Introduction of immunology for bph class
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This document provides an overview of the immune system. It discusses that immunology is the study of protection from foreign molecules and organisms. The immune system uses a complex array of defensive measures, collectively called the immune system, to battle against microbial invaders. Immunity is the state of resistance exhibited by the host against toxins, microorganisms, and foreign cells. The immune system can be divided into innate immunity, which provides the first line of defense, and acquired immunity, which develops after exposure and relies on memory responses from lymphocytes. The document further discusses antigens, antibodies, and the different classes of antibodies.
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Introduction to immunology
Dr. Alok Tripathi studies immunology at the Department of Biotechnology. The document discusses the history and key concepts of immunology, including:
1. The dual immune system of vertebrates, consisting of cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
2. Early theories on immunity proposed by scientists like Metchnikoff, von Behring, and Paul Ehrlich to explain concepts like phagocytosis, humoral immunity, and the generation of antibody diversity.
3. The development of the clonal selection theory by Burnet, Jerne, and others to explain how the immune system achieves antigen specificity through clonal expansion and memory cells.
Autoimmunity and Tolerance
The document discusses immunological tolerance and its breakdown which can lead to autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It explains the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance that normally prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Failure of these tolerance mechanisms can occur through various causes like a breakdown of T cell anergy or loss of regulatory T cells, resulting in an immune response against self-tissues and the development of autoimmune conditions.
Humoral Immunity
- Naive B cells express IgM and IgD antibodies on their surface that recognize antigens. Upon activation, a single B cell can produce up to 10^12 antibody molecules per day through plasma cell differentiation.
- Repeated antigen exposure leads to affinity maturation through somatic hypermutation in germinal centers, increasing antibody affinity over time. Helper T cells are required for isotype switching and affinity maturation.
- Engagement of complement receptors and toll-like receptors enhances B cell activation and antibody production. Activated B cells also upregulate costimulators to amplify helper T cell responses.
Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance is induced through central and peripheral mechanisms that eliminate or suppress self-reactive immune cells. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and bone marrow where high-affinity self-reactive T and B cells undergo apoptosis or receptor editing. Peripheral tolerance includes anergy induction, suppression by regulatory T cells (Tregs), and inhibition by receptors like CTLA-4 and PD-1. Tregs expressing the transcription factor FoxP3 are critical for maintaining tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. Failure of these tolerance mechanisms can lead to autoimmune disease.
Autoimmune disorders
This document discusses autoimmunity, including:
- What autoimmunity is, the history of its discovery, and proposed mechanisms. Mechanisms include sequestered antigens, escape of autoreactive clones, loss of regulatory T cells, cross-reactive antigens, and altered self antigens.
- Types of autoimmune diseases classified by organ specificity, systemic diseases, pathogenic organisms involved, and type of hypersensitivity reaction. Examples are given for each category.
- Laboratory diagnosis of autoimmune diseases including routine tests, autoantibodies like ANA and RF, acute phase proteins, and HLA typing. Specific autoantibody patterns are shown.
- Treatment approaches including symptomatic treatments and immunosuppressive agents like ant
HLA and antigen presentation
HLA refers to Human Leukocyte Antigens. HLA forms part of the major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Adaptive immunity
The document summarizes key aspects of the adaptive immune system, including the roles of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. It discusses:
1) The two main types of lymphocytes are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes mediate cell-mediated immunity while B lymphocytes mediate antibody-mediated or humoral immunity.
2) Helper T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells and activate other immune cells like B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells.
3) B cells produce antibodies that target extracellular pathogens. Upon activation by helper T cells, B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies, establishing antibody-mediated immunity.
Autoimmunity
The organism possesses powerful mechanism to avoid immune auto aggression, The acquired ability of the immune system to avoid responsiveness to self antigens is defined as ‘ tolerance’ It is obtained by the cooperative efforts of central and peripheral mechanisms, which allow a rapid and efficient removal of pathogens ( Virus and Bacteria ) in the absence of self-recognition, It is a dysfunction of the immune system. The immune system protects you from disease and infection. Sometimes, though, the immune system can produce autoantibodies that attack healthy cells, tissues, and organs. This can lead to autoimmune disease.Autoimmune diseases can affect any part of the body
Recommended
Introduction to immunology
Dr. Alok Tripathi studies immunology at the Department of Biotechnology. The document discusses the history and key concepts of immunology, including:
1. The dual immune system of vertebrates, consisting of cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
2. Early theories on immunity proposed by scientists like Metchnikoff, von Behring, and Paul Ehrlich to explain concepts like phagocytosis, humoral immunity, and the generation of antibody diversity.
3. The development of the clonal selection theory by Burnet, Jerne, and others to explain how the immune system achieves antigen specificity through clonal expansion and memory cells.
Autoimmunity and Tolerance
The document discusses immunological tolerance and its breakdown which can lead to autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It explains the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance that normally prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Failure of these tolerance mechanisms can occur through various causes like a breakdown of T cell anergy or loss of regulatory T cells, resulting in an immune response against self-tissues and the development of autoimmune conditions.
Humoral Immunity
- Naive B cells express IgM and IgD antibodies on their surface that recognize antigens. Upon activation, a single B cell can produce up to 10^12 antibody molecules per day through plasma cell differentiation.
- Repeated antigen exposure leads to affinity maturation through somatic hypermutation in germinal centers, increasing antibody affinity over time. Helper T cells are required for isotype switching and affinity maturation.
- Engagement of complement receptors and toll-like receptors enhances B cell activation and antibody production. Activated B cells also upregulate costimulators to amplify helper T cell responses.
Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance is induced through central and peripheral mechanisms that eliminate or suppress self-reactive immune cells. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and bone marrow where high-affinity self-reactive T and B cells undergo apoptosis or receptor editing. Peripheral tolerance includes anergy induction, suppression by regulatory T cells (Tregs), and inhibition by receptors like CTLA-4 and PD-1. Tregs expressing the transcription factor FoxP3 are critical for maintaining tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. Failure of these tolerance mechanisms can lead to autoimmune disease.
Autoimmune disorders
This document discusses autoimmunity, including:
- What autoimmunity is, the history of its discovery, and proposed mechanisms. Mechanisms include sequestered antigens, escape of autoreactive clones, loss of regulatory T cells, cross-reactive antigens, and altered self antigens.
- Types of autoimmune diseases classified by organ specificity, systemic diseases, pathogenic organisms involved, and type of hypersensitivity reaction. Examples are given for each category.
- Laboratory diagnosis of autoimmune diseases including routine tests, autoantibodies like ANA and RF, acute phase proteins, and HLA typing. Specific autoantibody patterns are shown.
- Treatment approaches including symptomatic treatments and immunosuppressive agents like ant
HLA and antigen presentation
HLA refers to Human Leukocyte Antigens. HLA forms part of the major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Adaptive immunity
The document summarizes key aspects of the adaptive immune system, including the roles of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. It discusses:
1) The two main types of lymphocytes are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes mediate cell-mediated immunity while B lymphocytes mediate antibody-mediated or humoral immunity.
2) Helper T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells and activate other immune cells like B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells.
3) B cells produce antibodies that target extracellular pathogens. Upon activation by helper T cells, B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies, establishing antibody-mediated immunity.
Autoimmunity
The organism possesses powerful mechanism to avoid immune auto aggression, The acquired ability of the immune system to avoid responsiveness to self antigens is defined as ‘ tolerance’ It is obtained by the cooperative efforts of central and peripheral mechanisms, which allow a rapid and efficient removal of pathogens ( Virus and Bacteria ) in the absence of self-recognition, It is a dysfunction of the immune system. The immune system protects you from disease and infection. Sometimes, though, the immune system can produce autoantibodies that attack healthy cells, tissues, and organs. This can lead to autoimmune disease.Autoimmune diseases can affect any part of the body
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Structure and functions of immune system
The immune system consists of primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The primary lymphoid organs, bone marrow and thymus, are responsible for the development and maturation of lymphocytes. The thymus matures T cells while the bone marrow matures B cells. Once matured, lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where they encounter antigens and initiate an immune response. Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
T Cell and its differentiation
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The document discusses tolerance and autoimmunity. It defines tolerance as a state of antigen-specific immunological unresponsiveness and describes the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance that maintain self-tolerance. When tolerance fails, autoimmunity can result, leading to autoimmune diseases. Some key autoimmune diseases discussed include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes, myasthenia gravis, and Graves' disease. Genetic and environmental factors can influence susceptibility to developing autoimmunity.
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II. T cell-mediated immune response
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ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
The adaptive immune system has four main characteristics: diversity, antigenic specificity, memory, and self/non-self recognition. There are two types of immunity: active immunity requires exposure to an antigen and develops over weeks, while passive immunity does not require exposure but provides immediate, short-term immunity without memory. The key cells involved are B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, and effector T cells. B cells recognize antigens and become memory B cells or plasma cells, while T cells require antigen presentation to be activated and differentiate into helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells.
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2. Tolerance can occur through several mechanisms, including clonal deletion of autoreactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow, clonal anergy of autoreactive cells, ignorance of sequestered self-antigens, and receptor editing of B cells.
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This document provides an overview of the immune system. It begins with definitions of immunity and the historical views of disease. It then describes the innate and adaptive immune systems in detail. The innate system includes physical barriers and the complement system. Adaptive immunity involves both humoral immunity through B cells and antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity through T cell subsets. Key immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils are also summarized in terms of their functions, including phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. The document provides an extensive but concise review of immune system components and their roles in protection from pathogens.
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Structure and functions of immune system
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The adaptive immune system has four main characteristics: diversity, antigenic specificity, memory, and self/non-self recognition. There are two types of immunity: active immunity requires exposure to an antigen and develops over weeks, while passive immunity does not require exposure but provides immediate, short-term immunity without memory. The key cells involved are B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, and effector T cells. B cells recognize antigens and become memory B cells or plasma cells, while T cells require antigen presentation to be activated and differentiate into helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells.
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2. Tolerance can occur through several mechanisms, including clonal deletion of autoreactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow, clonal anergy of autoreactive cells, ignorance of sequestered self-antigens, and receptor editing of B cells.
3. Autoimmunity results from a loss of self-tolerance and an immune response against self-components. It can be organ-specific or systemic. Causes of autoimmunity
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2. Major events include the first successful organ transplants in the 1950s-60s of kidneys, livers, hearts, and bone marrow.
3. Graft rejection is driven by an immune response to foreign histocompatibility antigens like MHC proteins, with T-cells playing a key role through cell-mediated responses. Immunosuppressive drugs help prevent rejection by inhibiting T-cell activation and proliferation.
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This document defines various terms related to immunity and describes the different types of immunity. It discusses innate immunity, which provides non-specific resistance and is not affected by prior exposure to pathogens. Adaptive immunity develops over time in response to specific pathogens and provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection along with immunological memory. Active immunity can be acquired naturally through infection or artificially through vaccination, while passive immunity involves transfer of antibodies from another individual.
IMMUNITY.pptx
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT IMMUNITY AND THE IMPORTANT PART MAJOR COMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
Antigens last (0).ppt
Here are five things to know about coronavirus tests: PCR and antigen tests are the most common but they work differently. While antigen tests look for proteins ...
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An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. This means your immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off. An antigen may be a substance from th
adaptive and innate immunity.pptx
The immune system is typically divided into two categories--innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers and chemicals that attack foreign cells. Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune responses and includes a memory that makes future responses more efficient. It is more complex and involves antigen processing and recognition by immune cells.
adaptive and innate immunity.pptx
- Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms present from birth that provide immediate resistance to pathogens. It includes physical and chemical barriers as well as cellular responses like phagocytosis.
- Adaptive immunity develops later in life and involves antigen-specific immune responses mediated by lymphocytes. It is more complex than innate immunity and includes immunological memory.
- The immune system consists of both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate responses provide initial defense against infection while adaptive responses provide acquired, antigen-specific immunity. Memory cells generated during adaptive responses enable faster responses upon reexposure.
Immunology
introduction, types of immunity, organs of immune system, physiological regulations and functions of immune system.
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Introduction of immunology for bph class
- 2. 2 Immunology • study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to them. Overview of Immune system
- 3. 3 Immune system and immunity • In the battle microbial invaders and humans and other vertebrates protection complex array of defensive measures collectively Immune system. • Immunity State of resistance or insusceptibility exhibited by the host toxic molecules, microorganism and foreign cells. Overview of Immune system
- 4. 4 The need of immune system Overview of Immune system
- 5. 5 Immunity Overview of Immune system -Species -Racial -Individual
- 6. 6 Innate/Natural/Non specific Immunity resistance with which a person is born genetically passed mediated by anatomic and non specific immunological factors provides first line of defense against infection Level of innate immunity varies Overview of Immune system
- 7. 7 Types of Innate Immunity 1. Species Immunity: Resistance to infection varies with the species The basic physiological, metabolic and anatomical characteristics of a species determine the immunity. 2. Racial Immunity: Various animals and plant breeds Marked difference in their resistance to certain infectious diseases Overview of Immune system
- 8. 8 Types of Innate Immunity 3. Individual immunity Different individual of same species outbreak Escape Sub clinical Develop Disease infection disease Overview of Immune system
- 9. 9 Acquired/Specific Immunity Develops exposed to specific pathogen or other foreign materials. • Second line of response (if innate fails) • relies on mechanisms that adapt after infection • handled by T- and B- lymphocytes Overview of Immune system
- 10. 10 Types of Acquired Immunity 1. Active immunity 2. Passive immunity Resistanceafter effective contact with an antigen Immune response Overview of Immune system Humoral or antibody mediated Cell mediated
- 11. 11 1. Active Immunity Natural active Artificial active -Natural infections -Bacterial vaccines -Subclinical infections -Viral vaccines Overview of Immune system
- 12. 12 2. Passive immunity transfer of preformed (ready-made) antibodies. important role to new born and immunocompromised individiuals. Natural Passive Artificial passive Maternal antibody Parenteral administr- fetus and infants -ation of antibodies Overview of Immune system
- 13. 13 Difference between active and passive immunity Overview of Immune system
- 14. 14 Antigens Proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, and some glycolopids vertebrate host immune response specific antibody or sensitized T cells or both. Overview of Immune system
- 15. 15 Types of Antigens 1. Complete antigen or immunogen • Immunogenicity and antigenicity • Generally high molecular weight mostly proteinaceous and polysaccharides. 2. Incomplete antigen or hapten • Antigenic but not immunogenic • Usually low molecular weight. • carrier molecules+ hapten immunogenic Overview of Immune system
- 16. 16 Types of Antigens Overview of Immune system
- 17. 17 Antigenic determinant or epitope Discrete sites on the macromolecules recognized by lymphocytes Sites either on or within the antigenantibodes react. Very small four or five aminoacid or monosaccharide residue Overview of Immune system
- 18. 18 Heterophile antigens • Similar in nature, if not identical, present in different tissues of more than one species. • Cross reacting • Examples RBC of blood group BE. coli SpirocheteCardiolipin Forssaman antigenred cells of many animals Overview of Immune system
- 19. ANTIBODIES • Antigen specific proteins plasma cells • Belong to immunoglobulin. • Located blood and extravascular tissues, secretions and excretions • Bind pathogenic microorganism and their toxins extracellular compartments 19
- 20. Structural configuration of Antibody Dr.T.V.Rao MD 20
- 21. CLASSES (ISOTYPES) OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS • Classes based on constant region of heavy chains • (IgA)(IgD)(IgE)(IgG) (IgM) • Differentiation of heavy chains – Length of C region, location of disulfide bonds, hinge region, distribution of carbohydrate • Classes have different effector functions 21
- 22. Different classes of Antibodies 22
- 23. Immunoglobulin Classes I. IgG Structure: Monomer Location: Blood, lymph, intestine Known Functions: Enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses, protects fetus and newborn. 23
- 24. Immunoglobulin Classes II. IgM Location: Blood, lymph, B cell surface (monomer) Known Functions: First antibodies in infection. Effective against microbes 24
- 25. Immunoglobulin Classes III. IgA Location: Secretions (tears, saliva, intestine, milk), blood and lymph. Known Functions: Localized protection of mucosal surfaces. Provides immunity to infant in digestive tract. 25
- 26. Immunoglobulin Classes IV. IgD V. Location: B-cell surface, blood, and lymph Known Functions: In serum function is unknown. On B cell surface, initiate immune response. 26
- 27. Immunoglobulin Classes V. IgE Location: Bound to mast cells and basophils throughout body. Blood. Known Functions: Allergic reactions. Possibly lysis of worms. 27