Overview of vaccines, types of immunity and immunization introduction, Response of Vaccine In Body, Antigen , Antibody, Composition Of Vaccines, History of Vaccine, Types of Vaccine, Live attenuated vaccine (LAV), Inactivated vaccine (Killed vaccine), Subunit vaccine (Purified antigen), Toxoid vaccine (Inactivated Toxoid), Ideal characteristics of vaccine, On the basis of components vaccine are also divided, Immunity, Types of Immunity, Non-specific,Specific Immunity, Difference between Active and Passive Immunity.
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IMMUNITY:
INTRODUCTION:
Our immune system is essential for our survival.
Without an immune system, our bodies would be open to attack from bacteria, viruses, parasites, and more.
It is our immune system that keeps us healthy as we drift through a sea of pathogens.
Mother And Child Health Introduction, Paediatrics or Child Health, Maternal and Child Health Programme(MCH), Objectives, Importance,Breastfeeding introduction, Composition of Milk, Other Vital Components of Breast Milk, Importance of Breastfeeding for Baby, Importance of Breastfeeding for Mother, Infant Milk Substitutes & Bottle Feeding,Effects of Bottle Feeding, Illness And Hospitalisation Risk, Pharmacists Role in Mother And Child Health.
IMMUNITY:
INTRODUCTION:
Our immune system is essential for our survival.
Without an immune system, our bodies would be open to attack from bacteria, viruses, parasites, and more.
It is our immune system that keeps us healthy as we drift through a sea of pathogens.
Mother And Child Health Introduction, Paediatrics or Child Health, Maternal and Child Health Programme(MCH), Objectives, Importance,Breastfeeding introduction, Composition of Milk, Other Vital Components of Breast Milk, Importance of Breastfeeding for Baby, Importance of Breastfeeding for Mother, Infant Milk Substitutes & Bottle Feeding,Effects of Bottle Feeding, Illness And Hospitalisation Risk, Pharmacists Role in Mother And Child Health.
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
National Health Policy Introduction, NHP 1983, NHP 2000, NHP 2002, NHP 2017, Seven Priority areas, Sustainable Developmental (SDGs), Public and Private health system in India, National Health Mission (NHM),Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), International Pharmaceutical Federation Development Goal (FIP),
The word "vaccine" originates from the Latin word “vacca”, meaning “cow” a virus (cowpox) which manly effect the cow. which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent smallpox in humans.
A Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to stimulate the body’s immune response. (Production of an Antibodies)
Vaccine is an immune biological substance designed to produced specific protection against a disease causing pathogen
It is given to prevent an infectious disease from developing disease in the person.
Vaccines contain the same germs that cause disease. (For example, measles vaccine contains measles virus, and Hib vaccine contains Hib bacteria)
But they have been either killed or weakened to the point that they don’t caused disease.
Introduction of Social Pharmacy Role of Pharmacist /Chapter -1
L-1 Social Pharmacy D.Pharm 1st Year based on the new syllabus of d Pharma as per PCI ER 2020.
Definition of social pharmacy
Social pharmacy as a discipline
Objectives of social pharmacy
Social pharmacy research
Social pharmacy education
Scope of social pharmacy in improving health
Role of pharmacist in public health
Vaccines (Immunotherapy) along with COVID-19 Overview, Types of Vaccines, Adjuvants, Antigen Uptake Mechanism, COVID-19 Mechanism Of Action, and much more.
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
National Health Policy Introduction, NHP 1983, NHP 2000, NHP 2002, NHP 2017, Seven Priority areas, Sustainable Developmental (SDGs), Public and Private health system in India, National Health Mission (NHM),Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), International Pharmaceutical Federation Development Goal (FIP),
The word "vaccine" originates from the Latin word “vacca”, meaning “cow” a virus (cowpox) which manly effect the cow. which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent smallpox in humans.
A Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to stimulate the body’s immune response. (Production of an Antibodies)
Vaccine is an immune biological substance designed to produced specific protection against a disease causing pathogen
It is given to prevent an infectious disease from developing disease in the person.
Vaccines contain the same germs that cause disease. (For example, measles vaccine contains measles virus, and Hib vaccine contains Hib bacteria)
But they have been either killed or weakened to the point that they don’t caused disease.
Introduction of Social Pharmacy Role of Pharmacist /Chapter -1
L-1 Social Pharmacy D.Pharm 1st Year based on the new syllabus of d Pharma as per PCI ER 2020.
Definition of social pharmacy
Social pharmacy as a discipline
Objectives of social pharmacy
Social pharmacy research
Social pharmacy education
Scope of social pharmacy in improving health
Role of pharmacist in public health
Vaccines (Immunotherapy) along with COVID-19 Overview, Types of Vaccines, Adjuvants, Antigen Uptake Mechanism, COVID-19 Mechanism Of Action, and much more.
1. Contents: Introduction
History of vaccine
Mechanism of vaccine
Types of vaccines
Uptake of antigens
Single shot vaccines
Mucosal vaccine delivery system
Transdermal vaccine delivery system
Conclusion
References
2. Drug delivery systems describe technologies that carry drugs into or throughout the body. These technologies include the method of delivery, such as a pill that you swallow, syrups or a vaccine that is injected.
3. Vaccines are biological preparation which provide active acquired immunity against particular diseases.
Vaccine word is derived from Latin word “Variolae vaccinea” (cowpox).
It is made of disease causing microbes, which are killed or present in attenuated form or it’s toxins or one of it’s surface proteins.
It stimulates the body immune system against the microbe and destroy it.
The administration of vaccine is called vaccination.
4.Edward Jenner developed 1st vaccine against small pox at 1798 from cowpox.
Louis pasture developed live attenuated cholera vaccine and inactivated anthrax vaccine in 1897 and 1904 respectively.
In 1923, Alexander Glenny introduce a method to inactivate tetanus toxins, this method was used to developed diphtheria vaccine in 1926.
Viral tissue culture method was developed in 1950-1985, which helped in development of inactivated and live attenuated polio vaccines.
5. important terminilogies:-Antibody: A protein found in the blood that is produced in response to foreign substances (e.g. bacteria or viruses) invading the body. Antibodies protect the body from disease by binding to these organisms and destroying them.
Antigens: Foreign substances (e.g. bacteria or viruses) in the body that are capable of causing disease. The presence of antigens in the body triggers an immune response.
Antitoxin: A solution of antibodies against a toxin. Antitoxin can be derived from either human (e.g., tetanus immune globulin) or animal (usually equine) sources (e.g., diphtheria and botulism antitoxin). Antitoxins are used to confer passive immunity and for treatment.
6.Active immunity: The production of antibodies against a specific disease by the immune system. Active immunity can be acquired in two ways, either by contracting the disease or through vaccination. Active immunity is usually permanent, meaning an individual is protected from the disease for the duration of their lives.
Passive immunity: Protection against disease through antibodies produced by another human being or animal. Passive immunity is effective, but protection is generally limited and diminishes over time (usually a few weeks or months).
7.Live attenuated Vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines contain whole bacteria or viruses which have been “weakened”(attenuated) so that they create a protective immune response but do not cause disease in healthy people.
For most modern vaccines this “weakening” is achieved through genetic modification of the pathogens.
E.g. BCG vaccine, MMR vaccine, chickenpox vaccine.
B pharma
D pharma
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics I
Immunity and Immunological Products
types of immunity
Immunology
Toxins antibody exotoxins endotoxins
Vaccine
toxoids
sera
B.C.G. vaccine.
cholera. pertussis, plague and typhoid vaccine.
typhus vaccine.
measles, small-pox. poliomyelitis and yellow fever.
diphtheria, tetanus and staphylococcus.
Diagnostic preparations containing bacterial toxins used for Schick test and tuberculin test.
Preparations containing antibodies (antiserum, and antitoxins)used to produce passive immunity
Anthropod-Borne Infections Introduction,Causative agent, Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Treatment and Role of Pharmacist of following infections, Malaria, Chikungunya and Filariasis.
Dengue ,
Introduction to Microbiology And Common Micro-Organisms, EpidemiologyMonika P. Maske
Introduction to Microbiology, Classification Of Micro-Organisms, Bacteria , Classification of Bacteria Depend on Shape and Characteristic Arrangement, Algae,Fungi, Moulds And Yeasts, Spores, Viruses, Protozoa, Rickettsia & Mycoplasma, Identification of Bacteria, Scope of Microbiology, Introduction to Epidemiology, Applications of Epidemiology,Definitions.
Introduction of National Health Programmes,Objectives, Main Activities, Ongoing National Health Programmes in India, National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP), National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP),National Mental Health Programme(NMHP), National Palliative Care (NPPC) , National Oral Health Programme (NOHP), National Organ Transplant Programme (NOTP), National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCBVI), National Programme for Prevention and Control of Fluorosis (NPPCF),National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP),Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP), National Programme on Health Care for Elderly (NPHCE), National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness (NPPCD), National Programme for Prevention & Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVS Diseases & Stroke, b) Programme National Rabies Control (NRCP), c) National Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Programme (NVHSP), ) Six Vector – Borne DiseasesThey are chikn gunya, malaria, filariasis, kala azar, Japanese encephalitis and dengue, National Programme for Prevention & Mangement of trauma & Burn Injuries (NPPMTBI), National Pulse Polio Programme, Health Programmes Monitored by National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)1. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Containment, 2. National Programme on Climate Change & Human Health (NPCCHH), 3. Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), 4. Yaws Eradication Programme (YEP) there Objectives and Functions and Outcome, Additional National Health Programmes and Role of Pharmacist in National Health Programmes.
Introduction To Pharmacoeconomics, Objectives, Need of Pharmacoecomics, Four methods of Pharmaeconomics Evaluation, Basic Terminology, Importance of
Pharmacoeconomics.
Introduction to Nutrition And Health, Introduction Of Balance Diet, Healthy Benefits of a Balanced Diet, WHO Recommendations For Balanced Diet, Nutrition Deficiency Diseases, Deficiency Diseases Induced Due To Deficiency Of Proteins, Symptoms, Treatments And Preventions of Kwashiorkor and Marasmus, Treatments And Preventions of Of
Vitamins, Treatments And Preventions of Minerals,Ill Effects Of Junk Foods, Types Of Junk Foods, Appealing nature of Junk Food, Adverse Effects of Junk Food, Nutritive And Calorific Values of Various Foods, Daily Calorific Requirements, Fortification of Food, Types of Fortification, Benefits of Fortification, Introduction To Food Adulteration, Safe Food Handling, Adulteration Of Foods, Adulterants And Their Harmful Effects, Artificial Ripening, Effects Of Artificial Ripening, Pesticides, Uses Of Pesticides, Effects Of Pesticides, Genetically Modified Foods, Advantages Of GM Crops, Potential Benefits (Long-Term Effects),Disadvantages Of GM Crops, Dietary Supplements, Types of Supplements, Benefits, Dietary Supplements And Their Roles, Indications, Nutraceuticals, Concept of Neutraceuticals, Nutraceuticals Benefits, Classification, Dietary Supplement Health And
Education Act (DSHEA), Medicinal Plants Used as
Neutracuticals, Drug – Food Interactions.
Introduction to Nutrition And Health, Basics of nutrition, Objective of nutrition, Classification of food, macronutrients, Carbohydrates, Functions of carbohydrates, proteins, Functions of proteins, Protein Requirements for Different Age Groups
, fats, Functions of fats, Sources, Functions And Deficiency Of Fat-Soluble Vitamins, Sources, Functions And Deficiency Of Water-Soluble Vitamins, minerals, Daily Requirement, Functions And Sources Of Trace Elements, fibres, Importance of fibre in diet, Water, Importance of water in diet.
Introduction To Pollution, Types of pollution,Water Pollution & Sources of Water Supply, Source of water pollution, Effects on health of water pollution, Water Born Disease, Treatment of water pollution or Purification of water , Importance of safe drinking water,Introduction To Air Pollution,Functions & Composition of Air, Source of air pollution, Effects on health, Control of Air Pollution, Introduction To Noise Pollution,Source of noise pollution, Effects on health, Control of Noise Pollution,Sewage And Solid Waste Disposal, Sewage Treatment Plant, Occupational Illness, Precaution against occupational disease, Environmental pollution due to pharmaceuticals,
Demography introduction, IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY,COMMON SOURCES & INDICATORS OF DEMOGRAPHY, Demography cycle,Family planning,objectives,Efforts made in the past,individuals and organisations took initiative to propagate the need for birth control,Contraceptive methods,Various birth control methods like Behavioural methods, Natural methods, Chemical methods, Mechanical methods, Hormonal methods, Terminal methods, Post-conceptional methods,Role Pharmacist of family planning.
Introduction to Social Pharmacy, Definition, Social Pharmacy as a Discipline, Scope of Social Pharmacy in Improving Public Health, Role of Pharmacist in Public Health, Concept of Health, Dimensions of Health, Determinants of Health, Health Indicators.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice, Definitions and Aim, Objectives, Scopes or services of Clinical Pharmacy, Functions and Roles of Clinical Pharmacy, Qualities of Clinical Pharmacy.
Introduction of Water, Physical Properties of water, Chemical properties of water, Chemical properties of water, Hardness of Water, Type hardness of water, Difference between hard and soft water, Units of hardness, Methods of Softening of hard water and types of lime soda water, Zeolite softening process, Ion exchange process, Natural & Portable Water, Sterile Water for Injection, Water for Injection, Purified Water, Selection of Suitable Water for Use, Solubility of Pharmaceuticals, Methods of Expression of Solubility, Factors Affecting Solubility.
Introduction, Classification of Vitamins, Fat –Soluble Vitamins-) Vitamin A ,Biochemical Function of Vitamin A, Deficiency of Vitamin A, Vitamin D ,Vitamin E, Deficiency and Role of Vit.E , Vitamin K, Water-Soluble Vitamins, Thiamine, ) Riboflavin , Nicotinic Acid, Pantothenic acid , Pyridoxine , Biotin, Deficiency of folic acid, Cyanocobalamin, structure and deficiency of co-enzyme B12 , Lipoic acid, Non B-Complex, Ascorbic acid , benifites of vit. C, CO-ENZYMES,
Classification of Amino Acids, List of essential and non-essential amino acids, Essential Amino Acids, Chemistry of Amino Acids, 1) Zwitterions (physical properties), Detecting Amino acids, Introduction of Polypeptide, Polypeptide Chain.
Introduction of carbohydrates, Classifications of carbohydrates, Optical isomerism / optical activity, Chemical reactions & qualitative tests, Biological importance of carbohydrates, Diseases related carbohydrates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Overview on Vaccine, Immunity, Types of Immunity and Immunisation
1. OVERVIEW OF VACCINES,
TYPES OF IMMUNITY AND
IMMUNIZATION
Presented By
Ms. Monika P. Maske
Assistant Professor
M. Pharm
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Ms. M. P. Maske
1
2. Introduction • The vaccine defined as pharmaceutical suspension or solution of
immunogenic substance or compound that is intended to induce
active immunity.
• The vaccine term is applied to all the agents of active immunisation
and the process is known as vaccination.
• The term vaccine applies to all biological preparations, produced
from living organisms, that enhance immunity against disease
either prevent or treat diseases.
• Vaccine are administered in liquid form by injection, oral, by intra-
nasal routes.
Ms. M. P. Maske
2
3. Response of
Vaccine In
Body
• Primary response : During the vaccination, vaccine are injected in
the body, it behaves as a antigen or foreign substance to the body,
so our body work against this substances and produced the
antibodies create a immunity this is known as primary response
against disease.
• Secondary response : After that immunity is developed and stored
in the memory cells of the brain regarding to the previous
infections.
• In future any similar infections are cause then our immune system
give rapid response and fight against disease this is known as
secondary response by producing antibodies.
Ms. M. P. Maske
3
4. • Vaccines play a major role in prophylactic and therapeutic role in many
disease.
• Antigen : Antigen are those substances that stimulate the immune
system to produce antibodies (protective body). It behaves like foreign
particles like bacteria, virus for recipient body and cause undesirable
changes, then recipient body protects itself by producing the antibodies.
• Antibody : Antibody is the proteinaceous protective modification
produced by the immune system in response to the presence of the
foreign substances like bacteria, viruses and neutralize their activities.
• It is also called immunoglobulin and each molecule contains four
peptide chains, two small called light chains and two heavy chain/longer
chain (H2L2).
Ms. M. P. Maske
4
5. Composition
Of
Vaccines
• Bulk antigen (main component) of vaccine mixed with other
fluids like water, saline, additives or preservatives and
sometimes adjuvants these additional substance known a
excipients.
• Vaccines are usually formulated as liquids, freeze properly.
• Preservatives ensure the sterility of the vaccine.
• They used to prevent contamination of multi-dose containers.
• Sometimes preservatives are added during manufacturing to
prevent microbial contamination.
Ms. M. P. Maske
5
6. History of
Vaccine
• Discovery of Immune system :
Edward Jenner (1749-1823) -
Edward was creating the concept of vaccines and
formulated the small pox vaccine.
• After that Louis Pasteur (1878) discovered the
rabies and anthrax vaccine.
Ms. M. P. Maske
6
7. Types of Vaccine
Ms. M. P. Maske
7
• There are four types of vaccines, categorized by the antigen (inactive microbes, toxins,
surface protein) used in their preparation.
8. 1.Live
attenuated
vaccine
(LAV)
1. Live attenuated vaccine (LAV) :
Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) is prepared by
pathogens (virus or bacteria) which causes the infections or
disease, that have been weakened under laboratory condition.
• Live microorganisms provide continual antigenic stimulation
giving sufficient time for memory cell production.
• Due to their weak activity it cause no or very mild disease.
• Example: Tuberculosis (BCG), Oral polio vaccine (OPV),
Measles, Rotavirus, Yellow fever.
Ms. M. P. Maske
8
9. 2.
Inactivate
d vaccine
(Killed
vaccine)
2. Inactivated vaccine (Killed vaccine) :
Inactivated vaccines are prepared by the method of
killing antigens through the physical or chemical processes.
• These killed organisms cannot cause risk of inducing the
disease and they are also considered more stable than LAV
vaccines.
• Example: Whole cell pertussis, Inactivated polio virus
(IPV).
Ms. M. P. Maske
9
10. 3. Subunit
vaccine
(Purified
antigen)
3. Subunit vaccine (Purified antigen) :
Subunit vaccines contains the antigenic parts
( disease causing portion) of antigen.
• Like inactivated vaccine it also not contains the live
components of antigen, it is only contains the antigenic parts
like surface protein, conjugated chemicals, polysaccharide
etc.
• Example: Pertussis, influenza type b Pneumococcal,
Hepatitis B.
Ms. M. P. Maske
10
11. 4. Toxoid
vaccine
(Inactivated
Toxoid)
4. Toxoid vaccine (Inactivated Toxoid) :
Toxoid vaccines are based on the toxin
produced by certain bacteria.
• Released toxin is used to prepare the vaccine and these parts
are necessary to elicit a protective immune response and
produce antibody.
• Example: Tetanus Toxoid (TT), Diphtheria Toxoid.
Ms. M. P. Maske
11
12. Ideal
characteristics
of
vaccine
• Not cause any allergic reaction.
• Easily administrable without any harm.
• Easy to store not shows any incompatibility with
storage materials.
• Easily available and low economic value.
• Not cause any disease condition and rapidly produces
antibody effects.
Ms. M. P. Maske
12
13. On the
basis of
component
s vaccine
are also
divided
• Monovalent vaccine : A monovalent vaccine contains a single strain of
disease causing specific antigen.
Example: Measles vaccine
• Polyvalent vaccine : It contains two or more strains/serotypes of
disease causing specific antigen.
Example: Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)
• Combination vaccine : In combination vaccine many antigen are
combined in the single injection that can prevent different diseases or
that protect against multiple strains of infectious agents causing the
same disease.
Example: Combination vaccine DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis and
Tetanus antigens)
Ms. M. P. Maske
13
16. Immunity
• Immunity :
Immunity is define as the ability of immune
system to produce the immune response against the disease
causing organisms like bacteria, virus, fungus, and other
foreign agent.
• The defense mechanism of body may be divided into two
form,
1. Non-specific/Innate/Neutral immunity
2. Specific/Acquired/Adaptive immunity
Ms. M. P. Maske
16
18. Non-specific :
• Its present in every individual from birth, affected by genetic
and molecular structure of the gene.
• Species Immunity : This type of immunity found in all
members of species like microbes are pathogenic to humans but
does not infect animals.
Exp: B. anthracis infects humans but not chickens.
• Racial Immunity : In which various races show marked
differences in their resistance to certain infectious diseases.
• Individual Immunity : Its found in different individuals of
same race and species possessing variable resistance against
infection.
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19. Innate
immunity
consists of
four types
of Barriers
1. Physical barriers : They are in the form of skin and mucous
membrane.
• Skin on our body is the main barrier which prevents entry of
the microorganisms.
• Mucus coating of the epithelium lining is also provide the
barrier and also prevents the microbes entering in our body.
• It is present in respiratory, gastrointestinal tracts.
2. Chemical barriers : They are in the form of gastric and
digestive enzymes.
• Tears from eyes – all prevent microbial growth
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20. 3. Cellular barriers :
Certain type of leukocytes (WBC) of our
body like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-
neutrophils) and monocytes and natural killer (type of
lymphocytes) in the blood as well as macrophages in
tissues can phagocytose and destroy microbes.
4. Cytokine barriers :
Virus infected cells secrete proteins
called interferon’s which protect non-infected cells from
further viral infection.
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21. Specific
Immunity :
• It’s the set of responses which the immune system activates
to target specific pathogens.
• Active Immunity : The resistance developed by an
individual after effective contact with an antigen.
• Natural active immunity : Immunity is long lasting.
Exp: Individual recovering from chicken pox infection
acquire natural active immunity against it.
• Artificial active immunity : Involves vaccines this are
preparations of live, killed microorganisms or toxoids.
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22. • Passive Immunity : The immunity performed
antibodies against infective agents or toxins.
Exp : Anti-venom is used in cases of snake bites.
• Natural passive immunity : This is seen when
antibodies are transferred from mother to foetus and
protect till its own immune system develops to function.
• Artificial passive immunity : These chemicals or
agents are introduced in the body through parenteral
route.
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23. Sr. No. Active Immunity Passive Immunity
1 Its developed immunity. Its produced immunity.
2 Slow and long-lasting. Relatively fast and short-lived.
3 A booster dose, if required can be given to
Provide lifelong immunity.
A booster dose does not help in
maintaining immunity for long.
4 Antigen are administered. Antibodies are administered.
5 Given in long term prophylaxis. Given in short term prophylaxis.
6 Prevents a disease and is administered before
infection.
Administered after the subject has been
exposed to an infection.
Difference between Active and Passive Immunity
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