion-gate02
Immunoprophylaxis provides protection against infectious diseases through either passive or active acquired immunity. Passive immunity is short-term and provides immediate protection through injection of antibodies from other organisms. Active immunity is long-term and stimulates the body's own antibody production in response to infection or vaccination. Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens to stimulate antibody production against pathogens. Common vaccines include those preventing cholera, rabies, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, measles, and typhoid fever.
Vaccines
Vaccination involves administering antigenic material to stimulate the immune system and develop immunity against pathogens. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and cellular fractions. Common minor adverse reactions include pain, swelling, and fever at the injection site. National immunization schedules provide recommended vaccine doses starting at age 6 weeks. Vaccines help prevent disease and reduce vaccine-related reactions through producing protective immunity.
Immunization for various diseases
This document discusses various types of immunization agents and vaccines. It describes live vaccines made from live infectious agents, as well as live attenuated vaccines where pathogenic organisms are treated to become avirulent but still antigenic. Inactivated or killed vaccines use heat or chemicals to kill organisms while maintaining antigenicity. Toxoids detoxify exotoxins to render them antigenic but not pathogenic. Polysaccharide and recombinant vaccines are prepared from extracted cellular fractions or cloned surface antigens. The document also covers administration routes, immunization schedules, periods of maintained immunity, and vaccine effectiveness levels.
G.2014-immuno~ (18.immunologic application-xm)
The document discusses various topics relating to immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. It begins by explaining natural and artificial methods of achieving active and passive immunity. It then describes different types of vaccines including inactivated, live attenuated, toxoid, and subunit vaccines. The advantages and disadvantages of these vaccines are provided. The document also discusses artificial passive immunization using antibodies, cytokines, and other biological products. Finally, it outlines various immunotherapy approaches including preparations using antibodies, cytokines, and immune effector cells, as well as adoptive immunotherapy techniques.
Vaccination
This document provides an overview of the human immune system and how vaccines work to induce protective immunity. It discusses that the immune system is a communication network throughout the body that protects against pathogens. Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to specific antigens which primes the immune response. Booster doses are needed for inactivated vaccines as the initial dose only primes the immune response, while live attenuated vaccines more closely mimic natural infection. The document also covers special considerations for vaccination in immunocompromised individuals.
Recommended
Prophylactic immunization based on medical science
Immunization uses vaccines to produce resistance against infectious diseases. Successful immunization programs have largely controlled diseases like smallpox, diphtheria, and polio. Vaccines work by active immunization which uses live attenuated or killed pathogens to induce immune memory, or passive immunization which provides short term antibodies. National schedules provide vaccines against common diseases to all children, while some optional vaccines target specific high risk groups or regions. New vaccines continue to be developed against other global threats.
Immunoprophylaxis
This document provides an overview of passive and active acquired immunity as well as different types of vaccines. It discusses:
1. Passive acquired immunity involves the transfer of ready-made antibodies from mother to fetus or through breastmilk, providing short-term protection. Active acquired immunity develops over time as the individual produces their own antibodies in response to exposure to pathogens.
2. Types of vaccines include live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live viruses or bacteria to stimulate both antibody and cell-mediated immunity. Killed vaccines use dead pathogens and only stimulate antibody responses. Toxoids are treated bacterial toxins. Other vaccines use microbial products, polysaccharides, or recombinant DNA technology.
3. Combination vaccines like MMR
Immunoprophylaxis and Immunization
This document discusses immunization and immunoprophylaxis. It describes active immunization using vaccines including live attenuated, killed, toxoids, and subunit vaccines. It discusses passive immunization using human and animal sera. It also discusses combined active and passive immunization for diseases like tetanus and rabies. The document provides India's immunization schedule and discusses individual immunization for vaccines like varicella and typhoid not included in the national schedule.
Immunoprophylaxis1 141027003220-conversion-gate02
Immunoprophylaxis provides protection against infectious diseases through either passive or active acquired immunity. Passive immunity is short-term and provides immediate protection through injection of antibodies from other organisms. Active immunity is long-term and stimulates the body's own antibody production in response to infection or vaccination. Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens to stimulate antibody production against pathogens. Common vaccines include those preventing cholera, rabies, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, measles, and typhoid fever.
Vaccines
Vaccination involves administering antigenic material to stimulate the immune system and develop immunity against pathogens. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and cellular fractions. Common minor adverse reactions include pain, swelling, and fever at the injection site. National immunization schedules provide recommended vaccine doses starting at age 6 weeks. Vaccines help prevent disease and reduce vaccine-related reactions through producing protective immunity.
Immunization for various diseases
This document discusses various types of immunization agents and vaccines. It describes live vaccines made from live infectious agents, as well as live attenuated vaccines where pathogenic organisms are treated to become avirulent but still antigenic. Inactivated or killed vaccines use heat or chemicals to kill organisms while maintaining antigenicity. Toxoids detoxify exotoxins to render them antigenic but not pathogenic. Polysaccharide and recombinant vaccines are prepared from extracted cellular fractions or cloned surface antigens. The document also covers administration routes, immunization schedules, periods of maintained immunity, and vaccine effectiveness levels.
G.2014-immuno~ (18.immunologic application-xm)
The document discusses various topics relating to immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. It begins by explaining natural and artificial methods of achieving active and passive immunity. It then describes different types of vaccines including inactivated, live attenuated, toxoid, and subunit vaccines. The advantages and disadvantages of these vaccines are provided. The document also discusses artificial passive immunization using antibodies, cytokines, and other biological products. Finally, it outlines various immunotherapy approaches including preparations using antibodies, cytokines, and immune effector cells, as well as adoptive immunotherapy techniques.
Vaccination
This document provides an overview of the human immune system and how vaccines work to induce protective immunity. It discusses that the immune system is a communication network throughout the body that protects against pathogens. Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to specific antigens which primes the immune response. Booster doses are needed for inactivated vaccines as the initial dose only primes the immune response, while live attenuated vaccines more closely mimic natural infection. The document also covers special considerations for vaccination in immunocompromised individuals.
Viral vaccines 2
Viral vaccines can be inactivated or live attenuated. Inactivated vaccines use killed whole viruses or purified components to stimulate immunity without risk of infection. Live attenuated vaccines mimic natural infection to induce both cellular and antibody immunity through mucosal routes. Examples include oral polio, MMR, varicella, yellow fever, and rotavirus vaccines. Newer approaches include DNA, RNA, viral vector, subunit, peptide, and virus-like particle vaccines. Passive immunization transfers purified antibodies from human or animal sources to provide short-term protection against specific viruses.
Types of vaccines
There are several types of vaccines:
1. Live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live pathogens. Examples include vaccines for tuberculosis, polio, measles, rotavirus, and yellow fever.
2. Inactivated/killed vaccines which use killed pathogens. They are more stable than live vaccines but more expensive, such as the inactivated polio vaccine.
3. Toxoid vaccines which use detoxified bacterial toxins like those for tetanus and diphtheria.
4. Subunit vaccines which contain only antigenic parts of pathogens like the hepatitis B vaccine. Conjugated subunit vaccines link antigens to polysaccharides to help immature immune systems respond. Examples are vaccines for Hib and
Vaccines and its types
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from a pathogen. This stimulates the body to develop antibodies that recognize and fight the pathogen if exposed in the future. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. DNA vaccines and recombinant vector vaccines are experimental and involve introducing microbial DNA into cells to produce antigens and stimulate an immune response. Saponins from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria tree have shown promise as vaccine adjuvants by enhancing immune responses. Further research aims to develop safe and effective vaccines such as an HIV vaccine.
Vaccines
This document provides an overview of vaccination, including:
- A brief history of vaccination from early attempts in China to Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine.
- An introduction defining vaccines and their ability to produce immunity against diseases.
- Descriptions of the different types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, subunit, conjugate, and recombinant vaccines.
Immunoprophylaxis(1)
This document discusses different types of immunoprophylaxis, or protection against infectious diseases through immunization. It describes passive immunization, which provides temporary protection through transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus or through injection of antibodies such as antitoxins. It also describes active immunization, which provides long-lasting protection as the individual produces their own antibodies in response to vaccination or natural exposure. The document outlines various types of vaccines including killed, live attenuated, toxoids, and those produced through recombinant DNA technology. It emphasizes that immunization is most effective when administered as a combination of different vaccines.
Immunization with vaccine
Protect the individual from disease.
Reduce the severity of disease.
Protect the community.
Eradication of the disease
Vaccines and sera
Vaccines and sera
NATURAL
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
Vaccines
Provide an antigenic stimulus that does not cause disease but can produce long lasting, protective immunity
Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics
Live (attenuated) vaccines
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Subunit (antigenic) vaccines
Combination vaccines
Immunotherapy – preformed Ab
Immune serum globulin – (gamma- globulin) contains immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of at least 1,000 human donors
Treatment of choice for preventing measles, hepatitis A and replacing Ab in the immune deficient
Lasts 2-3 months
Sources of Passive Immunity
Classification the serum preparations
Antisera from horse
Immune globulins (human)
Hypersensitivity reactions
by injection of the heterogeneous serum
Immunology of Vaccination - Dr Arjun Tandon
This document provides an overview of basic immunology and practical aspects of immunization. It defines key terms like immunity, vaccination, immunization, innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the types of immunity like humoral and cell-mediated and the routes, techniques and general instructions for vaccination. It also discusses concepts like herd immunity, vaccine efficacy, effectiveness and failure as well as the types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit and conjugated vaccines.
Vaccine by Hamidul Kowsar
Vaccines are substances introduced into the body to prevent diseases caused by pathogens. They work by exposing the immune system to antigens without causing illness. There are two main types of vaccines - inactivated vaccines using killed pathogens and attenuated vaccines using weakened live pathogens. Some common examples are vaccines for hepatitis B, tuberculosis, anthrax, polio, typhoid, and smallpox. Vaccines are produced at large scales to administer to populations and the process involves inactivating or attenuating pathogens, purifying antigens, and mass production. While vaccines provide significant public health benefits, their large-scale production and distribution can also present challenges.
Presentation3
The document discusses different types of vaccines, including:
- Live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live pathogens that cause immunity but not disease. Examples include measles, rubella, and yellow fever vaccines.
- Toxoid vaccines which use inactivated bacterial toxins to provide immunity against diseases caused by toxins like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis.
- Subunit vaccines containing purified antigen components rather than whole organisms, like hepatitis B and papilloma virus vaccines.
- Conjugated vaccines join bacterial capsular polysaccharides to proteins to enhance immune response against infections like Hib and pneumococcal.
- Recombinant vaccines produced through genetic engineering techniques
Vaccine
This document presents information about vaccines. It begins with a brief introduction defining a vaccine as a biological preparation that provides immunity against a disease. The history section then discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document goes on to describe the main types of vaccines as live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also provides examples of diseases each vaccine type is used for and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Viral vaccines
Viral vaccines use either live attenuated or killed viruses to stimulate the immune system and prevent infectious viral diseases. There are two main types - live attenuated vaccines contain weakened live viruses that can replicate in the body to induce an immune response, often with just one dose, while inactivated vaccines use killed viruses or viral components that do not replicate but typically require multiple doses to be effective. Common examples of each type include measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines for live attenuated, and hepatitis A, influenza and polio vaccines for inactivated.
Overview on Vaccine, Immunity, Types of Immunity and Immunisation
Overview of vaccines, types of immunity and immunization introduction, Response of Vaccine In Body, Antigen , Antibody, Composition Of Vaccines, History of Vaccine, Types of Vaccine, Live attenuated vaccine (LAV), Inactivated vaccine (Killed vaccine), Subunit vaccine (Purified antigen), Toxoid vaccine (Inactivated Toxoid), Ideal characteristics of vaccine, On the basis of components vaccine are also divided, Immunity, Types of Immunity, Non-specific,Specific Immunity, Difference between Active and Passive Immunity.
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Vaccines, antisera and immunoglobulin
Vaccines, anti-sera and immunoglobulin , antisera, pharmacology , B. pharmacy , Toxoids , combined vaccines , Prophylaxis therapy, Bacterial vaccines , viral vaccines , regimens killed ( inattenuated) vaccines , live vaccines
Immunity
The document discusses various types of medical immunobiological preparations (MIBP) used for active and passive immunity. It describes different types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, subunit/split, molecular, and modern recombinant vaccines. Live vaccines induce prolonged immunity but have greater safety risks, while killed/inactivated vaccines are safer but require adjuvants and booster doses. Newer approaches to vaccines include recombinant vectors, synthetic peptides, DNA vaccines, and edible vaccines produced in transgenic plants. MIBP also include immune antisera, immunoglobulins, hyperimmune plasma, and immunomodifiers to help induce immunity.
Principles of Vaccination
This document discusses the principles of vaccination. It covers:
- Active and passive immunity and how they are obtained naturally or artificially through vaccination or antibody transfer.
- The components of vaccines, including antigens, antibodies, and epitopes.
- The different types of vaccines such as live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and polysaccharide vaccines.
- How vaccines work to produce immunity through replication or exposure to antigens without causing disease.
- The development process, safety testing, and surveillance of new vaccines.
Vaccination
types of vaccines, principle of vaccination, antigens and antibody, adjuvants, immunization, active and passive immunization, vaccine safety
Vaccines What is Vaccine? What are the different types of vaccines?
What is Vaccine Malayalam What are the different types of vaccines?#Malayalam Lecture class #vaccine
VACCINES
A vaccine is a medical preparation given to provide immunity from a disease.
Vaccines use a variety of different substances ranging from dead microorganisms to genetically engineered antigens to defend the body against potentially harmful microorganisms.
Effective vaccines change the immune system by promoting the development of antibodies that can quickly and effectively attack disease-causing microorganisms when it enters the body, preventing disease development.
A vaccine may contain live-attenuated or killed microorganisms or parts or products from them capable of stimulating a specific immune response comprised of protective antibodies and T cell immunity.
A vaccine should stimulate a sufficient number of memory T and B lymphocytes to yield effector T cells and antibody-producing B cells from memory cells.
The viral vaccines should also be able to stimulate high titers of neutralizing antibodies.
Injection of a vaccine into a nonimmune subject induces active immunity against the modified pathogens.
Vaccination is immunization against infectious disease through the administration of vaccines for the production of active (protective) immunity in humans or other animals
There are 4 main types of vaccines:
Live Attenuated vaccines (LAV)
Inactivated vaccines (Killed Antigen)
Subunit and Conjugate Vaccines (Purified Antigen)
Toxoid vaccines (Inactivated Toxins)
1. Live attenuated (LAV)
Tuberculosis (BCG), Oral polio vaccine (OPV), Measles, Rotavirus, Yellow fever
2. Inactivated (killed antigen)
Whole-cell pertussis (wP), Inactivated polio virus (IPV)
3. Subunit (purified antigen)
Acellular pertussis (aP),
Haemophilus inuenzae type b (Hib), Pneumococcal (PCV-7, PCV-10, PCV-13), Hepatitis B (HepB)
4. Toxoid (inactivated toxins)
Tetanus toxoid (TT), Diphtheria toxoid
Vaccines teach the immune system to fight off disease by helping it learn what a pathogen looks like. What kinds of vaccines are out there, and how do they differ from one another?
Vaccines and the Immune Response: How Vaccines Work
This animation provides an overview of vaccines and the immune response, and how influenza vaccines work. Influenza vaccines are able to trigger an immune response by mimicking viral infection. They are usually manufactured using inactivated or killed virus particles taken from various circulating influenza strains.
Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Immunoprophylaxis
This document discusses immunoprophylaxis and vaccination. It defines prophylaxis and vaccine preventable diseases. There are two types of immunization: active and passive. Active immunization involves inducing immunity through vaccination and works through humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccines can be live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoids, cellular fractions, subunit vaccines, or recombinant vaccines. Passive immunization provides immediate short-term protection through administration of antibodies or immunoglobulins. The document also discusses vaccination schedules and recent vaccination missions.
Immunization
The document discusses various vaccines that are part of national immunization schedules. It describes the different types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, conjugate and subunit vaccines. It provides details about vaccines for diseases like BCG, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, Hib, hepatitis B, typhoid, varicella, rotavirus and pneumococcus. It discusses the appropriate ages, doses, routes of administration, storage requirements and schedules for these vaccines. It also provides guidance on vaccination of high-risk groups and management of infants born to hepatitis B positive mothers.
Basic imunization and immunization in sepecal situation
This document provides information on basic immunization and immunization in special situations. It discusses different types of immunity, immunizing agents like vaccines, immunoglobulins, and antisera. It describes various types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and recombinant vaccines. It also discusses vaccination schedules, potential adverse reactions to vaccination, maintaining the cold chain, and precautions that should be taken with vaccination. Finally, it covers special considerations for vaccination in situations like immunocompromised individuals, preterm infants, hepatitis B-positive mothers, and adult females.
basic imunization and immunization in sepecal situation.ppt
This document provides information on basic immunization and immunization in special situations. It discusses different types of immunity including active and passive immunity. It describes various immunizing agents such as immunoglobulins, antisera, and different types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and recombinant vaccines. It also discusses vaccination schedules, adverse reactions to immunization, maintaining the cold chain, and provides guidance on immunization for special populations such as preterm infants, immunocompromised individuals, and hepatitis B-positive mothers and their newborns.
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Viral vaccines can be inactivated or live attenuated. Inactivated vaccines use killed whole viruses or purified components to stimulate immunity without risk of infection. Live attenuated vaccines mimic natural infection to induce both cellular and antibody immunity through mucosal routes. Examples include oral polio, MMR, varicella, yellow fever, and rotavirus vaccines. Newer approaches include DNA, RNA, viral vector, subunit, peptide, and virus-like particle vaccines. Passive immunization transfers purified antibodies from human or animal sources to provide short-term protection against specific viruses.
Types of vaccines
There are several types of vaccines:
1. Live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live pathogens. Examples include vaccines for tuberculosis, polio, measles, rotavirus, and yellow fever.
2. Inactivated/killed vaccines which use killed pathogens. They are more stable than live vaccines but more expensive, such as the inactivated polio vaccine.
3. Toxoid vaccines which use detoxified bacterial toxins like those for tetanus and diphtheria.
4. Subunit vaccines which contain only antigenic parts of pathogens like the hepatitis B vaccine. Conjugated subunit vaccines link antigens to polysaccharides to help immature immune systems respond. Examples are vaccines for Hib and
Vaccines and its types
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from a pathogen. This stimulates the body to develop antibodies that recognize and fight the pathogen if exposed in the future. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. DNA vaccines and recombinant vector vaccines are experimental and involve introducing microbial DNA into cells to produce antigens and stimulate an immune response. Saponins from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria tree have shown promise as vaccine adjuvants by enhancing immune responses. Further research aims to develop safe and effective vaccines such as an HIV vaccine.
Vaccines
This document provides an overview of vaccination, including:
- A brief history of vaccination from early attempts in China to Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine.
- An introduction defining vaccines and their ability to produce immunity against diseases.
- Descriptions of the different types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, subunit, conjugate, and recombinant vaccines.
Immunoprophylaxis(1)
This document discusses different types of immunoprophylaxis, or protection against infectious diseases through immunization. It describes passive immunization, which provides temporary protection through transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus or through injection of antibodies such as antitoxins. It also describes active immunization, which provides long-lasting protection as the individual produces their own antibodies in response to vaccination or natural exposure. The document outlines various types of vaccines including killed, live attenuated, toxoids, and those produced through recombinant DNA technology. It emphasizes that immunization is most effective when administered as a combination of different vaccines.
Immunization with vaccine
Protect the individual from disease.
Reduce the severity of disease.
Protect the community.
Eradication of the disease
Vaccines and sera
Vaccines and sera
NATURAL
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
Vaccines
Provide an antigenic stimulus that does not cause disease but can produce long lasting, protective immunity
Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics
Live (attenuated) vaccines
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Subunit (antigenic) vaccines
Combination vaccines
Immunotherapy – preformed Ab
Immune serum globulin – (gamma- globulin) contains immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of at least 1,000 human donors
Treatment of choice for preventing measles, hepatitis A and replacing Ab in the immune deficient
Lasts 2-3 months
Sources of Passive Immunity
Classification the serum preparations
Antisera from horse
Immune globulins (human)
Hypersensitivity reactions
by injection of the heterogeneous serum
Immunology of Vaccination - Dr Arjun Tandon
This document provides an overview of basic immunology and practical aspects of immunization. It defines key terms like immunity, vaccination, immunization, innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the types of immunity like humoral and cell-mediated and the routes, techniques and general instructions for vaccination. It also discusses concepts like herd immunity, vaccine efficacy, effectiveness and failure as well as the types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit and conjugated vaccines.
Vaccine by Hamidul Kowsar
Vaccines are substances introduced into the body to prevent diseases caused by pathogens. They work by exposing the immune system to antigens without causing illness. There are two main types of vaccines - inactivated vaccines using killed pathogens and attenuated vaccines using weakened live pathogens. Some common examples are vaccines for hepatitis B, tuberculosis, anthrax, polio, typhoid, and smallpox. Vaccines are produced at large scales to administer to populations and the process involves inactivating or attenuating pathogens, purifying antigens, and mass production. While vaccines provide significant public health benefits, their large-scale production and distribution can also present challenges.
Presentation3
The document discusses different types of vaccines, including:
- Live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live pathogens that cause immunity but not disease. Examples include measles, rubella, and yellow fever vaccines.
- Toxoid vaccines which use inactivated bacterial toxins to provide immunity against diseases caused by toxins like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis.
- Subunit vaccines containing purified antigen components rather than whole organisms, like hepatitis B and papilloma virus vaccines.
- Conjugated vaccines join bacterial capsular polysaccharides to proteins to enhance immune response against infections like Hib and pneumococcal.
- Recombinant vaccines produced through genetic engineering techniques
Vaccine
This document presents information about vaccines. It begins with a brief introduction defining a vaccine as a biological preparation that provides immunity against a disease. The history section then discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document goes on to describe the main types of vaccines as live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also provides examples of diseases each vaccine type is used for and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Viral vaccines
Viral vaccines use either live attenuated or killed viruses to stimulate the immune system and prevent infectious viral diseases. There are two main types - live attenuated vaccines contain weakened live viruses that can replicate in the body to induce an immune response, often with just one dose, while inactivated vaccines use killed viruses or viral components that do not replicate but typically require multiple doses to be effective. Common examples of each type include measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines for live attenuated, and hepatitis A, influenza and polio vaccines for inactivated.
Overview on Vaccine, Immunity, Types of Immunity and Immunisation
Overview of vaccines, types of immunity and immunization introduction, Response of Vaccine In Body, Antigen , Antibody, Composition Of Vaccines, History of Vaccine, Types of Vaccine, Live attenuated vaccine (LAV), Inactivated vaccine (Killed vaccine), Subunit vaccine (Purified antigen), Toxoid vaccine (Inactivated Toxoid), Ideal characteristics of vaccine, On the basis of components vaccine are also divided, Immunity, Types of Immunity, Non-specific,Specific Immunity, Difference between Active and Passive Immunity.
,
Vaccines, antisera and immunoglobulin
Vaccines, anti-sera and immunoglobulin , antisera, pharmacology , B. pharmacy , Toxoids , combined vaccines , Prophylaxis therapy, Bacterial vaccines , viral vaccines , regimens killed ( inattenuated) vaccines , live vaccines
Immunity
The document discusses various types of medical immunobiological preparations (MIBP) used for active and passive immunity. It describes different types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, subunit/split, molecular, and modern recombinant vaccines. Live vaccines induce prolonged immunity but have greater safety risks, while killed/inactivated vaccines are safer but require adjuvants and booster doses. Newer approaches to vaccines include recombinant vectors, synthetic peptides, DNA vaccines, and edible vaccines produced in transgenic plants. MIBP also include immune antisera, immunoglobulins, hyperimmune plasma, and immunomodifiers to help induce immunity.
Principles of Vaccination
This document discusses the principles of vaccination. It covers:
- Active and passive immunity and how they are obtained naturally or artificially through vaccination or antibody transfer.
- The components of vaccines, including antigens, antibodies, and epitopes.
- The different types of vaccines such as live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and polysaccharide vaccines.
- How vaccines work to produce immunity through replication or exposure to antigens without causing disease.
- The development process, safety testing, and surveillance of new vaccines.
Vaccination
types of vaccines, principle of vaccination, antigens and antibody, adjuvants, immunization, active and passive immunization, vaccine safety
Vaccines What is Vaccine? What are the different types of vaccines?
What is Vaccine Malayalam What are the different types of vaccines?#Malayalam Lecture class #vaccine
VACCINES
A vaccine is a medical preparation given to provide immunity from a disease.
Vaccines use a variety of different substances ranging from dead microorganisms to genetically engineered antigens to defend the body against potentially harmful microorganisms.
Effective vaccines change the immune system by promoting the development of antibodies that can quickly and effectively attack disease-causing microorganisms when it enters the body, preventing disease development.
A vaccine may contain live-attenuated or killed microorganisms or parts or products from them capable of stimulating a specific immune response comprised of protective antibodies and T cell immunity.
A vaccine should stimulate a sufficient number of memory T and B lymphocytes to yield effector T cells and antibody-producing B cells from memory cells.
The viral vaccines should also be able to stimulate high titers of neutralizing antibodies.
Injection of a vaccine into a nonimmune subject induces active immunity against the modified pathogens.
Vaccination is immunization against infectious disease through the administration of vaccines for the production of active (protective) immunity in humans or other animals
There are 4 main types of vaccines:
Live Attenuated vaccines (LAV)
Inactivated vaccines (Killed Antigen)
Subunit and Conjugate Vaccines (Purified Antigen)
Toxoid vaccines (Inactivated Toxins)
1. Live attenuated (LAV)
Tuberculosis (BCG), Oral polio vaccine (OPV), Measles, Rotavirus, Yellow fever
2. Inactivated (killed antigen)
Whole-cell pertussis (wP), Inactivated polio virus (IPV)
3. Subunit (purified antigen)
Acellular pertussis (aP),
Haemophilus inuenzae type b (Hib), Pneumococcal (PCV-7, PCV-10, PCV-13), Hepatitis B (HepB)
4. Toxoid (inactivated toxins)
Tetanus toxoid (TT), Diphtheria toxoid
Vaccines teach the immune system to fight off disease by helping it learn what a pathogen looks like. What kinds of vaccines are out there, and how do they differ from one another?
Vaccines and the Immune Response: How Vaccines Work
This animation provides an overview of vaccines and the immune response, and how influenza vaccines work. Influenza vaccines are able to trigger an immune response by mimicking viral infection. They are usually manufactured using inactivated or killed virus particles taken from various circulating influenza strains.
Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Immunoprophylaxis
This document discusses immunoprophylaxis and vaccination. It defines prophylaxis and vaccine preventable diseases. There are two types of immunization: active and passive. Active immunization involves inducing immunity through vaccination and works through humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccines can be live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoids, cellular fractions, subunit vaccines, or recombinant vaccines. Passive immunization provides immediate short-term protection through administration of antibodies or immunoglobulins. The document also discusses vaccination schedules and recent vaccination missions.
Immunization
The document discusses various vaccines that are part of national immunization schedules. It describes the different types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, conjugate and subunit vaccines. It provides details about vaccines for diseases like BCG, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, Hib, hepatitis B, typhoid, varicella, rotavirus and pneumococcus. It discusses the appropriate ages, doses, routes of administration, storage requirements and schedules for these vaccines. It also provides guidance on vaccination of high-risk groups and management of infants born to hepatitis B positive mothers.
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Overview on Vaccine, Immunity, Types of Immunity and Immunisation
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Similar to Vaccine and vaccination. for bph class
Basic imunization and immunization in sepecal situation
This document provides information on basic immunization and immunization in special situations. It discusses different types of immunity, immunizing agents like vaccines, immunoglobulins, and antisera. It describes various types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and recombinant vaccines. It also discusses vaccination schedules, potential adverse reactions to vaccination, maintaining the cold chain, and precautions that should be taken with vaccination. Finally, it covers special considerations for vaccination in situations like immunocompromised individuals, preterm infants, hepatitis B-positive mothers, and adult females.
basic imunization and immunization in sepecal situation.ppt
This document provides information on basic immunization and immunization in special situations. It discusses different types of immunity including active and passive immunity. It describes various immunizing agents such as immunoglobulins, antisera, and different types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and recombinant vaccines. It also discusses vaccination schedules, adverse reactions to immunization, maintaining the cold chain, and provides guidance on immunization for special populations such as preterm infants, immunocompromised individuals, and hepatitis B-positive mothers and their newborns.
Vaccine, vaccination& immunization dr.ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
32501.ppt
This document discusses immunization and immunity. It defines active and passive immunity and how they are acquired. It describes different immunizing agents including antisera, immunoglobulins, and vaccines. It discusses the different types of vaccines such as live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, polysaccharide/polypeptide, and recombinant vaccines. It also addresses vaccination coverage, maintaining the cold chain, potential adverse reactions to immunization, and precautions that should be taken.
32501.ppt
This document discusses immunization and immunity. It provides information on active and passive immunity, as well as natural and acquired immunity. It describes different immunizing agents including antisera, immunoglobulins, and various types of vaccines such as live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, polysaccharide/polypeptide, and recombinant vaccines. It also discusses vaccination coverage, maintaining the cold chain, potential adverse reactions to immunization, and precautions that should be taken with immunization.
32501
This document provides information on immunization and immunity. It discusses active and passive immunity, different immunizing agents including vaccines, immunoglobulins, and antisera. It describes different types of vaccines and their use, routes of administration, immunization schedules, effectiveness of vaccines, and the cold chain system for vaccine storage and transport. Potential adverse reactions and precautions for immunization are also outlined. The document concludes with discussions on vaccination coverage and applications of active immunization.
Types of Vaccinesproduced by cell culture methods.pptx
Vaccines can be categorized as whole-organism, purified macromolecules, or newer approaches like recombinant or DNA vaccines. Historically, live attenuated vaccines were developed through serial passage in cell cultures or animal embryos to reduce virulence while maintaining immunogenicity. Common methods to attenuate bacteria include serial passage, chemical mutagenesis, or genetic engineering; for viruses, attenuation techniques include serial passage, reassortment, or deletion of virulence genes. Attenuated vaccines stimulate protective immunity by replicating within the host and eliciting antigen-presenting cells to activate adaptive immune responses.
Vaccine and its types,sera,cold chain
Immunizing agents-vaccine and its types,sera.
National immunization schedule
BCG vaccine,Pentavalent vaccine,oral polio vaccine,IPV vaccine,FIPV vaccine,Rotavirus vaccine,PCV vaccine,MR vaccine,JE vaccine.
cold chain and cold chain equipments.
Presentation on Immunization
Immunization (either natural or artificial) provides protection to body against foreign antigenic species. Recent developments in this field have lead to the successful treatment of many such health disorders.
Immunization
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
Conventional and genomic vaccines
Vaccines work by increasing resistance to infection and improving general health. There are different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and DNA vaccines. DNA vaccines offer advantages over traditional vaccines as they use only DNA from pathogens and stimulate both antibody and cellular immunity without risk of infection while not requiring refrigeration.
Nisha revrse vaccinology
Reverse vaccinology uses genomics and bioinformatics to identify antigens that could be used in vaccines, rather than relying on culturing pathogens. It sequences the genome of a pathogen and predicts potential antigens, allowing development of vaccines for pathogens that cannot be grown in culture. This approach was used to develop a vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B, the first reverse vaccinology vaccine approved for use. Traditional vaccinology is limited by only being able to use antigens that are abundant during infection and that the pathogen can be cultured, whereas reverse vaccinology makes all antigens available for vaccine development.
IMMUNISATION PPT CHAPTER 5.ppt
This document discusses immunization and immunity. It covers different types of immunity including active and passive immunity. It also discusses different immunizing agents such as antisera, immunoglobulins, and vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, polysaccharide, and recombinant vaccines. It provides details on vaccination coverage, maintaining the cold chain for vaccine storage and transport, potential adverse reactions to immunization, and precautions that should be taken.
Vaccine immunology
Herd immunity occurs when a high percentage of a population is vaccinated, providing indirect protection to unvaccinated individuals. When enough people are vaccinated against a contagious disease, its spread is halted, thereby protecting even those who are not vaccinated such as newborns or the immunocompromised. The threshold for herd immunity varies by disease, depending on its transmissibility. Maintaining high vaccination rates is important for protecting vulnerable groups who cannot receive vaccines and eliminating diseases.
Vaccine development (1).pptx
Vaccines work by introducing a harmless version of a pathogen into the body to stimulate an immune response without causing illness. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, and recombinant vaccines. An ideal vaccine would provide long-lasting immunity after a single dose, stimulate both antibody and cellular immune responses, be safe, stable, and inexpensive to produce.
PREVENTIVE IMMINUIZATION.pptx
It commonly institutes activities that limit risk exposure or increase the immunity of individuals at risk to prevent a disease from progressing in a susceptible individual to subclinical disease. For example, immunizations are a form of primary prevention.
vaccination
Vaccination provides either active or passive immunity. Active immunity develops after clinical or subclinical infection or vaccination and results in antibody production. Passive immunity is conferred by antibodies produced in another host. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system through active immunization using live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, cellular fraction, or recombinant vaccines. Precautions must be taken when administering vaccines due to potential reactions including those inherent to inoculation, due to faulty techniques, hypersensitivity, neurological involvement, or provocative reactions. Testing for sensitivity and having epinephrine available are important safety measures.
42_16SMBEBT3_2020052005325631.ppt
This document provides information about vaccines and immunotechnology. It begins with an introduction to vaccines, defining them as preparations used to prevent disease by inducing an immune response. It then discusses the key properties of good vaccines and different types of vaccines including live, killed, subunit, and recombinant vaccines. The document specifically focuses on recombinant vaccines, noting their advantages over conventional vaccines and discussing viral vectors used to deliver genes encoding antigens. It concludes by discussing future developments and providing references.
Recombinant Vaccines
Recombinant vaccines use genetic engineering techniques to produce antigens that induce protective immunity. They offer advantages over conventional vaccines like improved safety and defined composition. Recombinant vaccines work by inserting genes for antigens into vectors like viruses. This allows the vector to produce the antigen and elicit an immune response. They can target specific cells and induce immunity through multiple routes of administration. While live recombinant vaccines carry a risk of reversion, they elicit strong immune responses from just one or a few doses. Future areas of development include improved delivery methods and use of immunomodulators and plant expression systems.
IMMUNI PART 1.pptx
This document provides an overview of immunization and vaccination. It discusses the basics of active and passive immunization. It describes different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, polysaccharide, conjugate, recombinant, and subunit vaccines. Key concepts in vaccinology like herd immunity, vaccine efficacy, and vaccine failure are explained. The principles, technique, and schedule of immunization administration are outlined. Adverse events following immunization and vaccine storage requirements are also summarized.
Similar to Vaccine and vaccination. for bph class (20)
Basic imunization and immunization in sepecal situation
Basic imunization and immunization in sepecal situation
basic imunization and immunization in sepecal situation.ppt
basic imunization and immunization in sepecal situation.ppt
Vaccine, vaccination& immunization dr.ihsan alsaimary
Vaccine, vaccination& immunization dr.ihsan alsaimary
Types of Vaccinesproduced by cell culture methods.pptx
Types of Vaccinesproduced by cell culture methods.pptx
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This document discusses water soluble vitamins. It defines water soluble vitamins and explains that they must be obtained through the diet, as they are not produced in the body and excess amounts are excreted. The document then covers each water soluble vitamin individually - including major dietary sources, recommended daily allowances, functions, and deficiency symptoms. The vitamins discussed are B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C, and folic acid. For each one, the roles of their coenzymes in biochemical reactions are explained. Deficiency diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and scurvy are also detailed.
Vitamin fat soluble bph class
This document discusses the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their dietary sources, functions, deficiency and toxicity symptoms. The key points are:
- Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble and absorbed with fat. They are stored in the liver and adipose tissue.
- Vitamin A supports vision, cholesterol synthesis, reproduction and iron transport. Deficiency causes night blindness and dry eyes. Toxicity above 7.5 mg/day can damage the liver and cause birth defects.
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Proteins are organic macromolecules made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They range widely in size and function. The fundamental units are 20 different amino acids that make up the primary structure in different sequences. Secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets form due to hydrogen bonding of amino acid R groups. Tertiary and quaternary structures arise from further folding and interactions between polypeptide subunits. Proteins have important roles like enzymatic catalysis, transport, structure, regulation and defense. They are classified based on solubility and presence of non-protein groups.
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Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides as building blocks. The two main types are DNA and RNA. DNA stores and carries genetic information determining an organism's genotype. It is found primarily in cell nuclei and exists as a double helix with two strands coiled together in an antiparallel orientation. The base pairing of A-T and G-C hold the strands together. RNA exists in several forms and participates in gene expression. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids for protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a major component of ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs.
Notes introduction to biochemistry
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the study of the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems. Biochemistry examines the organic compounds that make up living organisms and the processes involved in their metabolism and breakdown. The document outlines the main divisions of biochemistry including structural, dynamic, and functional biochemistry. It also discusses key biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and how they give rise to cellular structures. Finally, the document explores some of the applications and scope of biochemistry in areas like medicine, nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science.
Minerals FOR BPH
Minerals are small, inorganic elements that make up around 3% of the human body weight and serve important structural and functional roles. They can be classified as either principal/macro minerals that constitute 60-80% of inorganic material and include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur, or trace/micro minerals that are needed in smaller amounts less than 100 mg per day such as iron, copper, iodine, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, fluorine, selenium and chromium. Minerals are essential components of bones, teeth, blood, enzymes, and participate in many vital metabolic processes in the body.
Lipids bph
Fatty acids are long chain organic acids that are the building blocks of lipids. They contain a carboxyl group and a long hydrocarbon tail. There are different types including saturated, unsaturated, and branched fatty acids.
Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids and steroids. They serve important functions like energy storage, insulation, cell structure, and transport. Lipids can be classified as simple or complex. Simple lipids include neutral fats and waxes. Complex lipids include phospholipids, glycolipids and steroids.
Fatty acids and lipids have properties like melting point, hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and rancidity. Tests like iodine
Lipids BPH
Fatty acids are long chain organic acids that are the building blocks of lipids. They contain a carboxyl group and a long hydrocarbon tail. There are over 100 different types of fatty acids that can be classified as either saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds. Lipids include fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids and steroids. They serve important functions like energy storage, insulation, cell structure and transport. The main classes of lipids are simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, and complex lipids including phospholipids, glycolipids and steroids.
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This document provides an overview of the immune system. It discusses that immunology is the study of protection from foreign molecules and organisms. The immune system uses a complex array of defensive measures, collectively called the immune system, to battle against microbial invaders. Immunity is the state of resistance exhibited by the host against toxins, microorganisms, and foreign cells. The immune system can be divided into innate immunity, which provides the first line of defense, and acquired immunity, which develops after exposure and relies on memory responses from lymphocytes. The document further discusses antigens, antibodies, and the different classes of antibodies.
Infection and its mechanism
The document defines infection as the lodgement and multiplication of an infectious agent in the body. It describes the mechanisms of infection, which involve encounter, colonization, penetration, spread, and damage. The major routes of transmission are contact, inhalation, ingestion, inoculation, and congenital. For an infection to establish, the microorganism must survive local conditions, compete against normal flora, and penetrate barriers. Damage can occur via bulk effect of organisms, toxins, altered organ function, or host immune response.
Immunity, immune def, hypersensitivity
Immunity involves the body's resistance to pathogenic agents. It is broadly divided into innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is present from birth while acquired immunity develops after exposure to specific pathogens. Immunization helps prepare the body against diseases either through passive or active immunity. Immunodeficiency diseases are caused by inherited or secondary defects in immunity. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is caused by HIV and damages the immune system. Hypersensitivity reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to antigens and are classified into four types based on the mechanisms involved.
Hypersensitivity reaction, bph
This document discusses hypersensitivity reactions and classifies them into four main types:
1. Type I reactions are immediate and involve IgE antibodies binding to mast cells and basophils. Common manifestations include allergic rhinitis, asthma, and anaphylaxis.
2. Type II reactions involve IgG or IgM antibodies binding to cells and activating complement, causing cell lysis. Examples include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and Goodpasture's syndrome.
3. Type III reactions involve immune complexes activating complement and recruiting inflammatory cells, causing conditions like serum sickness and Arthus reaction.
4. Type IV reactions are delayed cell-mediated responses, involving Th1 cells and granuloma formation.
Enzymes bph
Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions without being consumed. They achieve this by lowering the activation energy of reactions and stabilizing transition states. Enzymes require cofactors like metal ions or organic coenzymes to function. The active site of an enzyme binds specifically to substrates to catalyze reactions. Many factors influence enzyme activity, such as temperature, pH, substrate and product concentration.
Defence mechanisms. bph
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Carbohydrate for BPH
Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of biomolecules. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monosaccharide units joined together. Monosaccharides exist as either open-chain or cyclic structures and include aldoses and ketoses. Carbohydrates serve important functions such as energy storage, structure, and defense. They exhibit properties like stereoisomerism, optical activity, and anomerism due to their chiral nature.
Buffer system for bph
This document discusses different buffer systems in the human body that help maintain pH levels. It describes three main buffer systems:
1) The bicarbonate buffer system in plasma uses sodium bicarbonate and carbonic acid to act as a proton donor and acceptor, keeping blood pH at 7.4.
2) The phosphate buffer system is found in the cytoplasm of cells and uses sodium phosphate salts to buffer carbon dioxide levels in red blood cells.
3) Proteins in the body contain both acidic and basic groups that allow them to act as buffers, accepting or donating protons to resist pH changes when acids or bases are introduced.
Antigen antibody for bph class
The document discusses various types of antigen-antibody reactions:
1) Precipitation reactions occur when antigen is mixed with antibodies.
2) Agglutination reactions cause particulate antigens to clump together when mixed with antibodies in the presence of electrolytes. Common examples are blood grouping and detection of typhoid.
3) Neutralization reactions involve antitoxins neutralizing toxins. Examples include toxigenicity tests and the Schick test.
Hepatovirusfor microbiology student
Hepatitis A virus is a naked RNA virus that causes hepatitis A, an inflammatory liver disease. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route by ingesting contaminated food or water. The clinical syndrome consists of two stages - a pre-icteric stage with nonspecific symptoms, followed by an icteric stage characterized by jaundice, hepatomegaly, and elevated liver enzymes. Diagnosis is made based on clinical presentation and laboratory findings, including detection of IgM antibodies to hepatitis A virus in serum during the early stages of infection. Prophylaxis includes vaccination and immune globulin administration for exposed individuals.
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This document summarizes information about Hepatitis B virus (HBV) including its structure, antigens, modes of transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention. HBV is a 42nm enveloped virus containing Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) which encloses the viral DNA. It is transmitted parenterally, perinatally, or sexually. Clinical features include a pre-icteric, icteric, and convalescent phase. Diagnosis involves detecting antigens and antibodies. Prevention includes immunization with plasma-derived or recombinant yeast vaccines.
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Vaccine and vaccination. for bph class
- 1. VACCINE AND VACCINATION MAN BAHADUR RANA BPH ACAS,NEPAL
- 2. History: Edward Jenner cowpox virus smallpox. •Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux vaccine rabies. Vaccination: distributing and administrating Vaccination. Introdu ction Vaccine biological preparation body prevent the disease The vaccine immunity production of antibodies activation of T lymphocytes. Definition: 2
- 3. 3 several types of vaccines in use Typ es • Whole-Organism Vaccines Killed Attenuated • Purified Macromolecules as Vaccines Toxoids Capsular polysaccharides Recombinant microbial antigens/Surface antigens • Recombinant vaccine • DNA vaccine •Subunit Vaccines
- 4. 4 Whole-Organism Vaccines Killed/ Inactivated: destroyed chemicals, heat, radioactivity or antibiotics. Attenuated: live disable their virulent properties (Ref: Kuby, book for Immunology)
- 5. 5 Disease or pathogen Type of vaccine WHOLE ORGANISMS Bacterial cells Anthrax Cholera Pertussis* Plague Tuberculosis Typhoid Inactivated Inactivated Inactivated Inactivated Live attenuated Live attenuated Classification of common vaccines for humans: (Ref: Kuby, book for Immunology)
- 6. 6 Disease or pathogen Type of vaccine Viral particles Hepatitis A Influenza Measles Polio (Sabin) Polio (Salk) Rabies Rotavirus Varicella zoster (chickenpox) Yellow fever Inactivated Inactivated Live attenuated Live attenuated Inactivated Inactivated Live attenuated Live attenuated Live attenuated (Ref: Kuby, book for Immunology)
- 7. 7 •Inactivated exotoxins. • Capsular polysaccharides. • Recombinant microbial antigens/Surface antigens. Purified Macromolecules as Vaccine (Ref: Kuby, Book for Immunology)
- 8. 8 Inactivated exotoxins/Toxoid • Toxoids exotoxins inactivated either by heat or chemicals against the toxins not necessarily against bacteria that produce the toxins. •botulinum antitoxin and diphtheria antitoxin. Fig: Modification of toxin to toxoid (Ref: Kuby, www2a.cdc.gov)
- 9. 9 • The virulence of some pathogenic bacteria polysaccharide capsule. Eg. vaccine of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 23 antigenically different capsular polysaccharides. Capsular polysaccharides (Ref: Kuby, www2a.cdc.gov)
- 10. 10 •bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cells expressed with immunogenic protein recombinant DNA technology. •hepatitis B antigen expressing it in yeast cells. Recombinant microbial antigens/Surface antigen (Ref: Kuby, book for Immunology)
- 11. 11 when the genes for a microbe’s antigens body some cells will take up that DNA cells antigen molecules. DNA Vaccine (Ref: Kuby, book for Immunology)
- 12. 12 Synthetic peptide vaccines Contain immunodominant B-cell and T-cell epitopes. multiple copies of a given peptide or a mixture of peptides immune system-: Multivalent Subunit Vaccine
- 15. Scheme of immunization • Primary vaccination • One dose vaccines (BCG, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever) • Multiple dose vaccines (polio, DPT, hepatitis B) • Booster vaccination • DT, MMR 15
- 16. Routes of Administration • Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route (most vaccines) • Oral route (oral BCG vaccine) • Intradermal route (BCG vaccine) • Scarification (small pox vaccine) • Intranasal route (live attenuated influenza vaccine) 16
- 17. Cold Chain • system of transporting and storing vaccinessafe temperature range of 2oC to 8oC (For frozen vaccines the optimum temperature is -15°C or • prevent potential costly wastage.
- 18. Cold Chain Diagram Proper temp every link in the chain.
- 19. Importance of cold chain • Vaccines are sensitive biological products • Cold-sensitive vaccines immediate loss of potency following freezing. • Heat sensitive Vaccines some loss of potency with each episode of exposure. • Repetitive exposure to heat episodes a cumulative loss of potency that is not reversible.
- 20. Vaccine Heat Light Freezing Temperature at PHC OPV (live attenuated) Sensitive Sensitive Okay to freeze +2˚C to +8˚C (-15˚C to -25˚C at state, regional and district stores) BCG (live attenuated) Sensitive Sensitive Okay to freeze (before reconstitution) +2˚C to +8˚C Measles (live attenuated) Sensitive Sensitive Okay to freeze (before reconstitution) +2˚C to +8˚C (-15˚C to -25˚C at state, regional and district stores) DPT (toxoid, killed) Relatively heat stable Freezes at -3˚C. Discard if frozen. +2˚C to +8˚C Hep B (recombinant) Relatively heat stable Freezes at- .5˚C. Discard if frozen. +2˚C to +8˚C TT (toxoid) Relatively heat stable Freezes at -3˚C. Discard if frozen. +2˚C to +8˚C Summary of vaccine vulnerability
- 21. Refrigerator Truck Walk-in Freezer Walk-in Cooler At state level: At district level: Cold Box Deep Freezer (DF) 300 ltr Ice-Lined Refrigerator(ILR) 300 ltr
- 22. Ice-Lined Refrigerator(ILR) 140 ltr Deep Freezer (DF) 140 ltr Cold Box Vaccine Carriers At planning unit level:
- 23. Vaccine Vial Monitor - Interpretation
- 24. Discard frozen DPT, DT and TT vials
Editor's Notes
- 1776 and 1885
- body’s own cells become vaccine-making factories, creating the antigens necessary to stimulate the immune system.
- Diptheria and tetanus toxoids, Measles, Mumps and Rubella
- Primary health care