This document discusses immunoprophylaxis and vaccination. It defines prophylaxis and vaccine preventable diseases. There are two types of immunization: active and passive. Active immunization involves inducing immunity through vaccination and works through humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccines can be live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoids, cellular fractions, subunit vaccines, or recombinant vaccines. Passive immunization provides immediate short-term protection through administration of antibodies or immunoglobulins. The document also discusses vaccination schedules and recent vaccination missions.

1. IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS
DR.M.MALATHI

2. • What is prophylaxis?
• Types of prophylaxis?

3. • Vaccine ?
Organisms that have lost their ability to cause
disease i.e., pathogenicity but which retain the
immunogeniticity to induce the immune
response

4. VPD
• Vaccine Preventable Diseases :
1. Diphtheria
2. Pertussis
3. Tetanus
4. Measles
5. Poliomyelitis
6. Mumps
7. Rubella

5. Types of immunisation
• Active immunisation
• Passive immunisation

6. Mechanism of vaccine immunity

7. ACTIVE IMMUNISATION
• Basis – involves both humoral and cell mediated
immunity
• Specificity and Immunological memory
• Types:
1. Live attenuated vaccines
2. Killed inactivated vaccines
3. Toxoids
4. Cellular fractions
5. Subunit vaccines
6. Recombinant vaccines

8. Live attenuated vaccine
• Attenuation?
• More potent than killed vaccines
• The live organisms multiply in the host –
antigenic dose is higher than killed vaccine
• Eg: Oral Polio, Measles, Mumps and BCG
vaccines

9. Pulse polio immunisation

10. Killed inactivated vaccine
• Less efficacious
• Pathogens are inactivated by heat or chemicals
• Require primary and booster doses
• Stable and safer
• Do not require cold facilities for storage
• Eg: Rabies, pertussis, influenza, hepatitis A
vaccines and Cholera vaccine

11. Toxoids
• Certain organisms like diphteria and tetanus –
produce exotoxins
• Purified toxins inactivated by treatment with
formaldehyde – TOXOID
• Toxoids are mixed with other vaccines to
enhance their antigenicitty
• Eg: DPT ( Pertussis is adjuvant)

12. Cellular fractions
• Bacterial polysaccharides
• Safety and efficacy is high
• Limited usage
• Eg: Meningococcal vaccine – from the
polysaccharide antigen of the cell wall
• Pneumococcal vaccine – polysaccharides
contained in the capsule of the organism

13. Subunit vaccines
• Purified macromolecules – from immunogenic
components of pathogenic microorganisms by
recombinant DNA technology.
• Eg: Influenza, HbsAg being incorporated in
micelles, liposomes, isocoms and virosomes for
better delivery.

14. Recombinant vaccines
• Genes encoding antigens – cloned in bacteria,
yeast and mammalian systems using
recombinant technology.
• Eg: Hepatitis B and Pertussis vaccines

15. PASSIVE IMMUNISATION
• Immunoglobulins:
1. Pooled immunoglobulins – short term – Eg:
Hep A or measles
2. Hyperimmune Igs – HBIG, HTIG, HRIG

16. VACCINATION SCHEDULE
• UIP
• EPI

17. ???
• BIRTH ?
• 6, 10, 14 WEEKS ?
• 9 MONTHS ?
• 16 TO 24 MONTHS ?
• 5 TO 6 YEARS ?
• 10 YEARS ?
• 16 YEARS ?
• PREGNANCY ?

19. Recent mission

20. Why not yet discovered?

21. Thank you