Vaccination involves administering antigenic material to stimulate the immune system and develop immunity against pathogens. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and cellular fractions. Common minor adverse reactions include pain, swelling, and fever at the injection site. National immunization schedules provide recommended vaccine doses starting at age 6 weeks. Vaccines help prevent disease and reduce vaccine-related reactions through producing protective immunity.

4. Vaccination is the administration of
antigenic material ( vaccine) to stimulate an
individual's immune system to develop
adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines
can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from
infection

6.  It is an immuno biological
substance designed to produce
specific protection against a given
disease .
It stimulate the production of
protective antibody & other
immune mechanisms

7. Vaccines : Types
Live attenuated vaccines
Inactivated or killed vaccines
Toxoids
Cellular fractions
Combinations

8. Live attenuated vaccines
Prepared from live ( generally
attenuated ) organisms .
eg : BCG - Typhoid oral - bacterial
Oral polio , Yellow fever , Measles ,
Rubella , Mumps , Chicken pox ,
Influenza - Viral

9. • Organisms killed by heat or chemicals ,
when infected into the body stimulate active
immunity
• Safe but generally less efficacious than live
vaccines
• eg : Typhoid ,Cholera , Pertussis , c.s.
meningitis , Plague - Bacteria Rabies ,
Salk ( polio ) , Hepatitis A & B , etc - Viral

10. • Certain organisms produce
exotoxins, these toxins are
detoxicated and used in the
preparation of vaccines
•Highly efficacious & safe
•eg: Diphtheria, Tetanus -
Bacterial

11. • Vaccines which are prepared from
extracted cellular fractions
• Duration of experience is limitted&
their efficacy and safety is high
•eg: Meningococcal vaccine ,
Pneumococcal vaccine, Hepatitis B
polypeptide vaccine

12. •If more than one kind of immunising agent is
included in the vaccine it is called mixed or
combined vaccine
• eg: DPT- Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus
• DT- Diphtheria-tetanus
• Hepatitis A& B
• Hepatitis A & typhoid

14. characterstic killed vaccine Live vaccine
No of dose Multiple Single
Need for adjuvant Yes No
Duration of
immunity
Shorter Longer
Immunoglobulins
prodused
IgG IgA &IgG
Stability at room
temperature
High Low

15. Vaccine reaction
 Common , minor , more serious - reactions
 Local reacton , fever & systemic symptoms can result
as a part of immune responds .
 A successful vaccine reduces these reactions to a
minimum while producing the best possible
immunity.

16. VACCINE POSSIBLE MINOR
ADVERSE REACTION
BCG Local reaction ( pain , swelling ,
redness )
CHOLERA Oral presentation - none
DTP Local reaction ( pain ,swelling ,
redness)
Fever
HEPATITIS A Local reaction (pain ,swelling
,redness)
TETANUS Local reaction (pain swelling , redness)
Malaise & non specific symptoms

17. Common side effects of any vaccine
can include:
Injection site reactions (pain, swelling and
redness)
Mild fever.
Shivering.
Fatigue.
Headache.
Muscle and joint pain.

18. Natonal Immunization Shedule
 The first visit when infant is 6 weeks old
 2 &3 rd visits - at intervals of 1 to 2 months
 Oral polio vaccine may be given concurrently
with DPT

23. IMMUNOGLOBULINS
 Human immunoglobulin system - 5 major classes -
IgG , IgM , IgA , IgD , IgE & their subclasses
IMMUNITY
 Immunity is defined as the capacity of the body to
resist pathogenic agents.
 It is an ability of body to resist the entry of different
types of foreignbodies.

24. Antisera or antitoxins
 The term antiserum is applied to materials prepared in
animals
 Originally passive immunisation was achieved by the
administration of antisera or antitoxins prepared from
non human sources (horse)
 Administration of antisera may occasionally give rise
to serum sickness & anaphylactic shock
due to abnormal sensitivity of the recipient .

26. MILESTONES IN VACCINATION

29. AYURVEDIC VIEW