Minerals are small, inorganic elements that make up around 3% of the human body weight and serve important structural and functional roles. They can be classified as either principal/macro minerals that constitute 60-80% of inorganic material and include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur, or trace/micro minerals that are needed in smaller amounts less than 100 mg per day such as iron, copper, iodine, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, fluorine, selenium and chromium. Minerals are essential components of bones, teeth, blood, enzymes, and participate in many vital metabolic processes in the body.

1. MINERALS
MAN BAHADUR RANA
BPH
ACAS,NEPAL

2.  small, naturally occurring, inorganic, chemical elements
Inorganic: being or composed of matter other than plant
or animal
 serve as structural components and in many vital processes
in the body
 Account 3% body weight

3. 1. Are constituent of bone & teeth (calcium,
phosphorus, magnesium)
2. Control the composition of body fluid
(extracellular & blood= sodium & chloride )
(intracellular = Potassium,phosphorus,
magnesium)
3. Incorporate into protein (sulphur is part of A.A
methionine & cysteine).
4. Iron is essential for formation of hemoglobin and
normal health of blood.
5. Several minerals participate as cofactors for in
metabolism (e.9. Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, K).

4. 6. Some elements are essential constituents of
certain enzymes (e.g. Co, Mo, Se).
7. Some elements like Selenium along with
vitamain E are involved in antioxidation of
different metabolic radicals

5. • The minerals are classified
1. principal elements (macrominerals)
1. trace elements (microminerals)

6. Principal Elements (macrominerals)
constitute 60-80% of the body,s inorganic material. These are calcium,
phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur.
• The principal elements are required in amounts greater than 100 mg/day.
• The trace elements (microminerals) are required in amounts less than 100
mg/day.
• lron, copper, iodine, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, fluorine,
selenium and chromium.
• They are subdivided into
• three categories
• 1. Essential trace elements : lron, copper, iodine, manganese/z inc,
molybdenum, cobalt, fluorine, selenium and chromium.
• 2. Possiblye ssentiatl race elements: Nickel, vanadium, cadmium and barium.
• 3. Non-essentiatlr ace elements: Aluminium lead, mercury, boron, silver,
bismuth etc.

7. increases the interaction between actin and myosin.
Essential for development of bones and teeth and plays a
central role for the formation and utilizationo f high-energ
Neuromuscular irratabilily
low se sodium level  Hyponatremiareduced blood pressure
and circulatory failure. regulates the body's acidbasebalance.
required for the maintenance oosmotic pressurea nd flu balance.
Hypokalemia
Hypochloremia  Muscle weaknessMuscle twitching

9. Copper containig protiens
Intestinalabsorption of copperMnk d 
anemia and dipigmentation of hair
CrStunted physical and mental growth, MyCutaneous and dermal edema, thick tongue
Megaloblastic anemiamany large immature and
dysfunctional RBC
Enlarged and rigid heart muscle