This document provides an overview of the human immune system and how vaccines work to induce protective immunity. It discusses that the immune system is a communication network throughout the body that protects against pathogens. Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to specific antigens which primes the immune response. Booster doses are needed for inactivated vaccines as the initial dose only primes the immune response, while live attenuated vaccines more closely mimic natural infection. The document also covers special considerations for vaccination in immunocompromised individuals.
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
The document discusses the history and types of vaccination. It describes how Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids exposed to cowpox did not get smallpox, leading him to develop the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Since then, vaccines have been developed for over 20 diseases and have saved millions of lives worldwide by training the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, polysaccharide or genetic based.
This document discusses the principles of vaccination. It covers:
- Active and passive immunity and how they are obtained naturally or artificially through vaccination or antibody transfer.
- The components of vaccines, including antigens, antibodies, and epitopes.
- The different types of vaccines such as live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and polysaccharide vaccines.
- How vaccines work to produce immunity through replication or exposure to antigens without causing disease.
- The development process, safety testing, and surveillance of new vaccines.
Vaccines, types of vaccines, Classification of vaccines, subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, development of vaccines, future of vaccines, advantages of vaccines, limitation of vaccines, benefits of vaccines.
Vaccines provide active acquired immunity against diseases. They contain weakened or killed forms of microbes or their components that stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy the microbe if encountered in the future. There are three main routes of administration: intradermal, oral, and intranasal. When administered, vaccines are phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, which activate T and B cells. Activated B cells become either antibody producing plasma cells or memory B cells. Common human vaccines include those for human papillomavirus, polio, measles, diabetes, hepatitis B, rabies, and various insulins.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of vaccines. It discusses key events like Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and the eradication of smallpox. It describes different types of vaccines including live-attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, and DNA vaccines. The mechanisms of how vaccines work and produce immunity are also explained. The document traces the evolution of vaccines from whole organism approaches to modern techniques like recombinant DNA technology.
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
The document discusses the history and types of vaccination. It describes how Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids exposed to cowpox did not get smallpox, leading him to develop the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Since then, vaccines have been developed for over 20 diseases and have saved millions of lives worldwide by training the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, polysaccharide or genetic based.
This document discusses the principles of vaccination. It covers:
- Active and passive immunity and how they are obtained naturally or artificially through vaccination or antibody transfer.
- The components of vaccines, including antigens, antibodies, and epitopes.
- The different types of vaccines such as live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and polysaccharide vaccines.
- How vaccines work to produce immunity through replication or exposure to antigens without causing disease.
- The development process, safety testing, and surveillance of new vaccines.
Vaccines, types of vaccines, Classification of vaccines, subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, development of vaccines, future of vaccines, advantages of vaccines, limitation of vaccines, benefits of vaccines.
Vaccines provide active acquired immunity against diseases. They contain weakened or killed forms of microbes or their components that stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy the microbe if encountered in the future. There are three main routes of administration: intradermal, oral, and intranasal. When administered, vaccines are phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, which activate T and B cells. Activated B cells become either antibody producing plasma cells or memory B cells. Common human vaccines include those for human papillomavirus, polio, measles, diabetes, hepatitis B, rabies, and various insulins.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of vaccines. It discusses key events like Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and the eradication of smallpox. It describes different types of vaccines including live-attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, and DNA vaccines. The mechanisms of how vaccines work and produce immunity are also explained. The document traces the evolution of vaccines from whole organism approaches to modern techniques like recombinant DNA technology.
The document provides a detailed history of vaccinations from ancient times through modern times. It describes key events such as Edward Jenner discovering the smallpox vaccine in 1796. It also summarizes the four main types of vaccines - live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and toxoid vaccines - and provides examples of each. Common questions about vaccinations are addressed at the end related to safety, schedules, and specific vaccines.
Vaccination: how vaccination helps to prevent diseasesLekhan Lodhi
The document discusses vaccination and immunization. It defines vaccination as stimulating protective immune responses through exposure to non-pathogenic forms of microbes. A vaccine produces specific protection against a disease by being antigenic but not pathogenic. Immunization makes a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease typically through vaccine administration. The first empirical proof of protective immunity was provided by Edward Jenner through vaccinating against smallpox using cowpox. Smallpox was possible to eradicate due to unique biological factors and the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine. The document also discusses vaccine design, mechanisms of protection, types of vaccines including live, inactivated, toxoids, cellular fraction and recombinant vaccines, and routes and schemes of immun
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to agents that resemble disease-causing pathogens, causing the body to develop immunity to them. There are several types of vaccines, including live attenuated vaccines containing weakened live pathogens, inactivated vaccines containing killed pathogens, toxoid vaccines containing inactivated toxins, and subunit vaccines containing fragments of pathogens. Vaccines are administered through various routes such as intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral, intranasal, and intradermal injection depending on the vaccine. Proper vaccine storage, administration technique, and timing are important for vaccine effectiveness.
The document discusses the history and mechanisms of immunological tolerance. It describes how Owen first observed that sharing a blood system in utero led to tolerance between non-identical twins. Burnet then postulated that there is a window during immune system immaturity where antigens can induce tolerance. Medawar found lifelong tolerance could be induced by transferring cells in early life but not later. The document also discusses the "danger hypothesis" and controlled cell death in preventing autoimmunity.
Immunology of Vaccination - Dr Arjun TandonArchana Tandon
This document provides an overview of basic immunology and practical aspects of immunization. It defines key terms like immunity, vaccination, immunization, innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the types of immunity like humoral and cell-mediated and the routes, techniques and general instructions for vaccination. It also discusses concepts like herd immunity, vaccine efficacy, effectiveness and failure as well as the types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit and conjugated vaccines.
This document provides an overview of immunity, including its types and components. It discusses:
1. Innate immunity, which provides the first line of defense, and adaptive/acquired immunity, which is antigen-specific and provides immunological memory.
2. The cells involved in innate immunity like phagocytes and those involved in adaptive immunity like B and T cells.
3. The types of acquired immunity, including active (natural/artificial) and passive (natural/artificial), and their characteristics and effectors like antibodies versus cell-mediated responses.
DNA vaccines work by inserting genetic code for antigens into cells, which then produce proteins that induce an immune response. They elicit both antibody and T cell responses and do not require refrigeration. Clinical trials show promise for DNA vaccines against diseases like influenza, West Nile virus, and rabies. However, safety issues around integration into the genome, autoimmunity, and antibiotic resistance must still be addressed before widespread human use. Future applications could include multi-gene vaccines against multiple diseases.
INTRODUCTION OF VACCINE & VACCINATION.
HISTORY.
TYPRE OF VACCINE
CONTRAINDICATION.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PATHOGEN.
PRECAUTION BEFORE TO VACCINE.
DRUGS ADMINISTRATION -: ROUTES & DOSE
SUMMARY.
REFERENCES.
ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
This document provides an overview of vaccination, including:
- A brief history of vaccination from early attempts in China to Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine.
- An introduction defining vaccines and their ability to produce immunity against diseases.
- Descriptions of the different types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, subunit, conjugate, and recombinant vaccines.
Vaccination involves administering antigenic material to stimulate the immune system and develop immunity against pathogens. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and cellular fractions. Common minor adverse reactions include pain, swelling, and fever at the injection site. National immunization schedules provide recommended vaccine doses starting at age 6 weeks. Vaccines help prevent disease and reduce vaccine-related reactions through producing protective immunity.
The document summarizes a presentation on antimicrobial drug resistance given by Dr. Manas Kr. Nath. It discusses the objectives of the presentation, which were to introduce antimicrobial drug resistance, define it, discuss its timeline and factors, mechanisms of resistance, control strategies, and conclusions. The presentation covered intrinsic and acquired resistance, genetic and biochemical mechanisms of resistance such as mutations, plasmids, conjugation, transduction, transformation, transposons, integrons, and production of antibiotic inactivating enzymes. It emphasized that antimicrobial resistance is a major global health concern.
This document provides an introduction to vaccines, including their principles, types, and examples. The main types discussed are inactivated/killed vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, toxoids, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and recombinant live vaccines. Inactivated vaccines use killed disease-causing microbes, and stimulate a weak immune response but require boosters. Live attenuated vaccines use weakened live organisms to stimulate excellent lifelong immunity but rarely carry risk of disease if attenuation fails. Toxoids are made from inactivated toxins and cannot cause disease but may require adjuvants or boosters. DNA vaccines work by directly introducing genetic material that codes for antigens. They allow for rapid, low-cost production and generate therapeutic potential for chronic infections.
The document summarizes key aspects of the adaptive immune system, including the roles of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. It discusses:
1) The two main types of lymphocytes are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes mediate cell-mediated immunity while B lymphocytes mediate antibody-mediated or humoral immunity.
2) Helper T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells and activate other immune cells like B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells.
3) B cells produce antibodies that target extracellular pathogens. Upon activation by helper T cells, B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies, establishing antibody-mediated immunity.
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from a pathogen. This triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and quickly eliminate the pathogen if exposed in the future. There are several types of vaccines, including those using whole inactivated or attenuated pathogens, as well as newer subunit and vector vaccines that deliver just the antigenic components. Vaccine development and approval is a rigorous process to ensure safety and efficacy.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes the three lines of defense against microorganisms as intact skin/mucus membranes, the innate immune system, and the acquired immune system. The acquired system has both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity. Key cells involved include T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. The adaptive response has memory and specificity. Both innate and adaptive immunity provide protection through cells and proteins like antibodies and cytokines.
This document discusses vaccination and immunization. It defines vaccination as administering a vaccine to stimulate the immune system, and immunization as preparing the body to fight a specific disease. There are two types of immunity: passive immunity produced without challenging the immune system through antibodies from other individuals; and active immunity achieved by activating the immune system through natural exposure or artificial vaccination. The document also outlines different vaccine types, administration routes, vaccination schedules for poultry and small ruminants in Pakistan, and potential reasons for vaccine failure.
This document provides information about immunization and vaccination. It discusses:
- The history of immunization beginning with Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine in 1796.
- Types of immunity including active and passive.
- Common vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and cellular/recombinant vaccines.
- Administration methods including routes, sites, needle sizes.
- Storage requirements including the cold chain to transport vaccines at low temperatures.
- Recommended vaccination schedules and booster doses.
- Potential adverse reactions and contraindications to vaccinations.
- Special vaccination considerations for occupations, health conditions, and groups like preterm infants.
The document discusses vaccination and immunization. It provides details on:
- The differences between the immune systems of children and adults. Children rely on maternal antibodies at birth that wane after 1 year of age.
- The types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and genetic vaccines. It also discusses the Iraqi and global vaccination schedules.
- Immunoglobulins including normal human Ig and specific human Ig used for passive immunity. Adverse reactions can include pain, fever, and allergic reactions.
- Maintaining the cold chain is important to preserve vaccine potency during storage and handling.
- Factors that can constrain widespread effective vaccination including illiteracy,
The document provides a detailed history of vaccinations from ancient times through modern times. It describes key events such as Edward Jenner discovering the smallpox vaccine in 1796. It also summarizes the four main types of vaccines - live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and toxoid vaccines - and provides examples of each. Common questions about vaccinations are addressed at the end related to safety, schedules, and specific vaccines.
Vaccination: how vaccination helps to prevent diseasesLekhan Lodhi
The document discusses vaccination and immunization. It defines vaccination as stimulating protective immune responses through exposure to non-pathogenic forms of microbes. A vaccine produces specific protection against a disease by being antigenic but not pathogenic. Immunization makes a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease typically through vaccine administration. The first empirical proof of protective immunity was provided by Edward Jenner through vaccinating against smallpox using cowpox. Smallpox was possible to eradicate due to unique biological factors and the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine. The document also discusses vaccine design, mechanisms of protection, types of vaccines including live, inactivated, toxoids, cellular fraction and recombinant vaccines, and routes and schemes of immun
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to agents that resemble disease-causing pathogens, causing the body to develop immunity to them. There are several types of vaccines, including live attenuated vaccines containing weakened live pathogens, inactivated vaccines containing killed pathogens, toxoid vaccines containing inactivated toxins, and subunit vaccines containing fragments of pathogens. Vaccines are administered through various routes such as intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral, intranasal, and intradermal injection depending on the vaccine. Proper vaccine storage, administration technique, and timing are important for vaccine effectiveness.
The document discusses the history and mechanisms of immunological tolerance. It describes how Owen first observed that sharing a blood system in utero led to tolerance between non-identical twins. Burnet then postulated that there is a window during immune system immaturity where antigens can induce tolerance. Medawar found lifelong tolerance could be induced by transferring cells in early life but not later. The document also discusses the "danger hypothesis" and controlled cell death in preventing autoimmunity.
Immunology of Vaccination - Dr Arjun TandonArchana Tandon
This document provides an overview of basic immunology and practical aspects of immunization. It defines key terms like immunity, vaccination, immunization, innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the types of immunity like humoral and cell-mediated and the routes, techniques and general instructions for vaccination. It also discusses concepts like herd immunity, vaccine efficacy, effectiveness and failure as well as the types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit and conjugated vaccines.
This document provides an overview of immunity, including its types and components. It discusses:
1. Innate immunity, which provides the first line of defense, and adaptive/acquired immunity, which is antigen-specific and provides immunological memory.
2. The cells involved in innate immunity like phagocytes and those involved in adaptive immunity like B and T cells.
3. The types of acquired immunity, including active (natural/artificial) and passive (natural/artificial), and their characteristics and effectors like antibodies versus cell-mediated responses.
DNA vaccines work by inserting genetic code for antigens into cells, which then produce proteins that induce an immune response. They elicit both antibody and T cell responses and do not require refrigeration. Clinical trials show promise for DNA vaccines against diseases like influenza, West Nile virus, and rabies. However, safety issues around integration into the genome, autoimmunity, and antibiotic resistance must still be addressed before widespread human use. Future applications could include multi-gene vaccines against multiple diseases.
INTRODUCTION OF VACCINE & VACCINATION.
HISTORY.
TYPRE OF VACCINE
CONTRAINDICATION.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PATHOGEN.
PRECAUTION BEFORE TO VACCINE.
DRUGS ADMINISTRATION -: ROUTES & DOSE
SUMMARY.
REFERENCES.
ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
This document provides an overview of vaccination, including:
- A brief history of vaccination from early attempts in China to Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine.
- An introduction defining vaccines and their ability to produce immunity against diseases.
- Descriptions of the different types of vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, subunit, conjugate, and recombinant vaccines.
Vaccination involves administering antigenic material to stimulate the immune system and develop immunity against pathogens. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and cellular fractions. Common minor adverse reactions include pain, swelling, and fever at the injection site. National immunization schedules provide recommended vaccine doses starting at age 6 weeks. Vaccines help prevent disease and reduce vaccine-related reactions through producing protective immunity.
The document summarizes a presentation on antimicrobial drug resistance given by Dr. Manas Kr. Nath. It discusses the objectives of the presentation, which were to introduce antimicrobial drug resistance, define it, discuss its timeline and factors, mechanisms of resistance, control strategies, and conclusions. The presentation covered intrinsic and acquired resistance, genetic and biochemical mechanisms of resistance such as mutations, plasmids, conjugation, transduction, transformation, transposons, integrons, and production of antibiotic inactivating enzymes. It emphasized that antimicrobial resistance is a major global health concern.
This document provides an introduction to vaccines, including their principles, types, and examples. The main types discussed are inactivated/killed vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, toxoids, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and recombinant live vaccines. Inactivated vaccines use killed disease-causing microbes, and stimulate a weak immune response but require boosters. Live attenuated vaccines use weakened live organisms to stimulate excellent lifelong immunity but rarely carry risk of disease if attenuation fails. Toxoids are made from inactivated toxins and cannot cause disease but may require adjuvants or boosters. DNA vaccines work by directly introducing genetic material that codes for antigens. They allow for rapid, low-cost production and generate therapeutic potential for chronic infections.
The document summarizes key aspects of the adaptive immune system, including the roles of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. It discusses:
1) The two main types of lymphocytes are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes mediate cell-mediated immunity while B lymphocytes mediate antibody-mediated or humoral immunity.
2) Helper T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells and activate other immune cells like B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells.
3) B cells produce antibodies that target extracellular pathogens. Upon activation by helper T cells, B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies, establishing antibody-mediated immunity.
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from a pathogen. This triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and quickly eliminate the pathogen if exposed in the future. There are several types of vaccines, including those using whole inactivated or attenuated pathogens, as well as newer subunit and vector vaccines that deliver just the antigenic components. Vaccine development and approval is a rigorous process to ensure safety and efficacy.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes the three lines of defense against microorganisms as intact skin/mucus membranes, the innate immune system, and the acquired immune system. The acquired system has both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity. Key cells involved include T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. The adaptive response has memory and specificity. Both innate and adaptive immunity provide protection through cells and proteins like antibodies and cytokines.
This document discusses vaccination and immunization. It defines vaccination as administering a vaccine to stimulate the immune system, and immunization as preparing the body to fight a specific disease. There are two types of immunity: passive immunity produced without challenging the immune system through antibodies from other individuals; and active immunity achieved by activating the immune system through natural exposure or artificial vaccination. The document also outlines different vaccine types, administration routes, vaccination schedules for poultry and small ruminants in Pakistan, and potential reasons for vaccine failure.
This document provides information about immunization and vaccination. It discusses:
- The history of immunization beginning with Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine in 1796.
- Types of immunity including active and passive.
- Common vaccines including live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, and cellular/recombinant vaccines.
- Administration methods including routes, sites, needle sizes.
- Storage requirements including the cold chain to transport vaccines at low temperatures.
- Recommended vaccination schedules and booster doses.
- Potential adverse reactions and contraindications to vaccinations.
- Special vaccination considerations for occupations, health conditions, and groups like preterm infants.
The document discusses vaccination and immunization. It provides details on:
- The differences between the immune systems of children and adults. Children rely on maternal antibodies at birth that wane after 1 year of age.
- The types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and genetic vaccines. It also discusses the Iraqi and global vaccination schedules.
- Immunoglobulins including normal human Ig and specific human Ig used for passive immunity. Adverse reactions can include pain, fever, and allergic reactions.
- Maintaining the cold chain is important to preserve vaccine potency during storage and handling.
- Factors that can constrain widespread effective vaccination including illiteracy,
This document discusses different types of immunization and vaccination. It describes passive immunization, which provides immediate protection by injecting pre-formed antibodies, and active immunization, which activates the immune system to produce its own antibodies. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, DNA, or recombinant vector-based. They are administered through various routes and involve primary vaccination and booster shots to maintain immunity. The document covers different vaccine-preventable diseases and periods of immunity conferred.
This document discusses immunization and different types of vaccines. It describes passive and active immunization. Passive immunization provides immediate short-term protection from antibodies without immune system activation, while active immunization activates the immune system to produce long-lasting immunity. The document outlines various vaccine types including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, and subunit vaccines. It provides details on vaccine administration, schedules, and contraindications.
Immunity and vaccine (community medicine )Niko439610
This document discusses immunity, types of immunity (active and passive), antigens, antibodies, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, how active immunity is developed, how passive immunity is acquired, immune response, herd immunity, immunizing agents (vaccines, immunoglobulins, antiserum), EPI schedule, cold chain, complications of vaccination, contraindications to vaccination, adverse events following immunization (AEFI), and coincidental events. The key points are that immunity protects the body from foreign antigens, there are two types of immunity (active and passive), and vaccines help develop active immunity while immunoglobulins provide passive immunity.
This document discusses vaccination and immunity. It describes passive immunization, which provides rapid but temporary protection through administration of preformed antibodies. It also discusses principles of vaccination, including inducing memory responses using non-toxic antigens to provide long-term protection. Effective vaccines are described as being safe, protective, inducing long-lasting immunity, cost-effective, and easy to administer. Approaches to vaccine design include use of intact pathogens, subunits, vectors, and adjuvants. The immune response to vaccines is also summarized, including the roles of innate immunity, antigen presentation, memory responses, and the goal of vaccination to generate antigen-specific immune cells providing protection.
This document discusses different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, and subunit vaccines. It provides details on vaccines for diseases like measles, pertussis, diphtheria, polio, hepatitis B, and more. Schedules and administration routes are covered as well as contraindications, efficacy, and common side effects. Immunization is defined as preparing the immune system to fight specific diseases through either active or passive immunization methods.
David Haselwood | How vaccines prevent diseasesDavid Haselwood
David Haselwood - Vaccines provide immunity that protects you from disease without the risk of the infection. It contains a small amount of the germs or parts of the germs that cause disease. The germs in vaccines are either killed or weakened so they can't make you sick. Therefore, vaccination plays an important role in one’s health. #DavidHaselwood
http://davidhaselwood.blogspot.in/
https://medium.com/@davidhaselwood
https://davidhaselwood.wordpress.com/
https://gust.com/companies/david-haselwood
Vaccines provide protective immunity and immunological memory to individuals, families and communities against any infectious disease.
Vaccines are cheap, cost – effective , easily administered and adaptable to mass vaccination.
Viral diseases can be managed through vaccination.
Immunization is a key strategy for child survival and protection from diseases. The process of immunization stimulates the immune system through antigens from vaccines. It leads to immunity against pathogens but without causing severe infection. Immunization lowers morbidity and mortality in children through techniques like vaccination. Herd immunity occurs when a large percentage of a population is immune, indirectly protecting those who are not immune by disrupting chains of infection. Haptens are small molecules that are antigenic but not immunogenic on their own and require coupling to carrier proteins to induce an immune response.
This document discusses protection against viral infections through vaccines and antiviral drugs. It begins by defining key terms like vaccines, vaccinations, and immunizations. It then discusses the history of vaccines, why they are important, and how they work to trigger an immune response. The rest of the document details different types of vaccines, common virus vaccines, vaccines still under research, recommended vaccination schedules by age, potential side effects, and types of antiviral drugs that work at different stages of the viral lifecycle.
The document discusses the immune system and vaccination. It provides information on:
- The components and functions of the immune system in protecting the body.
- The differences between natural immunity present at birth and acquired immunity developed after exposure to pathogens.
- How the immune system of children is less developed than adults until around age 1.
- The definition of vaccination as administering a substance to prevent disease, typically using a killed or weakened pathogen.
- The early history of vaccination, including Jenner's pioneering use of the cowpox vaccine to prevent smallpox in the late 18th century.
Overview of vaccine and vaccination, types of vaccines with examples, vaccine production technique, adverse effects of vaccination, precautions
Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
The document discusses the history and development of vaccines. It begins with early discoveries in the 18th-19th centuries relating to smallpox and rabies vaccines. It then outlines major vaccine discoveries from the 1890s-1990s for diseases such as diphtheria, polio, measles, and hepatitis B. The document also describes different types of traditional and modern vaccines, including how they are prepared and the microorganisms they contain. It provides details on live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and viral vector vaccines.
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Antimicrobial agents and immunization immunotherapyAreej Abu Hanieh
Immunotherapy involves harnessing the immune system to combat disease. There are active and passive types, with active immunotherapy seeking to stimulate the intrinsic immune response and passive providing administered antibodies. Effective immunotherapy optimizes antigen presentation and blocks negative regulation. Vaccines provide antigenic stimuli that produce long-lasting protective immunity without disease. Types include attenuated, inactivated, subunit/recombinant, conjugated, and polysaccharide vaccines. Cancer vaccines aim to define tumor antigens that stimulate T-cell responses.
vaccination in infants pediatrics topic 1.pptxArun170190
Immunization is the process by which the body is prepared to fight against specific diseases. There are two types of immunization: passive and active. Passive immunization provides immediate protection by administering antibodies from another source, while active immunization activates the immune system to produce its own antibodies to develop long-term immunity. Vaccines are preparations of weakened or killed pathogens that stimulate antibody production against diseases like measles, polio, diphtheria, and more. Immunization protects both individuals and communities by reducing morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases.
1. The document discusses immunization and the cold chain system for transporting and storing vaccines. It defines immunization and describes the different types including passive and active immunization.
2. The cold chain is described as the system used to transport and store vaccines within recommended temperature ranges from manufacture to point of use. Proper storage and transport using equipment like walk-in cold rooms, deep freezers, and ice-lined refrigerators is important to maintain vaccine potency.
3. The national immunization schedule in India and the vaccines provided under the Universal Immunization Program are summarized, including BCG, DPT, OPV, measles, hepatitis B, and TT vaccines aimed at preventing various diseases.
This is an immunology lecture for medical students. it helps student to understand the importance of immunization in clinical practice. resident doctors can also benefit immensely with this lecture.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Vaccination
1. Presented by : pediatric resident Dr. Shaikah A.O.B
Copyright : Shaikah.A.O.B @ 2018
2. vaccines represent the most cost-effective life-saving device in
history.
majority of vaccines have been developed empirically
little or no understanding of the immunological mechanisms by
which they induce protective immunity.
3. BUT..
failure to develop vaccines against global pandemics as (HIV) despite decades of
effort has underscored the need to understand the immunological mechanisms
by which vaccines confer protective immunity………
4. Question raised up …
What is Human immune system in simple worlds ?
What is vaccine and vaccination ?
How vaccine work ?
why booster doses in vaccinations ?
What we have to know more for our practice ?
6. Introduction:
Immune system
a vast communication network of cells and chemical signals distributed in blood
& tissue throughout the human body which regulates normal growth and
development of the organism while protecting against diseases
Immunity
is the ability of the human body to tolerate the presence of material indigenous
to the body (“self”), and to eliminate foreign (“nonself”) material. This
discriminatory ability provides protection from infectious disease, since most
microbes are identified as foreign by the immune system.
Immunization is the process of inducing immunity against a specific disease.
7. Our immune system
Where is immunity is ?
cellular
It is every where
tissues
Primary
Secondary
LN
Spleen
Thymus
BM
12. Immunoglobulin
1- Homologous human hyperimmune globulins
donated plasma of humans ,
antibodies in lesser quantities ( 15-18% protein)
used for postexposure prophylaxis
2-Heterologous hyperimmune serum (antitoxin)
produced in animals, usually horses (equine),
antibodies against only one antigen
S.F: serum sickness reaction to the horse protein
3-monoclonal antibody
Manufactory(They are mass-produced from a hybridoma, created by fusing an antibody-
producing B cell with a fast-growing immortal cell such as a cancer cell)
Only for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection
It is called palivizumab (Synagis).
13. PRODUCT MAJOR INDICATIONS
Immune globulin for intramuscular injection
Replacement therapy in primary immunodeficiency disorders
Hepatitis A prophylaxis
Measles prophylaxis
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Replacement therapy in primary immune-deficiency disorders
Kawasaki disease
Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
Pediatric HIV infection
Hypogammaglobulinemia in ch.B-cell lymphocytic leukemia
Hepatitis B Ig (IM)
Postexposure prophylaxis
Prevention of perinatal infection in infants born to HBsAg+ mother
Rabies Ig (IM) Postexposure prophylaxis
Tetanus Ig (IM)
Wound prophylaxis
Treatment of tetanus
Varicella-zoster Ig (VZIG) (IM) or IVIG
Postexposure prophylaxis of susceptible people at high risk for
complications from varicella
Botulism IVIG human Treatment of infant botulism
Diphtheria antitoxin, equine Treatment of diphtheria
16. History and Introduction:
Vaccination the process of introducing a substance to a
host.
Vaccination named from (vaccini) is a cowpox , Used in
1796 AD to induce immunity to variola (smallpox) in
humans by sir Edward Jenner
Immunization the process of both getting the vaccine
and becoming immune to the disease as a result of the
vaccine.
19. Inactivated Vaccines Live Attenuated Vaccines
Cannot replicate
Need adjuvant
Less affected by circulating antibody
than live vaccines
Always require multiple doses
Immune response mostly humoral
Antibody titer diminish with time
May require periodic supplemental
booster doses
Attenuated form of the “wild” virus
or bacterium
Must replicate to produce an
immune response
Immune response virtually identical
to natural infection
Usually produce immunity with one
dose*
Severe reactions possible
Interference from circulating
antibody
22. FROM INNATE TO ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVATION: THE FIRST STEPS AFTER
INFECTION
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. Booster doses; why?
First dose does not produce protective immunity, but “primes” the
immune system.
A protective immune response develops after the second or third
dose.
In contrast to live vaccines, in which the immune response closely
resembles natural infection.
The immune response to an inactivated vaccine is mostly humoral
(Ab).
33. DISEASE HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 COVERAGE GOAL FOR 19-35 MO
Smallpox —
Diphtheria 4 doses, ≥90%
Measles 1 dose ≥90%
Mumps 1 dose, ≥90%
Pertussis 4 doses, ≥90%
Polio (paralytic) 3 doses, ≥90%
Rubella 1 dose, ≥90%
Congenital rubella syndrome 1 dose, ≥90%
Tetanus 4 doses, ≥90%
H. influenzae type b and unknown
(<5 yr)
≥3 doses, ≥90%
37. CONDITIONS CAN AFFECT RESPONSE TO VACCINES
Simultaneous administration of immunoglobulin
Immunosuppression
Sickle cell disease and other causes of hypersplenism
Malnutrition and chronic disease
Nephrotic syndrome
Prematurity (some evidence premature babies may have sub-optimal
response to Hib and Hep B vaccines but should be scheduled on basis
of their actual date of birth)
38. highlighted side effect
Generally
common
injection site
reactions
mild fever
shivering
Fatigue
irritability
•loss of appetite
headache
muscle and joint
pain
rare
anaphyl
actic
reaction
Specific
PCV
F .C.
MMR
Measles 11
wk
Mumps 2-4
wk
ITP 15-35d
Encephalopat
hy 6-12 days
F.convu.
OPV
PPM
DTP
Encephalopat
hy 0-22 d
Seizures 0-2d
HHE 0-24h
BCG
Suppurative
LA 2-6 month
BCG ostilitis
1-12month
Disseminated
BCG infection
HBV
GBS
39. Special situation :
Primary immunodeficiency :
T lymphocyte (cell-mediated and humoral)
• All live vaccine
B lymphocyte (humoral)
• BCG,OPV,Typhoid
Phagocytic function (Chronic granulomatous disease, leukocyte adhesion defect)
• Only live bacterial vaccine
Complement deficiency
• No contraindication
Need frequent PCV and MCV
40. SECONDARY immunodeficiency disease
SPECIFIC IMMUNODEFICIENCY CONTRAINDICATED VACCINES*
RISK-SPECIFIC RECOMMENDED
VACCINES*
HIV/AIDS
OPV[†]
Smallpox
BCG
LAIV
Withhold MMR and varicella in
severely immunocompromised
persons
Pneumococcal
Consider Hib (if not administered in
infancy) and meningococcal
vaccination
Malignant neoplasm,
transplantation, immunosuppressive
or radiation therapy
Live viral and bacterial,depending on
immune status[‡ Pneumococcal
Asplenia None
Pneumococcal
Meningococcal
Hib (if not administered in infancy)
Chronic renal disease LAIV
Pneumococcal
Hepatitis B**
42. Reference
Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases – Pink Book – Principles of
Vaccination
How Vaccines Work, NIH – National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Disease US
How Vaccines Work, HPA, UK
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/index.html
Editor's Notes
Immunization is one of the most beneficial and cost-effective disease-prevention measures
Adenoids begin forming in 3rd month of fetal development
Palatine tonsils begin development in 3rd month of fetal development
Fully formed by 7 month
Tonsillitis most commonly affects children between the ages of 3 and 7,
***The thymus gland has dual embryonic origin. Thymic epithelium develops during the 6 week of gestation, from the ventral diverticular epithelium of the third pharyngeal pouch along with the thyroid and parathyroid gland
Settled in يعسكر في
معسكر camp
First Line of Defense
The primary defence against infectious disease are the surface barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body
These surface barriers include intact skin (protect external boundaries) and mucous membranes (protect internal boundaries)
Both the skin and mucous membranes release chemical secretions which restrict the growth of microbes on their surfaces
If pathogens cannot enter the host body, they cannot disrupt normal physiological functions and cause disease
Second Line of Defense
The second line of defence against infection are the non-specific cellular and molecular responses of the innate immune system
These defences do not differentiate between different types of pathogen and respond the same way upon every infection
Phagocytic leukocytes migrate to infection sites and engulf foreign bodies (dendritic cells then present antigens to lymphocytes)
Inflammatory responses increase capillary permeability at infected sites, recruiting leukocytes but leading to localised swelling
Antimicrobial proteins (such as cytokines and complement proteins) regulate immune activity within the body
Fever increases body temperatures to activate heat-shock proteins and suppress microbial growth and propagation
Third Line of Defense
The final line of defence against infection are the lymphocytes that produce antibodies to specific antigenic fragments
Each B cell produces a specific antibody, and the body has millions of different B cells capable of detecting distinct antigens
Helper T cells regulate B cell activation, ensuring that antibodies are only mass-produced at the appropriate times
Both B and T cells will differentiate to form memory cells after activation, conferring long-term immunity to a particular pathogen
*Active immunity is stimulation of the immune system to produce antigen-specific humoral (antibody) and cellular immunity.
Unlike passive immunity, which is temporary, active immunity usually lasts for many years, often for a lifetime.
*Passive immunity often provides effective protection, but this protection wanes (disappears) with time, usually within a few weeks or months.
infant receives from its mother. Antibodies are transported across the placenta during the last 1–2 months of pregnancy. As a result, a full-term infant will have the same antibodies as its mother. These antibodies will protect the infant from certain diseases for up to a year
Primary immune response develops in the weeks following first exposure to an antigen Mainly IgM antibody Secondary immune response is faster and more powerful Predominantly IgG antibody
Ig:
1- Homologous human hyperimmune globulins are antibody products that contain high titers of specific antibody. These products are made from the donated plasma of humans , However, since hyperimmune globulins are from humans, they also contain other antibodies in lesser quantities. Hyperimmune globulins are used for postexposure prophylaxis for several diseases, including hepatitis B, rabies, tetanus, and varicella.
2-Heterologous hyperimmune serum is also known as antitoxin. This product is produced in animals, usually horses (equine), and contains antibodies against only one antigen, antitoxin is available for treatment of botulism and diphtheria. A problem with this product is serum sickness, an immune reaction to the horse protein.
3- monoclonal antibody product is available for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. It is called palivizumab (Synagis).
usual dose of IG is 100 mg/kg or 0.66 mL/kg monthly. The usual interval between doses is 2-4 wk depending on trough IgG concentrations ( I.M)
((subcutaneous (SC) human IG, which has been licensed to treat patients with primary immunodeficiencies.))
The major indications for passive immunity are to provide protection to immunodeficient children with B-lymphocyte defects who have difficulties making antibodies, persons exposed to infectious diseases or who are at imminent risk of exposure where there is not adequate time for them to develop an active immune response to a vaccine, and persons with an infectious disease as part of specific therapy for that disease
IG contains 15-18% protein, is predominantly IgG
S.F of IG
is pain and discomfort at the injection site and, less commonly, flushing, headache, chills, and nausea.
More-serious (rare) included chest pain, dyspnea, anaphylaxis, and systemic collapse.
Patients with selective IgA deficiency can produce antibodies against the trace amounts of IgA in IG preparations and develop reactions after repeat doses. These reactions can include fever, chills, and a shocklike syndrome
IG contains 15-18% protein, is predominantly IgG ( I.M)
IVIG
Reactions to IVIG range from 1 to 15%. Some of these reactions appear to be related to the rate of infusion and can be mitigated by decreasing the rate. Such reactions include fever, headache, myalgia, chills, nausea, and vomiting. More serious reactions rarely have been reported, including anaphylactoid events, thromboembolic disorders, aseptic meningitis, and renal insufficiency
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_xh-bkiv_c
A young Brazilian child, photographed in 1966, whose skin has lesions caused by the milder form of the smallpox virus, variola minor
inoculation or variolation” (for smallpox).Variolation (inoculation)- introduced to Europe from Turkey by , who witnessed variolation in Istanbul, came back UK and had her daughter inoculated. She then advised the royal family to have their children inoculated .As a safeguard, the procedure was first tested on six prisoners (death penalty). All survived and pardoned. Royal children inoculated and survived and variolation became fashionable in Europe in In August 1721,
In 1796, Jenner vaccinated James Phipps, did more vaccinations in 1798, and was the first to publish evidence that cowpox protected against smallpox, was safer than variolation, and that his vaccine could be maintained by arm-to-arm transfer.
Currently available whole-cell inactivated vaccines are limited to inactivated whole viral vaccines (polio, hepatitis A, and rabies). Inactivated whole virus influenza vaccine and whole inactivated bacterial vaccines (pertussis, typhoid, cholera, and plague) are no longer available in the United States. Fractional vaccines include subunits (hepatitis B, influenza, acellular pertussis, human papillomavirus, anthrax) and toxoids (diphtheria, tetanus). A subunit vaccine for Lyme disease is no longer available in the United States.
***toxoid
What is the role of an adjuvant
To enhance the immune response to the vaccine’s antigen Mode of actions are not precisely defined: To carry the vaccine antigen and to slow its releas e To provoke a local inflammatory response Activates innate cells E.g. Hep B, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria
Time intervals between vaccine doses
Allows each immune response to develop – e.g. primary immunisation (1 month) This allows the next response to be a true
secondary response – i.e. faster and bigger and with higher affinity Ig G
Time intervals between vaccine doses
Avoids immune interference If another live vaccine is given while the immune system is making a primary immune response, the activation of the innate immune system may neutralise the second live vaccine so that it does not work.-- Hence we wait 4 weeks to allow the immune system to recover
Human normal immunoglobulin contains antibodies to many infections including measles. These antibodies will neutralise any live vaccine. Hence we wait 3 months for the antibody level to fall
injection site reactions (pain, swelling and redness)