Staphylococci are spherical bacteria that occur in grape-like clusters. Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that can cause a variety of infections, from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions like toxic shock syndrome and endocarditis. S. aureus produces several virulence factors like toxins and enzymes that damage tissues and evade the immune system. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, microscopy, and tests like coagulase to identify S. aureus. Antibiotics are used to treat infections, and prevention focuses on hygiene and safe food handling. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is an antibiotic resistant form that is more difficult to treat.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Acute gastro-enteritis caused by the ingestion of the food or drink contaminated with either living bacteria or their toxins or inorganic chemical substances and poison delivered from plants and animals.
Staphylococci can cause many forms of infection. (1) S aureus causes superficial skin lesions (boils, styes) and localized abscesses in other sites. (2) S aureus causes deep-seated infections, such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis and more serious skin infections (furunculosis). (3) S aureus is a major cause of hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection of surgical wounds and, with S epidermidis, causes infections associated with indwelling medical devices. (4) S aureus causes food poisoning by releasing enterotoxins into food. (5) S aureus causes toxic shock syndrome by release of superantigens into the blood stream. (6) S saprophiticus causes urinary tract infections, especially in girls. (7) Other species of staphylococci (S lugdunensis, S haemolyticus, S warneri, S schleiferi, S intermedius) are infrequent pathogens
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that causes staphylococcal food poisoning, a form of gastroenteritis with rapid onset of symptoms. S. aureus is commonly found in the environment (soil, water and air) and is also found in the nose and on the skin of humans.
teaching support for 2nd year medical school students: steps of the laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by bacteria of the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
Gram reaction & characteristics:
Gram +ve cocci arrange in clusters (grape-like), non-motile.
Habitat:
Flora in the anterior nares (10-60% of population), nasopharynx, perineal area, skin & mucosa.
Virulence factor:
Protein A (binds Fc portion of IgG), coagulase (forms fibrin coat around organism) hemolysins, leukocidins (destroy RBCs and WBCs), hyaluronidase (breaks down connective tissue), staphylokinase (lyses formed clots), lipase (breaks down fat), Toxic shock syndrome toxin.
Disease:
Causes food poisoning (via enterotoxin), pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis bacteremia, endocarditis, wounds, abscesses, suppurative cutaneous infections, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, boils (carbuncles), furuncles, sinusitis, otitis media, folliculitis, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome (SSS), Tricuspid valve endocarditis (TVIE)> affects IV drug users.
Produces six types of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)> TSS (fever, diarrhea, kidney failure, fever, headache). Ritter’s disease in newborn (severe form of scalded skin syndrome in neonates).
S. aureus is a leading cause of osteomyelitis in children and adults.
Amebiasis is an intestinal (bowel) illness caused by a microscopic (tiny) parasite called Entamoeba histolytica, which is spread through human feces (poop). Often there are no symptoms, but, sometimes it causes diarrhea (loose stool/poop), nausea (a feeling of sickness in the stomach), and weight loss.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. INTRODUCTION
• Family: Micrococceae
(consists of Gram
positive cocci, arranged in
tetrads, clusters)
• Genus : Staphylococcus
• Term “staphylococcus”
derived from Greek :Staphyle =
bunch of grapes and Kokkos = berry,
meaning bacteria occurring in
grapelike clusters or berry.
3. History
• Robert Koch (1878)- first to see
staphylococci in pus specimen
• Louis Pasteur (1880)- first to
cultivate in liquid medium
• Sir Alexander Ongston (1881)-
named the bacteria as
“staphylococcus”
4. Classification
• Based on pathogenecity:
– Pathogenic:- includes
only one i.e., S.aureus
– Non-pathogenic:-
includes S.epidermidis,
S.saprophyticus, S.albus,
S. citrus, S.hominis,etc.
• Based on coagulase
production:
– Coagulase positive: S.
aureus
– Coagulase negative: S.
epidermidis, S.
saprophyticus
S. albus , S. aureus , S. citrus on Nutrient Agar
•Based on pigment production:
•S.aureus :-golden-yellow
pigmented colonies
•S.albus :- white colonies
•S.citrus :-lemon yellow
colonies
5. S.aureus
• Natural habitat:-Nostril and skin
Morphology:-
– Gram-positive, cocci, 0.5-1.5µm in diameter;
occur characteristically in group, also singly and
in pairs
– Form irregular grapelike clusters (since divide in
3 planes)
– Non-motile, non- sporing and few strains are
capsulated
6. Culture
• Aerobes and facultative
anaerobes
• Opt. Temp. For growth= 37°C
• Opt. pH for growth= 7.5
• On Nutrient agar,
– golden yellow and opaque
colonies with smooth
glistening surface, 1-2 mm
in diameter (max. pigment
production@22 °C)
7. Culture (contd...)
• On Blood agar,
– golden yellow colonies,
surrounded by a clear zone of
hemolysis (beta-
hemolysis),esp. When
incubated in sheep or rabbit
blood agar in atmosphere of
20% CO2
• On MacConkey agar,
– Smaller colonies than those
on NA(0.1-0.5 mm) and are
pink coloured due to lactose
fermentation
8. Culture (....contd)
• On Mannitol salt agar,
– S.aureus ferments
mannitol and appear
as yellow colonies
– MSA is a useful
selective medium for
recovering S.aureus
from faecal specimens,
when investigating
food poisoning
9. Biochemical Properties
• Catalase positive;
oxidase negative
• Ferment glucose,
lactose, maltose,
sucrose and
mannitol, with
production of acid
but no gas
• Mannitol
fermentation carries
diagnosis significance
13. Virulence Factors(contd....)
Cellwall asssociated
structures
Capsule
Adhere to host cell
Resist phagocytosis
Peptidoglycan Inhibits inflammatory
response
Protein A
Binds to Fc moiety of IgG,
exerting antiopsomin (and
therefore strongly
antiphagocytic effect)
Clumping
factor(bound
coagulase)
Cause organism to clump in
presence of plasma
14. Virulence Factors(contd....)
Extracellular
toxins
Haemolysin
(α,β,γ,δ)
Haemolytic dermo-necrotic and
leucocidal
Leucocidin
(Panton-
Valentine factor)
Kills WBCS by producing holes in their CM
Enterotoxin Act on ANS to cause illness
TSST (toxin
shock syndrome
toxin)
Produce fever, skin
rashes,diarrhoea,conjunctivitis,and eath
to shock
Exfoliatin toxin
Breaks intracellular bridges in the
stratum granulosum of epidermis and
causes its separation from underlying
tissue, resulting in a blistering and
exfoliating disease of skin
15. Virulence Factors(....contd)
Extracellular
Enzymes
Free
coagulase
Clots plasma by acting along with
CRF present in plasma, binding to
prothrombin and converting
fibrinogen to fibrin
Staphylokinase Degrades fibrin clots
Hyaluronidase
Hydrolyze the acidic
mucopolyysaccharides
present in matrix of
connective tisues
DnAase, Lipase,
Phospholipase,
protease
Degrades DNA, lipid, phospholipid,
and protein respectively
16. Pathogenesis
• Adhere to damaged skin, mucosa or tissue
surfaces
– At these sites, they evade defence mechanisms of
the host, colonize and cause tissue damage
• S.aureus produces disease by
– Multiplying in tissues
– Liberating toxins,
– Stimulating inflammation
19. 1) Cutaneous Infections
• Folliculitis: It is inflammation of the
hair follicles.
• A small red bump or pimple develops at
infection sites of hair follicle.
•Sty: A sty is folliculitis affecting one or more
hair follicles on the edge of the upper or lower
eyelid.
20. Cutaneous Infections(contd....)
• Furuncle/boils: Furuncle is deep seated
infection, originating from folliculitis,( if
infection extends from follicle to
neighbour tissue)
• Causes redness, swelling, severe pain
• Commonly found on the neck, armpit and
groin regions
• Carbuncle: Carbuncle is an
aggregation of infected furuncles.
Carbuncles may form large
abscesses.
• It is a large area of redness,
swelling and pain, punctuated by
several sites of drainage pus.
21. Cutaneous Infections(contd....)
• Impetigo: a very superficial skin infection common in children,
usually produces blisters or sores on the face, neck, hands, and
diaper area.
• It is characterized by watery bristles, which become pustules
and then honey coloured crust
impetigo with vesicles, pustules, and sharply
demarcated regions of honey-colored crusts.
22. 2) Deep Infections
• Osteomyelitis:
inflammation of bone
• Bacteria can get to the bone
– Via bloodstream
– Following an injury
Clinical features: pain, swelling,
deformity, defective healing,
in some case pus flow,
Diagnosis: X-ray, MRI, bone
aspirates
23. Deep Infections(contd....)
• Periostitis: inflammation
of periosteum
• Clinical features: fever,
localised pain,
leucocytosis
• Diagnosis: needle
aspiration of subperiosteal
fluid
24. Deep Infections(....contd)
• Endocarditis: It is an
inflammation of the
inner layer of the
heart, the
endocardium
• Endocarditis occurs
when bacteria enter
bloodstream, travel
to heart, and lodge on
abnormal heart
valves or damaged
heart tissue.
25. 3)Exfoliative Disease
• (Exfoliate= scaling off tissues in layers)
• Also known as ‘Staphylococcal skin scalded
syndrome’
• previously called dermatitis exfoliativa,
pemphigus neonatorum, Lyell’s disease and
Ritter’s disease
• Epidermal toxin produced by S.aureus at skin
and is carried by bloodstream to epidermis ,
where it causes a split in a cellular layer i.e.,
this toxin separates outer layer of epidermis
from underlying tissue
26. 4) Toxic Shock Syndrome
• Caused when Toxin shock syndrome toxin (TSST) liberated by S.aureus
enters bloodstream
• It is a multisystem illness, characterized by:
Vomiting Diarrhoea
Skin rashes Kidney failure
High Fever Headache
Conjunctival
reddening
Hypotension
27. 5) Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
• Caused when consuming food in which S.aureus
has multiplied and formed endotoxin
• Symptoms:
– Nausea
– Vomiting
– Severe abdominal cramp
– Diarrhoea
– Sweating
– Headache,etc.
28. Mode Of Transmission
Person with lesions Airborne droplets
Asymptomatic carrier Cross-infection
Mode of
transmission
31. Laboratory Diagnosis
A. Haematological Investigation:
1. TLC (Total leukocyte count):
Normal: 4000-10000 cells/mm³
In case of infection: > 10000 cells/mm³
2. DLC (Differential leukocyte count):
Normal neutrophil : 80%
In case of infection: > 80%
32. Laboratory Diagnosis (contd....)
B. Bacteriological
Investigation:
• Specimens:
– Pus: from wound or
abscess or burns]
– Nasal Swab: from
suspected carrier
– Food: to diagnose
staphylococcal intoxication
– Blood: to diagnose
endocarditis and
bacteremia
– Sputum: to diagnose lower
respiratory tract infection
33. Laboratory Diagnosis
(contd....)
• Culture and isolation:
– Specimens are cultured on BA plate and are
incubated @ 37 °C for 24 hours
– After incubation, BA plate is observed for
significant bacterial growth (> 2mm in
diameter)
– Then, Gram-staining is performed of the
isolated organisms
– Then, subcultured on NA plate for further
biochemical tests
• Tube coagulase test:
– i. Mix 0.5ml of human plasma with 0.1ml of
an overnight broth culture of S.aures
– ii. Incubate the mix in a water bath @ 37°C
for 3-6 hours
– Result: plasma clots and doesn’t flow if the
tube is inverted
34. MRSA
• Most strains of S.aureus, even those acquired in community,
are penicillin resistant
– Resistance is attributable to beta-lactamase production due to genes
located on extrachromosomal plasmids.
• Some are resistant to the newer beta-lactamase resistant
semisynthetic penicillins, such as methicillin, oxacillin,
nafcillin.
– Resistance is due to presence of unusual penicillin-binding
protein(PBP)in the cellwall of resistant strains
• Infection with MRSA is likely to be more severe and require
longer hospitalization, with incumbent increased costs than
infection with a methicillin susceptible strain.
35. CONS
• Coagulase Negative Staphylococci(CONS) that are
commonly implicated as pathogens include
• Staphylococcus epidermidis: causes infection of
native heart valves and intravascular protheses.
• Staphylococcus saprophyticus: causes urinary tract
infections, mainly in sexually active women.
• CONS that are less commonly implicated as
pathogens include: S.hominis, S.haemolyticus,
S.cohnii, s.lugdunensis, S.saccharolyticus, S.schleiferi,
S.simulans and S. warneri