This document discusses various types of immunization agents and vaccines. It describes live vaccines made from live infectious agents, as well as live attenuated vaccines where pathogenic organisms are treated to become avirulent but still antigenic. Inactivated or killed vaccines use heat or chemicals to kill organisms while maintaining antigenicity. Toxoids detoxify exotoxins to render them antigenic but not pathogenic. Polysaccharide and recombinant vaccines are prepared from extracted cellular fractions or cloned surface antigens. The document also covers administration routes, immunization schedules, periods of maintained immunity, and vaccine effectiveness levels.
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
The word "vaccine" originates from the Latin word “vacca”, meaning “cow” a virus (cowpox) which manly effect the cow. which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent smallpox in humans.
A Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to stimulate the body’s immune response. (Production of an Antibodies)
Vaccine is an immune biological substance designed to produced specific protection against a disease causing pathogen
It is given to prevent an infectious disease from developing disease in the person.
Vaccines contain the same germs that cause disease. (For example, measles vaccine contains measles virus, and Hib vaccine contains Hib bacteria)
But they have been either killed or weakened to the point that they don’t caused disease.
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to prevent morbidity as well as mortality. it also help in prevention of malnutrition in young children.still developing countries are trying hard to make it universal. in india lot of changes have taken place in the immunization schedule and number of newer vaccines have been incorporated. still the awareness as well as acceptability is not universal . this presentation is very basic and will help students as well as teachers. we all have to join hands to make it universal
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
The word "vaccine" originates from the Latin word “vacca”, meaning “cow” a virus (cowpox) which manly effect the cow. which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent smallpox in humans.
A Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to stimulate the body’s immune response. (Production of an Antibodies)
Vaccine is an immune biological substance designed to produced specific protection against a disease causing pathogen
It is given to prevent an infectious disease from developing disease in the person.
Vaccines contain the same germs that cause disease. (For example, measles vaccine contains measles virus, and Hib vaccine contains Hib bacteria)
But they have been either killed or weakened to the point that they don’t caused disease.
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to prevent morbidity as well as mortality. it also help in prevention of malnutrition in young children.still developing countries are trying hard to make it universal. in india lot of changes have taken place in the immunization schedule and number of newer vaccines have been incorporated. still the awareness as well as acceptability is not universal . this presentation is very basic and will help students as well as teachers. we all have to join hands to make it universal
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
Overview of vaccine and vaccination, types of vaccines with examples, vaccine production technique, adverse effects of vaccination, precautions
Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
A vaccine is a biological agent that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine usually contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism. It is often made from killed or weakened forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. Body's immune system is stimulated to recognize the agent as a threat and destroy it, and any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
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Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
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https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
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1. Immunization for various
diseases & Immunization
schedule
Dr. PULIPATI SOWJANYA
Professor & Head
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Vignan Pharmacy College
Vadlamudi, Guntur (Dt)
Presented By
4. Vaccination
• Vaccination is a method of giving
antigen to stimulate the immune
response through active immunization.
• A vaccine is an immuno-biological
substance designed to produce specific
protection against a given disease.
• A vaccine is “antigenic” but not
“pathogenic”.
6. Types of vaccines
• Live vaccines
• Attenuated live vaccines
• Inactivated (killed vaccines)
• Toxoids
• Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular
fraction) vaccines
• Surface antigen (recombinant) vaccines.
7. Live vaccines
• Live vaccines are made from live
infectious agents without any
amendment.
• The only live vaccine is “Variola” small
pox vaccine, made of live vaccinia cow-
pox virus (not variola virus) which is not
pathogenic but antigenic, giving cross
immunity for variola.
8. Live attenuated (Avirulent) vaccines
• Virulent pathogenic organisms are treated to
become attenuated and avirulent but antigenic.
They have lost their capacity to induce full-
blown disease but retain their immunogenicity.
• Live attenuated vaccines should not be
administered to persons with suppressed
immune response due to:
– Leukemia and lymphoma
– Other malignancies
– Receiving corticosteroids and anti-metabolic agents
– Radiation
– pregnancy
9. Inactivated (killed) vaccines
• Organisms are killed or inactivated by
heat or chemicals but remain antigenic.
• They are usually safe but less effective
than live attenuated vaccines.
• The only absolute contraindication to
their administration is a severe local or
general reaction to a previous dose.
10. Toxoids
• They are prepared by detoxifying the
exotoxins of some bacteria rendering them
antigenic but not pathogenic.
• Adjuvant (e.g. alum precipitation) is used to
increase the potency of vaccine.
• The antibodies produces in the body as a
consequence of toxoid administration
neutralize the toxic moiety produced during
infection rather than act upon the organism
itself.
• In general toxoids are highly efficacious and
safe immunizing agents.
11. Polysaccharide and polypeptide
(cellular fraction) vaccines
• They are prepared from extracted cellular
fractions e.g. meningococcal vaccine from
the polysaccharide antigen of the cell wall,
the pneumococcal vaccine from the
polysaccharide contained in the capsule of
the organism, and hepatitis B polypeptide
vaccine.
• Their efficacy and safety appear to be high.
12. Surface antigen (recombinant)
vaccines
• It is prepared by cloning HBsAg gene
in yeast cells where it is expressed.
HBsAg produced is then used for
vaccine preparations.
• Their efficacy and safety also appear
to be high.
14. Scheme of immunization
• Primary vaccination
– One dose vaccines (BCG, variola,
measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever)
– Multiple dose vaccines (polio, DPT,
hepatitis B)
• Booster vaccination
To maintain immunity level after it declines
after some time has elapsed (DT, MMR).
15. Periods of maintained immunity
due to vaccines
• Short period (months): cholera vaccine
• Two years: TAB vaccine
• Three to five years: DPT vaccine
• Five or more years: BCG vaccine
• Ten years: yellow fever vaccine
• Solid immunity: measles, mumps, and
rubella vaccines.
16. Levels of effectiveness
• Absolutely protective(100%): yellow fever
vaccine
• Almost absolutely protective (99%): Variola,
measles, mumps, rubella vaccines, and
diphtheria and tetanus toxoids.
• Highly protective (80-95%): polio, BCG,
Hepatitis B, and pertussis vaccines.
• Moderately protective (40-60%) TAB, cholera
vaccine and influenza killed vaccine.