vaccines ..its types , reaction in the body ,mechanism,immunization etc...

4. Vaccination is the administration of
antigenic material ( vaccine) to stimulate an
individual's immune system to develop
adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines
can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from
infection

6.  It is an immuno biological
substance designed to produce
specific protection against a given
disease .
It stimulate the production of
protective antibody & other
immune mechanisms

7. Vaccines : Types
Live attenuated vaccines
Inactivated or killed vaccines
Toxoids
Cellular fractions
Combinations

8. Live attenuated vaccines
Prepared from live ( generally
attenuated ) organisms .
eg : BCG - Typhoid oral - bacterial
Oral polio , Yellow fever , Measles ,
Rubella , Mumps , Chicken pox ,
Influenza - Viral

9. • Organisms killed by heat or chemicals ,
when infected into the body stimulate active
immunity
• Safe but generally less efficacious than live
vaccines
• eg : Typhoid ,Cholera , Pertussis , c.s.
meningitis , Plague - Bacteria Rabies ,
Salk ( polio ) , Hepatitis A & B , etc - Viral

10. • Certain organisms produce
exotoxins, these toxins are
detoxicated and used in the
preparation of vaccines
•Highly efficacious & safe
•eg: Diphtheria, Tetanus -
Bacterial

11. • Vaccines which are prepared from
extracted cellular fractions
• Duration of experience is limitted&
their efficacy and safety is high
•eg: Meningococcal vaccine ,
Pneumococcal vaccine, Hepatitis B
polypeptide vaccine

12. •If more than one kind of immunising agent is
included in the vaccine it is called mixed or
combined vaccine
• eg: DPT- Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus
• DT- Diphtheria-tetanus
• Hepatitis A& B
• Hepatitis A & typhoid

14. characterstic killed vaccine Live vaccine
No of dose Multiple Single
Need for adjuvant Yes No
Duration of
immunity
Shorter Longer
Immunoglobulins
prodused
IgG IgA &IgG
Stability at room
temperature
High Low

15. Vaccine reaction
 Common , minor , more serious - reactions
 Local reacton , fever & systemic symptoms can result
as a part of immune responds .
 A successful vaccine reduces these reactions to a
minimum while producing the best possible
immunity.

16. VACCINE POSSIBLE MINOR
ADVERSE REACTION
BCG Local reaction ( pain , swelling ,
redness )
CHOLERA Oral presentation - none
DTP Local reaction ( pain ,swelling ,
redness)
Fever
HEPATITIS A Local reaction (pain ,swelling
,redness)
TETANUS Local reaction (pain swelling , redness)
Malaise & non specific symptoms

17. Common side effects of any vaccine
can include:
Injection site reactions (pain, swelling and
redness)
Mild fever.
Shivering.
Fatigue.
Headache.
Muscle and joint pain.

18. Natonal Immunization Shedule
 The first visit when infant is 6 weeks old
 2 &3 rd visits - at intervals of 1 to 2 months
 Oral polio vaccine may be given concurrently
with DPT

23. IMMUNOGLOBULINS
 Human immunoglobulin system - 5 major classes -
IgG , IgM , IgA , IgD , IgE & their subclasses
IMMUNITY
 Immunity is defined as the capacity of the body to
resist pathogenic agents.
 It is an ability of body to resist the entry of different
types of foreignbodies.

24. Antisera or antitoxins
 The term antiserum is applied to materials prepared in
animals
 Originally passive immunisation was achieved by the
administration of antisera or antitoxins prepared from
non human sources (horse)
 Administration of antisera may occasionally give rise
to serum sickness & anaphylactic shock
due to abnormal sensitivity of the recipient .

26. MILESTONES IN VACCINATION

29. AYURVEDIC VIEW