This document discusses immunization and immunity. It defines active and passive immunity and how they are acquired. It describes different immunizing agents including antisera, immunoglobulins, and vaccines. It discusses the different types of vaccines such as live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, polysaccharide/polypeptide, and recombinant vaccines. It also addresses vaccination coverage, maintaining the cold chain, potential adverse reactions to immunization, and precautions that should be taken.
This document provides information on immunization and immunity. It discusses active and passive immunity, different immunizing agents including vaccines, immunoglobulins, and antisera. It describes different types of vaccines and their use, routes of administration, immunization schedules, effectiveness of vaccines, and the cold chain system for vaccine storage and transport. Potential adverse reactions and precautions for immunization are also outlined. The document concludes with discussions on vaccination coverage and applications of active immunization.
This document discusses immunization and immunity. It covers different types of immunity including active and passive immunity. It also discusses different immunizing agents such as antisera, immunoglobulins, and vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, polysaccharide, and recombinant vaccines. It provides details on vaccination coverage, maintaining the cold chain for vaccine storage and transport, potential adverse reactions to immunization, and precautions that should be taken.
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
basic imunization and immunization in sepecal situation.pptssuser2dcad1
This document provides information on basic immunization and immunization in special situations. It discusses different types of immunity including active and passive immunity. It describes various immunizing agents such as immunoglobulins, antisera, and different types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and recombinant vaccines. It also discusses vaccination schedules, adverse reactions to immunization, maintaining the cold chain, and provides guidance on immunization for special populations such as preterm infants, immunocompromised individuals, and hepatitis B-positive mothers and their newborns.
This document provides information on basic immunization and immunization in special situations. It discusses different types of immunity, immunizing agents like vaccines, immunoglobulins, and antisera. It describes various types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and recombinant vaccines. It also discusses vaccination schedules, potential adverse reactions to vaccination, maintaining the cold chain, and precautions that should be taken with vaccination. Finally, it covers special considerations for vaccination in situations like immunocompromised individuals, preterm infants, hepatitis B-positive mothers, and adult females.
Vaccination provides either active or passive immunity. Active immunity develops after clinical or subclinical infection or vaccination and results in antibody production. Passive immunity is conferred by antibodies produced in another host. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system through active immunization using live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, cellular fraction, or recombinant vaccines. Precautions must be taken when administering vaccines due to potential reactions including those inherent to inoculation, due to faulty techniques, hypersensitivity, neurological involvement, or provocative reactions. Testing for sensitivity and having epinephrine available are important safety measures.
This document provides an overview of immunization and vaccination. It discusses the basics of active and passive immunization. It describes different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, polysaccharide, conjugate, recombinant, and subunit vaccines. Key concepts in vaccinology like herd immunity, vaccine efficacy, and vaccine failure are explained. The principles, technique, and schedule of immunization administration are outlined. Adverse events following immunization and vaccine storage requirements are also summarized.
This document provides information on immunization and immunity. It discusses active and passive immunity, different immunizing agents including vaccines, immunoglobulins, and antisera. It describes different types of vaccines and their use, routes of administration, immunization schedules, effectiveness of vaccines, and the cold chain system for vaccine storage and transport. Potential adverse reactions and precautions for immunization are also outlined. The document concludes with discussions on vaccination coverage and applications of active immunization.
This document discusses immunization and immunity. It covers different types of immunity including active and passive immunity. It also discusses different immunizing agents such as antisera, immunoglobulins, and vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, polysaccharide, and recombinant vaccines. It provides details on vaccination coverage, maintaining the cold chain for vaccine storage and transport, potential adverse reactions to immunization, and precautions that should be taken.
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
basic imunization and immunization in sepecal situation.pptssuser2dcad1
This document provides information on basic immunization and immunization in special situations. It discusses different types of immunity including active and passive immunity. It describes various immunizing agents such as immunoglobulins, antisera, and different types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and recombinant vaccines. It also discusses vaccination schedules, adverse reactions to immunization, maintaining the cold chain, and provides guidance on immunization for special populations such as preterm infants, immunocompromised individuals, and hepatitis B-positive mothers and their newborns.
This document provides information on basic immunization and immunization in special situations. It discusses different types of immunity, immunizing agents like vaccines, immunoglobulins, and antisera. It describes various types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and recombinant vaccines. It also discusses vaccination schedules, potential adverse reactions to vaccination, maintaining the cold chain, and precautions that should be taken with vaccination. Finally, it covers special considerations for vaccination in situations like immunocompromised individuals, preterm infants, hepatitis B-positive mothers, and adult females.
Vaccination provides either active or passive immunity. Active immunity develops after clinical or subclinical infection or vaccination and results in antibody production. Passive immunity is conferred by antibodies produced in another host. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system through active immunization using live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, cellular fraction, or recombinant vaccines. Precautions must be taken when administering vaccines due to potential reactions including those inherent to inoculation, due to faulty techniques, hypersensitivity, neurological involvement, or provocative reactions. Testing for sensitivity and having epinephrine available are important safety measures.
This document provides an overview of immunization and vaccination. It discusses the basics of active and passive immunization. It describes different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, polysaccharide, conjugate, recombinant, and subunit vaccines. Key concepts in vaccinology like herd immunity, vaccine efficacy, and vaccine failure are explained. The principles, technique, and schedule of immunization administration are outlined. Adverse events following immunization and vaccine storage requirements are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of vaccines and immunization. It defines immunization as the process of making a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically through vaccine administration. The document discusses the history of vaccines, types of vaccines, immunization schedules, special populations, adverse reactions, and the importance of immunization in preventing disease outbreaks and saving lives. It concludes that vaccinations reduce global child mortality and allow individuals to live healthier lives while being economically sensible.
Vaccines provide active immunity by exposing the immune system to weakened or killed pathogens. They stimulate antibody production and immune memory. Common childhood vaccines protect against diseases like diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps and rubella. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid or subunit based. They are highly effective but do not guarantee 100% protection and side effects can include fever, redness or swelling at the injection site. Maintaining the recommended immunization schedule is important for public health.
Immunity and vaccine (community medicine )Niko439610
This document discusses immunity, types of immunity (active and passive), antigens, antibodies, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, how active immunity is developed, how passive immunity is acquired, immune response, herd immunity, immunizing agents (vaccines, immunoglobulins, antiserum), EPI schedule, cold chain, complications of vaccination, contraindications to vaccination, adverse events following immunization (AEFI), and coincidental events. The key points are that immunity protects the body from foreign antigens, there are two types of immunity (active and passive), and vaccines help develop active immunity while immunoglobulins provide passive immunity.
Dr. Fawzia Abo Ali teaches internal medicine and immunology at Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine. She discusses various topics related to immunoprophylaxis including vaccines, immunoglobulins, and immunostimulants. Vaccines can be live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, or subunit/conjugate and are used to prevent infectious diseases in infants, children, adults, pregnant women, healthcare workers, and travelers. Immunoglobulins including hepatitis B and rabies immunoglobulin are used for passive immunization. Immunostimulants such as cytokines, bacterial extracts, levamisole, BCG, echinacea, and thalidomide can boost immune function for
The document discusses various types of immunization including their goals, definitions, and details. It covers:
- Passive and active immunity from natural and artificial sources
- Types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and conjugate
- Details on specific vaccines like BCG, polio, diphtheria, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, rotavirus, and measles
- Schedules, efficacy, advantages, side effects and contraindications of different vaccines
- The importance of vaccination programs in reducing disease prevalence globally
Vaccines work by introducing a harmless version of a pathogen into the body to stimulate an immune response without causing illness. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, and recombinant vaccines. An ideal vaccine would provide long-lasting immunity after a single dose, stimulate both antibody and cellular immune responses, be safe, stable, and inexpensive to produce.
This document discusses immunization and vaccination. It defines immunization as inducing immunity artificially through vaccines or toxoids, which can be active or passive. Active immunization uses vaccines to stimulate antibody production, while passive immunization provides temporary protection through antibody administration. The immune response depends on factors like age, route of administration, vaccine nature, genetics, and potency. Vaccines can be live organisms, nonliving organisms, or subunits, and confer different lengths of protection. Standard immunization schedules and storage temperatures are outlined for vaccines in expanded immunization programs. Potential side effects and contraindications of specific vaccines are also detailed.
Vaccination stimulates the body's immune system for protection against infectious diseases through immunization. Vaccines introduce antigens that produce immunity without causing illness. There are two types of immunity - passive immunity acquired through antibodies and active immunity acquired through exposure and immune response. Vaccines can be live attenuated vaccines that mimic natural infection or inactivated vaccines containing non-replicating antigens. Childhood immunization in Ghana protects against diseases like measles, whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria, polio, yellow fever, hepatitis B through vaccines administered according to an age-based schedule. Proper cold chain storage of vaccines is important to maintain their effectiveness.
Update on Vaccine Issues & WSAVA Guidelines (2015-2017)Yotam Copelovitz
Dr. Jean Dodds opens her presentation with an explanation on how animals obtain immunity. She continues it by discussing some key points on vaccine issues and their relationship to memory cell immunity. The presentation is concluded with suggested alternatives to current vaccine practices, such as titer testing.
Vaccines help the body develop immunity to diseases without having to get the disease. They work by exposing the immune system to parts of disease-causing germs, which triggers antibody production. There are two types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use weakened germs, and inactivated vaccines which use killed germs. Common childhood vaccines provide protection against diseases like polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, and more. Vaccines are administered through injections or orally according to recommended schedules to be most effective.
This document discusses adult immunization and vaccination. It covers the basics of immunity and the immune system. It describes the different types of vaccines including live, inactivated, conjugate, and combination vaccines. It discusses the various routes of administration including oral, intranasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intradermal. Recommendations are provided for various adult vaccines including Tdap, MMR, varicella, HPV, hepatitis A and B, pneumococcal, influenza, and meningococcal vaccines. A table outlines the recommended vaccines for different adult age groups.
The document discusses immunity and principles of vaccination. It covers innate immunity, which is non-specific and present from birth, and adaptive immunity, which is acquired after exposure and leads to immunological memory. Vaccination works by exposing individuals to weakened or killed pathogens to artificially increase immunity. The goals of vaccination are to provide protective immunity through memory responses and to ultimately eradicate diseases. Vaccines can provide active immunity by inducing antibody or cellular responses, or passive immunity by administering preformed antibodies.
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from viruses or bacteria in order to induce immunity. They are composed of weakened or killed pathogens, or purified components or proteins from pathogens. First generation vaccines use whole pathogens, while second generation use purified subunits or components. Third generation DNA vaccines contain DNA that codes for pathogen antigens. Vaccines trigger both antibody and cellular immune responses to provide protection. Different types include live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and conjugate vaccines. Adjuvants can be added to vaccines to enhance the immune response. Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population is immune, indirectly protecting those who are not immune.
This document discusses various biologics including antigens, antibodies, immunoglobulins, immunity, and different types of vaccines. It provides details on antigens, the 5 major immunoglobulin classes in humans, natural and acquired immunity, and active vs passive immunity. The document also summarizes many common vaccines such as influenza, polio, measles, mumps, hepatitis B, and others, describing what each vaccine is used for, how it works, dosing recommendations, and potential side effects.
This document provides information about immunization and vaccination. It discusses:
- The history of immunization beginning with Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine in 1796.
- Types of immunity including active and passive.
- Common vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and cellular/recombinant vaccines.
- Administration methods including routes, sites, needle sizes.
- Storage requirements including the cold chain to transport vaccines at low temperatures.
- Recommended vaccination schedules and booster doses.
- Potential adverse reactions and contraindications to vaccinations.
- Special vaccination considerations for occupations, health conditions, and groups like preterm infants.
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to harmless or inactive forms of pathogens to induce protective immunity. First generation vaccines used whole pathogens that were either live-attenuated or killed. While live vaccines induce broad immune responses, there is a risk of reversion; killed vaccines require multiple doses but are safer. Second generation subunit vaccines use isolated protein antigens to generate specific responses without risks of live vaccines. Third generation DNA vaccines contain genetic code for antigens, inducing immune responses through host cell expression without using live pathogens.
Vaccines work by increasing resistance to infection and improving general health. There are different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and DNA vaccines. DNA vaccines offer advantages over traditional vaccines as they use only DNA from pathogens and stimulate both antibody and cellular immunity without risk of infection while not requiring refrigeration.
Recent advances in vaccine development
The document discusses recent advances in vaccine development technologies, including DNA vaccines, transgenic plant vaccines, sugar glass vaccines, skin patch vaccines, and combination vaccines. DNA vaccines work by delivering pathogen genes into the body to produce antigens and elicit an immune response. Transgenic plant vaccines produce antigens in edible plants that are eaten to deliver the vaccine. Sugar glass vaccines preserve vaccine potency by immobilizing antigens in a sugar glass matrix. Skin patch vaccines target skin immune cells for vaccination. Combination vaccines provide protection against multiple diseases in a single vaccine dose. The document also discusses challenges in vaccine development like inadequate preclinical data, lack of information on target populations, high development costs, and antigenic variation requiring constant vaccine
This document provides an overview of vaccines and immunization. It defines immunization as the process of making a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically through vaccine administration. The document discusses the history of vaccines, types of vaccines, immunization schedules, special populations, adverse reactions, and the importance of immunization in preventing disease outbreaks and saving lives. It concludes that vaccinations reduce global child mortality and allow individuals to live healthier lives while being economically sensible.
Vaccines provide active immunity by exposing the immune system to weakened or killed pathogens. They stimulate antibody production and immune memory. Common childhood vaccines protect against diseases like diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps and rubella. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid or subunit based. They are highly effective but do not guarantee 100% protection and side effects can include fever, redness or swelling at the injection site. Maintaining the recommended immunization schedule is important for public health.
Immunity and vaccine (community medicine )Niko439610
This document discusses immunity, types of immunity (active and passive), antigens, antibodies, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, how active immunity is developed, how passive immunity is acquired, immune response, herd immunity, immunizing agents (vaccines, immunoglobulins, antiserum), EPI schedule, cold chain, complications of vaccination, contraindications to vaccination, adverse events following immunization (AEFI), and coincidental events. The key points are that immunity protects the body from foreign antigens, there are two types of immunity (active and passive), and vaccines help develop active immunity while immunoglobulins provide passive immunity.
Dr. Fawzia Abo Ali teaches internal medicine and immunology at Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine. She discusses various topics related to immunoprophylaxis including vaccines, immunoglobulins, and immunostimulants. Vaccines can be live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, or subunit/conjugate and are used to prevent infectious diseases in infants, children, adults, pregnant women, healthcare workers, and travelers. Immunoglobulins including hepatitis B and rabies immunoglobulin are used for passive immunization. Immunostimulants such as cytokines, bacterial extracts, levamisole, BCG, echinacea, and thalidomide can boost immune function for
The document discusses various types of immunization including their goals, definitions, and details. It covers:
- Passive and active immunity from natural and artificial sources
- Types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and conjugate
- Details on specific vaccines like BCG, polio, diphtheria, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, rotavirus, and measles
- Schedules, efficacy, advantages, side effects and contraindications of different vaccines
- The importance of vaccination programs in reducing disease prevalence globally
Vaccines work by introducing a harmless version of a pathogen into the body to stimulate an immune response without causing illness. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, and recombinant vaccines. An ideal vaccine would provide long-lasting immunity after a single dose, stimulate both antibody and cellular immune responses, be safe, stable, and inexpensive to produce.
This document discusses immunization and vaccination. It defines immunization as inducing immunity artificially through vaccines or toxoids, which can be active or passive. Active immunization uses vaccines to stimulate antibody production, while passive immunization provides temporary protection through antibody administration. The immune response depends on factors like age, route of administration, vaccine nature, genetics, and potency. Vaccines can be live organisms, nonliving organisms, or subunits, and confer different lengths of protection. Standard immunization schedules and storage temperatures are outlined for vaccines in expanded immunization programs. Potential side effects and contraindications of specific vaccines are also detailed.
Vaccination stimulates the body's immune system for protection against infectious diseases through immunization. Vaccines introduce antigens that produce immunity without causing illness. There are two types of immunity - passive immunity acquired through antibodies and active immunity acquired through exposure and immune response. Vaccines can be live attenuated vaccines that mimic natural infection or inactivated vaccines containing non-replicating antigens. Childhood immunization in Ghana protects against diseases like measles, whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria, polio, yellow fever, hepatitis B through vaccines administered according to an age-based schedule. Proper cold chain storage of vaccines is important to maintain their effectiveness.
Update on Vaccine Issues & WSAVA Guidelines (2015-2017)Yotam Copelovitz
Dr. Jean Dodds opens her presentation with an explanation on how animals obtain immunity. She continues it by discussing some key points on vaccine issues and their relationship to memory cell immunity. The presentation is concluded with suggested alternatives to current vaccine practices, such as titer testing.
Vaccines help the body develop immunity to diseases without having to get the disease. They work by exposing the immune system to parts of disease-causing germs, which triggers antibody production. There are two types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use weakened germs, and inactivated vaccines which use killed germs. Common childhood vaccines provide protection against diseases like polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, and more. Vaccines are administered through injections or orally according to recommended schedules to be most effective.
This document discusses adult immunization and vaccination. It covers the basics of immunity and the immune system. It describes the different types of vaccines including live, inactivated, conjugate, and combination vaccines. It discusses the various routes of administration including oral, intranasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intradermal. Recommendations are provided for various adult vaccines including Tdap, MMR, varicella, HPV, hepatitis A and B, pneumococcal, influenza, and meningococcal vaccines. A table outlines the recommended vaccines for different adult age groups.
The document discusses immunity and principles of vaccination. It covers innate immunity, which is non-specific and present from birth, and adaptive immunity, which is acquired after exposure and leads to immunological memory. Vaccination works by exposing individuals to weakened or killed pathogens to artificially increase immunity. The goals of vaccination are to provide protective immunity through memory responses and to ultimately eradicate diseases. Vaccines can provide active immunity by inducing antibody or cellular responses, or passive immunity by administering preformed antibodies.
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from viruses or bacteria in order to induce immunity. They are composed of weakened or killed pathogens, or purified components or proteins from pathogens. First generation vaccines use whole pathogens, while second generation use purified subunits or components. Third generation DNA vaccines contain DNA that codes for pathogen antigens. Vaccines trigger both antibody and cellular immune responses to provide protection. Different types include live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and conjugate vaccines. Adjuvants can be added to vaccines to enhance the immune response. Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population is immune, indirectly protecting those who are not immune.
This document discusses various biologics including antigens, antibodies, immunoglobulins, immunity, and different types of vaccines. It provides details on antigens, the 5 major immunoglobulin classes in humans, natural and acquired immunity, and active vs passive immunity. The document also summarizes many common vaccines such as influenza, polio, measles, mumps, hepatitis B, and others, describing what each vaccine is used for, how it works, dosing recommendations, and potential side effects.
This document provides information about immunization and vaccination. It discusses:
- The history of immunization beginning with Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine in 1796.
- Types of immunity including active and passive.
- Common vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and cellular/recombinant vaccines.
- Administration methods including routes, sites, needle sizes.
- Storage requirements including the cold chain to transport vaccines at low temperatures.
- Recommended vaccination schedules and booster doses.
- Potential adverse reactions and contraindications to vaccinations.
- Special vaccination considerations for occupations, health conditions, and groups like preterm infants.
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to harmless or inactive forms of pathogens to induce protective immunity. First generation vaccines used whole pathogens that were either live-attenuated or killed. While live vaccines induce broad immune responses, there is a risk of reversion; killed vaccines require multiple doses but are safer. Second generation subunit vaccines use isolated protein antigens to generate specific responses without risks of live vaccines. Third generation DNA vaccines contain genetic code for antigens, inducing immune responses through host cell expression without using live pathogens.
Vaccines work by increasing resistance to infection and improving general health. There are different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and DNA vaccines. DNA vaccines offer advantages over traditional vaccines as they use only DNA from pathogens and stimulate both antibody and cellular immunity without risk of infection while not requiring refrigeration.
Recent advances in vaccine development
The document discusses recent advances in vaccine development technologies, including DNA vaccines, transgenic plant vaccines, sugar glass vaccines, skin patch vaccines, and combination vaccines. DNA vaccines work by delivering pathogen genes into the body to produce antigens and elicit an immune response. Transgenic plant vaccines produce antigens in edible plants that are eaten to deliver the vaccine. Sugar glass vaccines preserve vaccine potency by immobilizing antigens in a sugar glass matrix. Skin patch vaccines target skin immune cells for vaccination. Combination vaccines provide protection against multiple diseases in a single vaccine dose. The document also discusses challenges in vaccine development like inadequate preclinical data, lack of information on target populations, high development costs, and antigenic variation requiring constant vaccine
This document discusses various anxiety disorders including phobias, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. It defines the differences between fear and anxiety and describes the key features, etiology, case examples, differential diagnosis and treatment approaches for each disorder. The disorders are among the most common mental health conditions seen in primary care. Pharmacological treatments include antidepressants and benzodiazepines while cognitive behavioral therapy and other non-pharmacological approaches are also used.
This document provides an overview of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). It discusses the introduction, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of ALD. The key points are:
1) ALD is responsible for 50% of cirrhosis mortality and is the 3rd largest risk factor for disease burden worldwide.
2) The amount and duration of alcohol consumption are the most important risk factors. Chronic heavy drinking leads to fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis over time.
3) Treatment involves complete alcohol abstinence. Glucocorticoids or pentoxifylline may be used for severe alcoholic hepatitis. Liver transplantation is an option for end-
The document provides an overview of various respiratory conditions and radiological signs seen on imaging of the lungs and pleura. It includes sections on pleural effusions, pneumothorax, tuberculosis, pneumonia, lung abscesses, interstitial lung disease, cystic lung diseases, congenital diaphragmatic hernias, and other pathologies of the lungs, pleura, and diaphragm. Example clinical vignettes and multiple choice questions are also provided to test recognition of radiological findings associated with different respiratory conditions.
This document presents a case study of a 36-year-old pregnant woman. Her chief complaints are amenorrhea for 9 months and lower abdominal pain for 3 days. After examination, the provisional diagnosis is gestational hypertension. The document further discusses the classification, diagnostic criteria, and management objectives for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy such as gestational hypertension and preeclampsia.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. It has two layers - the parietal peritoneum lining the walls and the visceral peritoneum covering the organs. Folds of peritoneum include omenta connecting organs, mesenteries suspending intestines, and ligaments attaching solid organs. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs by the transverse mesocolon and epiploic foramen. It is further subdivided into supracolic and infracolic compartments by the transverse colon.
This document provides an overview of the joints and structures of the foot. It describes the anterior compartment muscles, retinacula, ankle joint, ligaments, movements, arterial supply, and interphalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, tarso-metatarsal, and intertarsal joints. Key points include that the ankle is a uni-axial synovial joint modified for hinging movement, and that the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints allow for inversion and eversion of the foot.
Basic airway management is important for conditions that impair ventilation or cause airway obstruction. The document discusses different levels of airway obstruction and approaches to managing both adult and pediatric airways. Key techniques include head tilt/chin lift, jaw thrust, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways, positioning, and use of a bag valve mask for ventilation. Anatomic and physiologic differences in pediatric airways require modified approaches for airway management in children.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of carcinoma of the thyroid gland. It covers the pathological classifications of thyroid cancer, clinical workup including imaging and biomarkers, staging systems, surgical and adjuvant treatment options, and long-term follow up. The main types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary, and undifferentiated carcinomas. Diagnostic testing includes ultrasound, biopsy, and serum markers. Treatment involves surgery such as lobectomy or total thyroidectomy, with or without radioactive iodine remnant ablation depending on risk level. Long-term monitoring uses thyroglobulin levels and imaging to detect recurrence.
An incised wound is a clean cut caused by a sharp edged weapon. It is longer than deep. The margins are clean cut and well defined. Width is greater than blade thickness due to tissue retraction. Length is greater than width and depth. Shape is spindle-like due to greater retraction at the center. Direction can be determined by tailing at the end and beveling if the blade entered obliquely. Healing occurs by primary intention within a week. Medico-legally, incised wounds can indicate the weapon, age of injury, direction of force, and whether it was suicide, accident, or homicide.
1) The document discusses the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS globally and in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It describes current estimates of HIV infection, how people become infected, and characteristics of the pandemic in the EMR.
2) Prevention recommendations for the EMR include fostering religion, health education, and dealing with HIV/AIDS as a social and health issue rather than just a moral one. Harm reduction programs and increasing HIV testing are emphasized.
3) Barriers to prevention in the MENA region include cultural, social, political and legal factors that discourage discussions of sexuality and criminalize risk groups. Reducing stigma and discrimination is important for effective prevention.
1. Mechanical injuries include abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and fractures caused by blunt or sharp forces.
2. Abrasions involve damage to the superficial layers of the epidermis and include scratches, grazes, and patterned abrasions. Contusions are bruises caused by blunt trauma that results in bleeding under the skin.
3. The characteristics, distribution, and progression of healing of mechanical injuries can provide clues about the mechanisms and timing of injuries in a medical-legal investigation.
The Ipsos - AI - Monitor 2024 Report.pdfSocial Samosa
According to Ipsos AI Monitor's 2024 report, 65% Indians said that products and services using AI have profoundly changed their daily life in the past 3-5 years.
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
https://www.meetup.com/unstructured-data-meetup-new-york/
This meetup is for people working in unstructured data. Speakers will come present about related topics such as vector databases, LLMs, and managing data at scale. The intended audience of this group includes roles like machine learning engineers, data scientists, data engineers, software engineers, and PMs.This meetup was formerly Milvus Meetup, and is sponsored by Zilliz maintainers of Milvus.
Predictably Improve Your B2B Tech Company's Performance by Leveraging DataKiwi Creative
Harness the power of AI-backed reports, benchmarking and data analysis to predict trends and detect anomalies in your marketing efforts.
Peter Caputa, CEO at Databox, reveals how you can discover the strategies and tools to increase your growth rate (and margins!).
From metrics to track to data habits to pick up, enhance your reporting for powerful insights to improve your B2B tech company's marketing.
- - -
This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
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2. Immunity
Specific defenses
Immunity
Passive immunity
Active immunity
Following clinical infection
Following subclinical infection
Following vaccination Following administration of
Immunoglobulin or antiserum
Transfer of maternal
Antibodies Through milk
Transfer of maternal
Antibodies Through placenta
natural
acquired
3. Active immunity
• Resistance developed in response to
stimulus by an antigen (infecting agent or
vaccine) and is characterized by the
production of antibodies by the host.
4. Passive immunity
• Immunity conferred by an antibody
produced in another host. It may be
acquired naturally or artificially (through an
antibody-containing preparation).
6. Immunoglobulins
• There are 5 major classes: IgM, IgA, IgG,
IgE, IgD.
• Two types of immunoglobulin preparations
are available for passive immunization:
– Normal human immunoglobulin
– Specific (hyper-immune) human
immunoglobulin
7. Antisera or antitoxins
• These are materials prepared in animals
or non human sources such as horses.
8. Immunoglobulin and antiserum
Human normal
immunoglobulin
Human specific
immunoglobulin
Non human ig
(antisera)
Hepatitis A
Measles
Rabies
Tetanus
Mumps
Hepatitis B
Varicella
Diphtheria
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Gas gangrene
Botulism
Rabies
9. Vaccination
• Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to
stimulate the immune response through
active immunization.
• A vaccine is an immuno-biological substance
designed to produce specific protection
against a given disease.
• A vaccine is “antigenic” but not “pathogenic”.
10. Types of vaccines
• Live vaccines
• Attenuated live vaccines
• Inactivated (killed vaccines)
• Toxoids
• Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular
fraction) vaccines
• Surface antigen (recombinant) vaccines.
11. Live vaccines
• Live vaccines are made from live
infectious agents without any amendment.
• The only live vaccine is “Variola” small pox
vaccine, made of live vaccinia cow-pox
virus (not variola virus) which is not
pathogenic but antigenic, giving cross
immunity for variola.
12. Live attenuated (avirulent) vaccines
• Virulent pathogenic organisms are treated to
become attenuated and avirulent but antigenic.
They have lost their capacity to induce full-blown
disease but retain their immunogenicity.
• Live attenuated vaccines should not be
administered to persons with suppressed
immune response due to:
– Leukemia and lymphoma
– Other malignancies
– Receiving corticosteroids and anti-metabolic agents
– Radiation
– pregnancy
13. Inactivated (killed) vaccines
• Organisms are killed or inactivated by heat
or chemicals but remain antigenic. They
are usually safe but less effective than live
attenuated vaccines. The only absolute
contraindication to their administration is a
severe local or general reaction to a
previous dose.
14. Toxoids
• They are prepared by detoxifying the exotoxins
of some bacteria rendering them antigenic but
not pathogenic. Adjuvant (e.g. alum
precipitation) is used to increase the potency of
vaccine.
• The antibodies produces in the body as a
consequence of toxoid administration neutralize
the toxic moiety produced during infection rather
than act upon the organism itself. In general
toxoids are highly efficacious and safe
immunizing agents.
15. Polysaccharide and polypeptide
(cellular fraction) vaccines
• They are prepared from extracted cellular
fractions e.g. meningococcal vaccine from the
polysaccharide antigen of the cell wall, the
pneumococcal vaccine from the polysaccharide
contained in the capsule of the organism, and
hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine.
• Their efficacy and safety appear to be high.
16. Surface antigen (recombinant)
vaccines.
• It is prepared by cloning HBsAg gene in
yeast cells where it is expressed. HBsAg
produced is then used for vaccine
preparations.
• Their efficacy and safety also appear to be
high.
19. Scheme of immunization
• Primary vaccination
– One dose vaccines (BCG, variola, measles,
mumps, rubella, yellow fever)
– Multiple dose vaccines (polio, DPT, hepatitis B)
• Booster vaccination
To maintain immunity level after it declines after
some time has elapsed (DT, MMR).
20. Periods of maintained immunity
due to vaccines
• Short period (months): cholera vaccine
• Two years: TAB vaccine
• Three to five years: DPT vaccine
• Five or more years: BCG vaccine
• Ten years: yellow fever vaccine
• Solid immunity: measles, mumps, and
rubella vaccines.
21. Levels of effectiveness
• Absolutely protective(100%): yellow fever
vaccine
• Almost absolutely protective (99%): Variola,
measles, mumps, rubella vaccines, and
diphtheria and tetanus toxoids.
• Highly protective (80-95%): polio, BCG, Hepatitis
B, and pertussis vaccines.
• Moderately protective (40-60%) TAB, cholera
vaccine, and influenza killed vaccine.
22. The Cold Chain
• The "cold chain" is a system of storage
and transport of vaccines at low
temperature from the manufacturer to the
actual vaccination site.
• The cold chain system is necessary
because vaccine failure may occur due to
failure to store and transport under strict
temperature controls.
23. The Cold Chain Equipment
Cold chain equipment consists of the following:
(a) Walk in cold rooms: They are located at
regional level, meant to store vaccines up to 3
months and serve districts.
(b) Deep freezers (300 ltr) and Ice lined
Refrigerators: supplied to all districts and the
WIC locations to store vaccines. Deep freezers
are used for making ice packs and to store OPV
and measles vaccines.
(c) Small deep freezers and ILR (140 ltr) : One
set is provided to PHCs, and Family Planning
Centers
24. • (d) Cold boxes: Cold boxes are supplied to all
peripheral centers. These are used mainly for
transportation of the vaccines.
• (e) Vaccine carriers: Vaccine carriers are used
to carry small quantities of vaccines (16-20 vials)
for the out of reach sessions. 4 fully frozen ice
packs are used for lining the sides, and vials of
DPT, DT, TT and diluents should not be placed
in direct contact with frozen ice packs. The
carriers should be closed tightly.
• (f) Ice packs: The ice packs contain water and
no salt should be added to it.
25. • Among the vaccines, polio is the most
sensitive to heat, requiring storage at
minus 20 degree C.
• Vaccines which must be stored in the
freezer compartment are : polio and
measles.
• Vaccines which must be stored in the
COLD PART but never allowed to freeze
are : typhoid, DPT, tetanus toxoid, DT,
BCG and diluents
26. HAZARDS OF IMMUNIZATION
• No immune response is entirely free from the
risk of adverse reactions or remote squeal.
The adverse reactions that may occur may be
grouped under the following heads:
1. Reactions inherent to inoculation
2. Reactions due to faulty techniques
3. Reactions due to hypersensitivity
4. Neurological involvement
5. Provocative reactions
6. Others
27. • 1. Reactions inherent to inoculation:
These may be local general reactions. The local
reactions may be pain, swelling, redness,
tenderness and development of a small nodule
or sterile abscess at the site of injection.
• The general reactions may be fever, malaise,
headache and other constitutional symptoms.
Most killed bacterial vaccines (e.g., typhoid)
cause some local and general reactions.
Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and live polio
vaccine cause little reaction.
28. • 2. Reactions due to faulty techniques:
Faulty techniques may relate to
• faulty production of vaccine (e.g. inadequate inactivation of the
microbe, inadequate detoxication),
• too much vaccine given in one dose,
• improper immunization site or route,
• vaccine reconstituted with incorrect diluents,
• wrong amount of diluent used,
• drug substituted for vaccine or diluent,
• vaccine prepared incorrectly for use (e.g., an adsorbed vaccine not
shaken properly before use),
• vaccine or dliluent contaminated,
• vaccine stored incorrectly,
• contraindications ignored (e.g. a child who experienced a severe
reaction after a previous dose of DPT vaccine is immunized with he
same vaccine),
• reconstituted vaccine of one session of immunization used again at
the subsequent session.
29. • Use of improperly sterilized syringes and
needles carry the hazard of hepatitis B
virus, and staphylo - and streptococcal
infection
30. • 3. Reactions due to hypersensitivity:
• Administration of antisera (e.g., ATS) may occasionally
give rise to anaphylactic shock and serum sickness.
Many viral vaccines contain traces of various antibiotics
used in their preparation and some individuals may be
sensitive to the antibiotic which it contains. Anaphylactic
shock is a rare but dangerous complication of injection of
antiserum. There is bronchospasm, dyspnoea, pallor,
hypotension and collapse.
• The symptoms may appear within a few minutes of
injection or may be delayed up to 2 hours. Some viral
vaccines prepared from embryonated eggs (e.g.,
influenza) may bring about generalized anaphylactic
reactions. Serum sickness is characterized by symptoms
such as fever, rash, oedema and joint pains occurring 7 -
12 days of injection of antiserum.
31. • 4. Neurological involvement:
• Neuritic manifestations may be seen after the
administration of serum or vaccine. The well-
known examples are the postvaccinial
encephalitis and encephalopathy following
administration of anti -rabies and smallpox
vaccines.
• GuillainBarre syndrome in association with the
swine influenza vaccine is another example.
32. • 5. Provocative reactions:
• Occasionally following immunization there may
occur a disease totally unconnected with the
immunizing agent (e.g., provocative polio after
DPT or DT administration against diphtheria).
• The mechanism seems to be that the individual
is harboring the infectious agent and the
administration of the vaccine shortens the
incubation period and produces the disease or
what may have been otherwise only a latent
infection is converted into a clinical attack.
33. • 6. Others:
• These may comprise damage to the fetus
(e.g., with rubella vaccination);
displacement in the age-distribution of a
disease (e.g., a potential problem in mass
vaccination against measles, rubella and
mumps).
34. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN
• Before administration of the antiserum or
antitoxin, it is necessary to test for sensitivity
reaction. This can be done in 2 ways:
(a) instilling a drop of the preparation into the
conjunctival sac. A sensitized person will
develop pricking of the conjunctiva.
(b) a more reliable way of testing is by intradermal
injection of 0.2 ml of antiserum diluted 1 : 10 with
saline. A sensitized patient will develop a wheal
and flare within 10 minutes at the site of
injection. It should be borne in mind that these
tests are not infallible.
35. • Adrenaline (1: 1000 solution) should be kept ready when
giving foreign serum. In the event of anaphylaxis, for an
adult, 0.5 ml of adrenaline solution should be injected
intramuscularly immediately, followed by 0.5 ml every 20
minutes if the systolic blood pressure is below 100 mm
of mercury.
• An injection of antihistaminic drug should also be given,
e.g., 10-20 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate by the
intramuscular route, to minimise the after-effects such as
urticaria or oedema. The patient should be observed for
30 minutes after any serum injection.
36. • The risk of adverse reactions can be reduced by proper
sterilization of syringes and needles, by proper selection
of the subject and the product, and if due care is
exercised in carrying out the procedure. Measles and
BCG vaccines should be reconstituted only with the
diluent supplied by the manufacturer.
• Reconstituted vaccine should be discarded at the end of
each immunization session and NEVER retained for use
in subsequent sessions. In the refrigerator of the
immunization centre, no other drug and substances
should be stored beside vaccines.
• Training of immunization worker and their close
supervision to ensure that proper procedures are being
followed are essential to prevent complications and
deaths following immunization.
37. Vaccination Coverage
• Vaccination coverage is the percent of at
risk or susceptible individuals, or
population who have been fully immunized
against particular diseases by vaccines or
toxoids. To be significantly effective in
prevention of disease on mass or
community level at least a satisfactory
proportion (75% or more) of the at risk
population must be immunized.
38. Ways of achieving satisfactory
immunization coverage
• Efficient immunization service; urban and rural
• Health awareness and cooperation of the public
• Periodic mass immunization campaigns, to cover
those who missed regular immunizations
• Outreach programs in rural and nomad areas, and
home visits
39. Application of active immunization
• Infants and children expanded immunization
program (schedule)
• Active immunization for adult females
• Vaccination for special occupations
• Vaccination for special life styles
• Vaccination for special environmental situations
• Vaccinations for special health status persons
• Vaccinations in travel
• Vaccines against bioterrorism
40. Compulsory (obligatory) vaccination for
infants, and booster vaccination for
children (Expanded immunization
program)
• See local schedule of vaccination
• Note (children failing to complete
childhood vaccination schedule)
41. Active immunization for adult
females
• MMR vaccine is given in adolescence before or after
marriage, but not during pregnancy and has to be before
3 months of conception
• Tetanus toxoid in pregnancy to prevent tetanus
neonatorum in the newborn. In the first pregnancy on the
third month and after 1 month. The third dose in the
second pregnancy, and the fourth on the third pregnancy
with a maximum of 5 doses. If 10 years elapse, and then
pregnancy occurs, the doses are given from the start.
• Live attenuated vaccines should not be given during
pregnancy.
42. Vaccination for special occupations
• Health care workers: hepatitis B, influenza, MMR, polio
• Public safety personnel (police, fire fighters) and staff of
institutions for the developmentally disabled: hepatitis B,
influenza
• Vets and animal handlers: rabies, plague and anthrax
• Sewage workers: DT, hepatitis A, polio, TAB
• Food handlers: TAB
• Military troops and camp dwellers: pneumococcal,
meningococcal, influenza, BCG (for non reactors), tetanus
43. Vaccination for special life styles and
special environmental situations
• Homosexually active males, Heterosexual
with promiscus sexual partner specially who
has STDs, and Injecting drug users
• Inmates of long term correctional institutes,
residents of institutions for the
developmentally disabled, and household
contacts of HBV carriers or patients
All should receive hepatitis B vaccine
44. Vaccinations for special health
status persons
• Immuno-compromised persons ( Leukemia,
lymphoma, HIV, malignancy…)
• Hemodialysis and transplantation
Should receive the following vaccines
according to their situation:
HBV, Influenza, Pneuomococcal vaccines
45. Vaccinations in travel
• Varies according to the country of arrival and
departure.
– Primary vaccine series
– Continuation of booster doses
– Specific vaccine according to the country traveled to:
• TAB, YF, cholera, meningiococcal, pneuomococcal, HIB,
influenza, rabies, plague, Japanese encephalitis.
• Haj for instance necessates meningococcal vaccination from
all over, and YF from places like south Africa, and cholera
from places like India.
48. Vaccine surveillance and testing
“monitoring vaccine effectiveness”
Through:
• Randomized field trials
• Retrospective cohort studies
• Case-control studies
• Incidence density measures
49. Randomized field trials
– The standard way to measure the
effectiveness of a new vaccine introduced.
– In this type of trial, susceptible persons are
randomized into two groups and are then
given the vaccine or the placebo
– The vaccinated and the unvaccinated are
followed through the high risk season of the
year
50. Randomized field trials (cont.)
• The attack rate (AR) is then determined in each
group:
• AR =
Number of persons ill
Number of persons exposed to the disease
• next the vaccine effectiveness (VE) is calculated:
VE =
AR (unvaccinated) - AR (vaccinated)
AR (unvaccinated)
X 100
51. Retrospective cohort studies
• The antigenic variability of influenza virus
necessitates frequent (often yearly)
changes in the constituents of the vaccine
to keep them up date with the new strains.
Retrospective cohort studies are thus done
to evaluate the protective efficacy of the
vaccines.
52. Case-control studies
• Done because randomized control trials
are very costly.
• VE = 1-
AR (vaccinated)
AR (unvaccinated)
= (1- RR) or (1- OR)
53. Incidence density measures
• They are used to determine the the
optimal timing for administration of a new
vaccine and the duration of the immunity
produced. It has the following formula:
• ID =
Number of new cases of a disease
Person-time of exposure (days, weeks, months, years..)